Magnetic flux annihilation-reconnect phenomenon

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14




Recent
Developments
in
the
Theory
of
Magnetic
Reconnection
Dieter
Biskamp
Max-Planck-Institut
fiir
Plasmaphysik
8046
Garching
bei
Miinchen,
Federal
Republic
of
Germany
Abstract
The
talk
briefly
reviews
previous
stationary
models,
mainly
configurations
of
the
Petschek
type,
pointing
out
their
shortcomings
and
basic
failure
in
accounting
for
fast
magnetic
reconnection
in
the
limit
of
large
magnetic
Reynolds
number.
It
is
shown
that
in
this
limit
no
relevant
stationary
states
exist.
Instead
strong
small-scale
MHD
turbulence
develops
even
in
2D
geometry,
giving
rise
to
energy
dissipation
and
reconnection
rates
independent
of
the
value
of
the
collisional
re-
sistivity.
I
Introduction
In
the
last
decade
it
has
been realized
that
the
presence
of
magnetic
fields
is
a
ubiquitous
phenomenon
in
cosmic
systems.
On
the
one
hand,
magnetic
fields
serve
as
a large
energy
reservoir
which
may
be
tapped
in
a fast
dynamic
process
leading
to
various
kinds
of
explosive
events
such
as
flares.
On
the
other
hand,
magnetic
fields
tend
to
be
compressed
in
processes
such
as
protostar
formation
and
are
computed
to
dominate
the
dynamics
in
the
later
phases
in
a nonrealistic
way
if
not
dissipated
sufficiently
fast.
To
account
for
such
processes of
fast
magnetic
field
annihilation
is
the
main
objective
of
the
theory
of
magnetic
reconnect
ion.
The
term
magnetic
reconnect
ion
refers
to
the
picture
of
magnetic
field
lines.
These
have
a well-defined
meaning
in
a highly
conducting
fluid,
viz.
thin
magnetic
flux
tubes
which
are
carried
along
with
the
fluid,
maintaining
their
individuality,
though
they
may
be
wound
in
a very
complex
manner.
Only
owing
to
finite
electrical
resistivity
or
some
equivalent
process
may
two
field
lines
coming
close
together
lose
their
identities
by
being
cut
and
reconnected
in
a different
way.
Though
this
is
a local
process,
it
leads
to
a change
of
field
topology
permitting
new
types
of
large-scale
plasma
motions
that
would
otherwise
be
inhibited.
The
255
w.
BrinbMnn
et
al.
(eds.J,
Physical
Processes
in
Hot
Cosmic
PlIlsmas,
255-269.
e
1990
Kluwer
Academic
Publishers.
256
change
of
the
magnetic
field
is described
by
Faraday's
law:
oB
(
...
)
2'"
7it=VX
iixB
+
'IV
B.
(1)
Here
the
ratio
of
the
diffusion
term
and
the
convection
term
(2)
is
a convenient
dimensionless
measure
of
the
resistivity,
Rm
being
the
magnetic
Reynolds
number.
In
practically
all
astrophysical
plasmas
Rm
is large,
essentially
because
of
the
large
scales
L.
Hence
magnetic
diffusion
is
in
general
a very
weak
process.
Magnetic
processes
such
as
solar
flares,
however,
seem
to
require
fast
reconnection
with
time
scales
practically
independent
of
Rm.
The
main
theoretical
problem
therefore
is
to
find
models
allowing
sufficiently
high
reconnect
ion
rates.
Fast
reconnection
is
not
a diffuse
process,
but
is
strongly
localized
in
current
sheets.
Such
current
sheets
may
arise
at
any
point
with
non-vanishing
magnetic
shear
and
a velocity
gradient
along
the
direction
of
the
shear
perpendicular
to
the
field,
i.e.
virtually
everywhere
in
the
plasma,
as
visualized
in
Fig.
1.
The
simplest
models
are
quasi-stationary
configurations
with
one
current
sheet
at
a well
defined
location
determined
by
the
overall
geometry,
which
have
been
investigated
in
the
conventional
theory
of
magnetic
reconnection.
The
basic
assumption
in
these
theoretical
approaches is
the
existence
of
a two-dimensional
subsystem
around
an
X-type
magnetic
neutral
point
which
is
small
compared
with
the
global
magnetic
configuration
but
large
compared
with
the
so-called
diffusion
region
around
the
neutral
point,
where
the
diffusion
term
in
(1)
is
important.
In
this
subsystem
conditions
would
rapidly
adjust
to
changes
in
the
global
configuration,
so
that
the
evolution
of
the
latter
would
correspond
to
a sequence
of
stationary
states
in
the
former
which
are
steady-state
solutions
with
the
boundary
conditions
determined
by
the
global
system.
This
is
the
idea
of
stationary
forced
reconnection.
The
prototype
of
such
configurations
is Petschek's
reconnection
model
1),
which
is given
schematically
in
Fig.
2.
In
fact,
much
of
the
theoretical
work
on
magnetic
reconnection
2
),3)
consists
of
modifications
and
refinements
of
this
model.
The
theory
is based
on
the
effect
that
the
motion
of
a plasma
may
be
supersonic
at
arbitrarily
low
speed
with
respect
to
the
slow
mode
. Hence,
by
analogy
with
a system
of
two
supersonic
gas
jets

https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf

On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>
>
>
>
> Recent
> Developments
> in
> the
> Theory
> of
> Magnetic
> Reconnection
> Dieter
> Biskamp
> Max-Planck-Institut
> fiir
> Plasmaphysik
> 8046
> Garching
> bei
> Miinchen,
> Federal
> Republic
> of
> Germany
> Abstract
> The
> talk
> briefly
> reviews
> previous
> stationary
> models,
> mainly
> configurations
> of
> the
> Petschek
> type,
> pointing
> out
> their
> shortcomings
> and
> basic
> failure
> in
> accounting
> for
> fast
> magnetic
> reconnection
> in
> the
> limit
> of
> large
> magnetic
> Reynolds
> number.
> It
> is
> shown
> that
> in
> this
> limit
> no
> relevant
> stationary
> states
> exist.
> Instead
> strong
> small-scale
> MHD
> turbulence
> develops
> even
> in
> 2D
> geometry,
> giving
> rise
> to
> energy
> dissipation
> and
> reconnection
> rates
> independent
> of
> the
> value
> of
> the
> collisional
> re-
> sistivity.
> I
> Introduction
> In
> the
> last
> decade
> it
> has
> been realized
> that
> the
> presence
> of
> magnetic
> fields
> is
> a
> ubiquitous
> phenomenon
> in
> cosmic
> systems.
> On
> the
> one
> hand,
> magnetic
> fields
> serve
> as
> a large
> energy
> reservoir
> which
> may
> be
> tapped
> in
> a fast
> dynamic
> process
> leading
> to
> various
> kinds
> of
> explosive
> events
> such
> as
> flares.
> On
> the
> other
> hand,
> magnetic
> fields
> tend
> to
> be
> compressed
> in
> processes
> such
> as
> protostar
> formation
> and
> are
> computed
> to
> dominate
> the
> dynamics
> in
> the
> later
> phases
> in
> a nonrealistic
> way
> if
> not
> dissipated
> sufficiently
> fast.
> To
> account
> for
> such
> processes of
> fast
> magnetic
> field
> annihilation
> is
> the
> main
> objective
> of
> the
> theory
> of
> magnetic
> reconnect
> ion.
> The
> term
> magnetic
> reconnect
> ion
> refers
> to
> the
> picture
> of
> magnetic
> field
> lines.
> These
> have
> a well-defined
> meaning
> in
> a highly
> conducting
> fluid,
> viz.
> thin
> magnetic
> flux
> tubes
> which
> are
> carried
> along
> with
> the
> fluid,
> maintaining
> their
> individuality,
> though
> they
> may
> be
> wound
> in
> a very
> complex
> manner.
> Only
> owing
> to
> finite
> electrical
> resistivity
> or
> some
> equivalent
> process
> may
> two
> field
> lines
> coming
> close
> together
> lose
> their
> identities
> by
> being
> cut
> and
> reconnected
> in
> a different
> way.
> Though
> this
> is
> a local
> process,
> it
> leads
> to
> a change
> of
> field
> topology
> permitting
> new
> types
> of
> large-scale
> plasma
> motions
> that
> would
> otherwise
> be
> inhibited.
> The
> 255
> w.
> BrinbMnn
> et
> al.
> (eds.J,
> Physical
> Processes
> in
> Hot
> Cosmic
> PlIlsmas,
> 255-269.
> e
> 1990
> Kluwer
> Academic
> Publishers.
> 256
> change
> of
> the
> magnetic
> field
> is described
> by
> Faraday's
> law:
> oB
> (
> ...
> )
> 2'"
> 7it=VX
> iixB
> +
> 'IV
> B.
> (1)
> Here
> the
> ratio
> of
> the
> diffusion
> term
> and
> the
> convection
> term
> (2)
> is
> a convenient
> dimensionless
> measure
> of
> the
> resistivity,
> Rm
> being
> the
> magnetic
> Reynolds
> number.
> In
> practically
> all
> astrophysical
> plasmas
> Rm
> is large,
> essentially
> because
> of
> the
> large
> scales
> L.
> Hence
> magnetic
> diffusion
> is
> in
> general
> a very
> weak
> process.
> Magnetic
> processes
> such
> as
> solar
> flares,
> however,
> seem
> to
> require
> fast
> reconnection
> with
> time
> scales
> practically
> independent
> of
> Rm.
> The
> main
> theoretical
> problem
> therefore
> is
> to
> find
> models
> allowing
> sufficiently
> high
> reconnect
> ion
> rates.
> Fast
> reconnection
> is
> not
> a diffuse
> process,
> but
> is
> strongly
> localized
> in
> current
> sheets.
> Such
> current
> sheets
> may
> arise
> at
> any
> point
> with
> non-vanishing
> magnetic
> shear
> and
> a velocity
> gradient
> along
> the
> direction
> of
> the
> shear
> perpendicular
> to
> the
> field,
> i.e.
> virtually
> everywhere
> in
> the
> plasma,
> as
> visualized
> in
> Fig.
> 1.
> The
> simplest
> models
> are
> quasi-stationary
> configurations
> with
> one
> current
> sheet
> at
> a well
> defined
> location
> determined
> by
> the
> overall
> geometry,
> which
> have
> been
> investigated
> in
> the
> conventional
> theory
> of
> magnetic
> reconnection.
> The
> basic
> assumption
> in
> these
> theoretical
> approaches is
> the
> existence
> of
> a two-dimensional
> subsystem
> around
> an
> X-type
> magnetic
> neutral
> point
> which
> is
> small
> compared
> with
> the
> global
> magnetic
> configuration
> but
> large
> compared
> with
> the
> so-called
> diffusion
> region
> around
> the
> neutral
> point,
> where
> the
> diffusion
> term
> in
> (1)
> is
> important.
> In
> this
> subsystem
> conditions
> would
> rapidly
> adjust
> to
> changes
> in
> the
> global
> configuration,
> so
> that
> the
> evolution
> of
> the
> latter
> would
> correspond
> to
> a sequence
> of
> stationary
> states
> in
> the
> former
> which
> are
> steady-state
> solutions
> with
> the
> boundary
> conditions
> determined
> by
> the
> global
> system.
> This
> is
> the
> idea
> of
> stationary
> forced
> reconnection.
> The
> prototype
> of
> such
> configurations
> is Petschek's
> reconnection
> model
> 1),
> which
> is given
> schematically
> in
> Fig.
> 2.
> In
> fact,
> much
> of
> the
> theoretical
> work
> on
> magnetic
> reconnection
> 2
> ),3)
> consists
> of
> modifications
> and
> refinements
> of
> this
> model.
> The
> theory
> is based
> on
> the
> effect
> that
> the
> motion
> of
> a plasma
> may
> be
> supersonic
> at
> arbitrarily
> low
> speed
> with
> respect
> to
> the
> slow
> mode
> . Hence,
> by
> analogy
> with
> a system
> of
> two
> supersonic
> gas
> jets

https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html

On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>
> On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> Recent
>> Developments
>> in
>> the
>> Theory
>> of
>> Magnetic
>> Reconnection
>> Dieter
>> Biskamp
>> Max-Planck-Institut
>> fiir
>> Plasmaphysik
>> 8046
>> Garching
>> bei
>> Miinchen,
>> Federal
>> Republic
>> of
>> Germany
>> Abstract
>> The
>> talk
>> briefly
>> reviews
>> previous
>> stationary
>> models,
>> mainly
>> configurations
>> of
>> the
>> Petschek
>> type,
>> pointing
>> out
>> their
>> shortcomings
>> and
>> basic
>> failure
>> in
>> accounting
>> for
>> fast
>> magnetic
>> reconnection
>> in
>> the
>> limit
>> of
>> large
>> magnetic
>> Reynolds
>> number.
>> It
>> is
>> shown
>> that
>> in
>> this
>> limit
>> no
>> relevant
>> stationary
>> states
>> exist.
>> Instead
>> strong
>> small-scale
>> MHD
>> turbulence
>> develops
>> even
>> in
>> 2D
>> geometry,
>> giving
>> rise
>> to
>> energy
>> dissipation
>> and
>> reconnection
>> rates
>> independent
>> of
>> the
>> value
>> of
>> the
>> collisional
>> re-
>> sistivity.
>> I
>> Introduction
>> In
>> the
>> last
>> decade
>> it
>> has
>> been realized
>> that
>> the
>> presence
>> of
>> magnetic
>> fields
>> is
>> a
>> ubiquitous
>> phenomenon
>> in
>> cosmic
>> systems.
>> On
>> the
>> one
>> hand,
>> magnetic
>> fields
>> serve
>> as
>> a large
>> energy
>> reservoir
>> which
>> may
>> be
>> tapped
>> in
>> a fast
>> dynamic
>> process
>> leading
>> to
>> various
>> kinds
>> of
>> explosive
>> events
>> such
>> as
>> flares.
>> On
>> the
>> other
>> hand,
>> magnetic
>> fields
>> tend
>> to
>> be
>> compressed
>> in
>> processes
>> such
>> as
>> protostar
>> formation
>> and
>> are
>> computed
>> to
>> dominate
>> the
>> dynamics
>> in
>> the
>> later
>> phases
>> in
>> a nonrealistic
>> way
>> if
>> not
>> dissipated
>> sufficiently
>> fast.
>> To
>> account
>> for
>> such
>> processes of
>> fast
>> magnetic
>> field
>> annihilation
>> is
>> the
>> main
>> objective
>> of
>> the
>> theory
>> of
>> magnetic
>> reconnect
>> ion.
>> The
>> term
>> magnetic
>> reconnect
>> ion
>> refers
>> to
>> the
>> picture
>> of
>> magnetic
>> field
>> lines.
>> These
>> have
>> a well-defined
>> meaning
>> in
>> a highly
>> conducting
>> fluid,
>> viz.
>> thin
>> magnetic
>> flux
>> tubes
>> which
>> are
>> carried
>> along
>> with
>> the
>> fluid,
>> maintaining
>> their
>> individuality,
>> though
>> they
>> may
>> be
>> wound
>> in
>> a very
>> complex
>> manner.
>> Only
>> owing
>> to
>> finite
>> electrical
>> resistivity
>> or
>> some
>> equivalent
>> process
>> may
>> two
>> field
>> lines
>> coming
>> close
>> together
>> lose
>> their
>> identities
>> by
>> being
>> cut
>> and
>> reconnected
>> in
>> a different
>> way.
>> Though
>> this
>> is
>> a local
>> process,
>> it
>> leads
>> to
>> a change
>> of
>> field
>> topology
>> permitting
>> new
>> types
>> of
>> large-scale
>> plasma
>> motions
>> that
>> would
>> otherwise
>> be
>> inhibited.
>> The
>> 255
>> w.
>> BrinbMnn
>> et
>> al.
>> (eds.J,
>> Physical
>> Processes
>> in
>> Hot
>> Cosmic
>> PlIlsmas,
>> 255-269.
>> e
>> 1990
>> Kluwer
>> Academic
>> Publishers.
>> 256
>> change
>> of
>> the
>> magnetic
>> field
>> is described
>> by
>> Faraday's
>> law:
>> oB
>> (
>> ...
>> )
>> 2'"
>> 7it=VX
>> iixB
>> +
>> 'IV
>> B.
>> (1)
>> Here
>> the
>> ratio
>> of
>> the
>> diffusion
>> term
>> and
>> the
>> convection
>> term
>> (2)
>> is
>> a convenient
>> dimensionless
>> measure
>> of
>> the
>> resistivity,
>> Rm
>> being
>> the
>> magnetic
>> Reynolds
>> number.
>> In
>> practically
>> all
>> astrophysical
>> plasmas
>> Rm
>> is large,
>> essentially
>> because
>> of
>> the
>> large
>> scales
>> L.
>> Hence
>> magnetic
>> diffusion
>> is
>> in
>> general
>> a very
>> weak
>> process.
>> Magnetic
>> processes
>> such
>> as
>> solar
>> flares,
>> however,
>> seem
>> to
>> require
>> fast
>> reconnection
>> with
>> time
>> scales
>> practically
>> independent
>> of
>> Rm.
>> The
>> main
>> theoretical
>> problem
>> therefore
>> is
>> to
>> find
>> models
>> allowing
>> sufficiently
>> high
>> reconnect
>> ion
>> rates.
>> Fast
>> reconnection
>> is
>> not
>> a diffuse
>> process,
>> but
>> is
>> strongly
>> localized
>> in
>> current
>> sheets.
>> Such
>> current
>> sheets
>> may
>> arise
>> at
>> any
>> point
>> with
>> non-vanishing
>> magnetic
>> shear
>> and
>> a velocity
>> gradient
>> along
>> the
>> direction
>> of
>> the
>> shear
>> perpendicular
>> to
>> the
>> field,
>> i.e.
>> virtually
>> everywhere
>> in
>> the
>> plasma,
>> as
>> visualized
>> in
>> Fig.
>> 1.
>> The
>> simplest
>> models
>> are
>> quasi-stationary
>> configurations
>> with
>> one
>> current
>> sheet
>> at
>> a well
>> defined
>> location
>> determined
>> by
>> the
>> overall
>> geometry,
>> which
>> have
>> been
>> investigated
>> in
>> the
>> conventional
>> theory
>> of
>> magnetic
>> reconnection.
>> The
>> basic
>> assumption
>> in
>> these
>> theoretical
>> approaches is
>> the
>> existence
>> of
>> a two-dimensional
>> subsystem
>> around
>> an
>> X-type
>> magnetic
>> neutral
>> point
>> which
>> is
>> small
>> compared
>> with
>> the
>> global
>> magnetic
>> configuration
>> but
>> large
>> compared
>> with
>> the
>> so-called
>> diffusion
>> region
>> around
>> the
>> neutral
>> point,
>> where
>> the
>> diffusion
>> term
>> in
>> (1)
>> is
>> important.
>> In
>> this
>> subsystem
>> conditions
>> would
>> rapidly
>> adjust
>> to
>> changes
>> in
>> the
>> global
>> configuration,
>> so
>> that
>> the
>> evolution
>> of
>> the
>> latter
>> would
>> correspond
>> to
>> a sequence
>> of
>> stationary
>> states
>> in
>> the
>> former
>> which
>> are
>> steady-state
>> solutions
>> with
>> the
>> boundary
>> conditions
>> determined
>> by
>> the
>> global
>> system.
>> This
>> is
>> the
>> idea
>> of
>> stationary
>> forced
>> reconnection.
>> The
>> prototype
>> of
>> such
>> configurations
>> is Petschek's
>> reconnection
>> model
>> 1),
>> which
>> is given
>> schematically
>> in
>> Fig.
>> 2.
>> In
>> fact,
>> much
>> of
>> the
>> theoretical
>> work
>> on
>> magnetic
>> reconnection
>> 2
>> ),3)
>> consists
>> of
>> modifications
>> and
>> refinements
>> of
>> this
>> model.
>> The
>> theory
>> is based
>> on
>> the
>> effect
>> that
>> the
>> motion
>> of
>> a plasma
>> may
>> be
>> supersonic
>> at
>> arbitrarily
>> low
>> speed
>> with
>> respect
>> to
>> the
>> slow
>> mode
>> . Hence,
>> by
>> analogy
>> with
>> a system
>> of
>> two
>> supersonic
>> gas
>> jets

http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html

On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>
> On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>
>> On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>
>>> https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> Recent
>>> Developments
>>> in
>>> the
>>> Theory
>>> of
>>> Magnetic
>>> Reconnection
>>> Dieter
>>> Biskamp
>>> Max-Planck-Institut
>>> fiir
>>> Plasmaphysik
>>> 8046
>>> Garching
>>> bei
>>> Miinchen,
>>> Federal
>>> Republic
>>> of
>>> Germany
>>> Abstract
>>> The
>>> talk
>>> briefly
>>> reviews
>>> previous
>>> stationary
>>> models,
>>> mainly
>>> configurations
>>> of
>>> the
>>> Petschek
>>> type,
>>> pointing
>>> out
>>> their
>>> shortcomings
>>> and
>>> basic
>>> failure
>>> in
>>> accounting
>>> for
>>> fast
>>> magnetic
>>> reconnection
>>> in
>>> the
>>> limit
>>> of
>>> large
>>> magnetic
>>> Reynolds
>>> number.
>>> It
>>> is
>>> shown
>>> that
>>> in
>>> this
>>> limit
>>> no
>>> relevant
>>> stationary
>>> states
>>> exist.
>>> Instead
>>> strong
>>> small-scale
>>> MHD
>>> turbulence
>>> develops
>>> even
>>> in
>>> 2D
>>> geometry,
>>> giving
>>> rise
>>> to
>>> energy
>>> dissipation
>>> and
>>> reconnection
>>> rates
>>> independent
>>> of
>>> the
>>> value
>>> of
>>> the
>>> collisional
>>> re-
>>> sistivity.
>>> I
>>> Introduction
>>> In
>>> the
>>> last
>>> decade
>>> it
>>> has
>>> been realized
>>> that
>>> the
>>> presence
>>> of
>>> magnetic
>>> fields
>>> is
>>> a
>>> ubiquitous
>>> phenomenon
>>> in
>>> cosmic
>>> systems.
>>> On
>>> the
>>> one
>>> hand,
>>> magnetic
>>> fields
>>> serve
>>> as
>>> a large
>>> energy
>>> reservoir
>>> which
>>> may
>>> be
>>> tapped
>>> in
>>> a fast
>>> dynamic
>>> process
>>> leading
>>> to
>>> various
>>> kinds
>>> of
>>> explosive
>>> events
>>> such
>>> as
>>> flares.
>>> On
>>> the
>>> other
>>> hand,
>>> magnetic
>>> fields
>>> tend
>>> to
>>> be
>>> compressed
>>> in
>>> processes
>>> such
>>> as
>>> protostar
>>> formation
>>> and
>>> are
>>> computed
>>> to
>>> dominate
>>> the
>>> dynamics
>>> in
>>> the
>>> later
>>> phases
>>> in
>>> a nonrealistic
>>> way
>>> if
>>> not
>>> dissipated
>>> sufficiently
>>> fast.
>>> To
>>> account
>>> for
>>> such
>>> processes of
>>> fast
>>> magnetic
>>> field
>>> annihilation
>>> is
>>> the
>>> main
>>> objective
>>> of
>>> the
>>> theory
>>> of
>>> magnetic
>>> reconnect
>>> ion.
>>> The
>>> term
>>> magnetic
>>> reconnect
>>> ion
>>> refers
>>> to
>>> the
>>> picture
>>> of
>>> magnetic
>>> field
>>> lines.
>>> These
>>> have
>>> a well-defined
>>> meaning
>>> in
>>> a highly
>>> conducting
>>> fluid,
>>> viz.
>>> thin
>>> magnetic
>>> flux
>>> tubes
>>> which
>>> are
>>> carried
>>> along
>>> with
>>> the
>>> fluid,
>>> maintaining
>>> their
>>> individuality,
>>> though
>>> they
>>> may
>>> be
>>> wound
>>> in
>>> a very
>>> complex
>>> manner.
>>> Only
>>> owing
>>> to
>>> finite
>>> electrical
>>> resistivity
>>> or
>>> some
>>> equivalent
>>> process
>>> may
>>> two
>>> field
>>> lines
>>> coming
>>> close
>>> together
>>> lose
>>> their
>>> identities
>>> by
>>> being
>>> cut
>>> and
>>> reconnected
>>> in
>>> a different
>>> way.
>>> Though
>>> this
>>> is
>>> a local
>>> process,
>>> it
>>> leads
>>> to
>>> a change
>>> of
>>> field
>>> topology
>>> permitting
>>> new
>>> types
>>> of
>>> large-scale
>>> plasma
>>> motions
>>> that
>>> would
>>> otherwise
>>> be
>>> inhibited.
>>> The
>>> 255
>>> w.
>>> BrinbMnn
>>> et
>>> al.
>>> (eds.J,
>>> Physical
>>> Processes
>>> in
>>> Hot
>>> Cosmic
>>> PlIlsmas,
>>> 255-269.
>>> e
>>> 1990
>>> Kluwer
>>> Academic
>>> Publishers.
>>> 256
>>> change
>>> of
>>> the
>>> magnetic
>>> field
>>> is described
>>> by
>>> Faraday's
>>> law:
>>> oB
>>> (
>>> ...
>>> )
>>> 2'"
>>> 7it=VX
>>> iixB
>>> +
>>> 'IV
>>> B.
>>> (1)
>>> Here
>>> the
>>> ratio
>>> of
>>> the
>>> diffusion
>>> term
>>> and
>>> the
>>> convection
>>> term
>>> (2)
>>> is
>>> a convenient
>>> dimensionless
>>> measure
>>> of
>>> the
>>> resistivity,
>>> Rm
>>> being
>>> the
>>> magnetic
>>> Reynolds
>>> number.
>>> In
>>> practically
>>> all
>>> astrophysical
>>> plasmas
>>> Rm
>>> is large,
>>> essentially
>>> because
>>> of
>>> the
>>> large
>>> scales
>>> L.
>>> Hence
>>> magnetic
>>> diffusion
>>> is
>>> in
>>> general
>>> a very
>>> weak
>>> process.
>>> Magnetic
>>> processes
>>> such
>>> as
>>> solar
>>> flares,
>>> however,
>>> seem
>>> to
>>> require
>>> fast
>>> reconnection
>>> with
>>> time
>>> scales
>>> practically
>>> independent
>>> of
>>> Rm.
>>> The
>>> main
>>> theoretical
>>> problem
>>> therefore
>>> is
>>> to
>>> find
>>> models
>>> allowing
>>> sufficiently
>>> high
>>> reconnect
>>> ion
>>> rates.
>>> Fast
>>> reconnection
>>> is
>>> not
>>> a diffuse
>>> process,
>>> but
>>> is
>>> strongly
>>> localized
>>> in
>>> current
>>> sheets.
>>> Such
>>> current
>>> sheets
>>> may
>>> arise
>>> at
>>> any
>>> point
>>> with
>>> non-vanishing
>>> magnetic
>>> shear
>>> and
>>> a velocity
>>> gradient
>>> along
>>> the
>>> direction
>>> of
>>> the
>>> shear
>>> perpendicular
>>> to
>>> the
>>> field,
>>> i.e.
>>> virtually
>>> everywhere
>>> in
>>> the
>>> plasma,
>>> as
>>> visualized
>>> in
>>> Fig.
>>> 1.
>>> The
>>> simplest
>>> models
>>> are
>>> quasi-stationary
>>> configurations
>>> with
>>> one
>>> current
>>> sheet
>>> at
>>> a well
>>> defined
>>> location
>>> determined
>>> by
>>> the
>>> overall
>>> geometry,
>>> which
>>> have
>>> been
>>> investigated
>>> in
>>> the
>>> conventional
>>> theory
>>> of
>>> magnetic
>>> reconnection.
>>> The
>>> basic
>>> assumption
>>> in
>>> these
>>> theoretical
>>> approaches is
>>> the
>>> existence
>>> of
>>> a two-dimensional
>>> subsystem
>>> around
>>> an
>>> X-type
>>> magnetic
>>> neutral
>>> point
>>> which
>>> is
>>> small
>>> compared
>>> with
>>> the
>>> global
>>> magnetic
>>> configuration
>>> but
>>> large
>>> compared
>>> with
>>> the
>>> so-called
>>> diffusion
>>> region
>>> around
>>> the
>>> neutral
>>> point,
>>> where
>>> the
>>> diffusion
>>> term
>>> in
>>> (1)
>>> is
>>> important.
>>> In
>>> this
>>> subsystem
>>> conditions
>>> would
>>> rapidly
>>> adjust
>>> to
>>> changes
>>> in
>>> the
>>> global
>>> configuration,
>>> so
>>> that
>>> the
>>> evolution
>>> of
>>> the
>>> latter
>>> would
>>> correspond
>>> to
>>> a sequence
>>> of
>>> stationary
>>> states
>>> in
>>> the
>>> former
>>> which
>>> are
>>> steady-state
>>> solutions
>>> with
>>> the
>>> boundary
>>> conditions
>>> determined
>>> by
>>> the
>>> global
>>> system.
>>> This
>>> is
>>> the
>>> idea
>>> of
>>> stationary
>>> forced
>>> reconnection.
>>> The
>>> prototype
>>> of
>>> such
>>> configurations
>>> is Petschek's
>>> reconnection
>>> model
>>> 1),
>>> which
>>> is given
>>> schematically
>>> in
>>> Fig.
>>> 2.
>>> In
>>> fact,
>>> much
>>> of
>>> the
>>> theoretical
>>> work
>>> on
>>> magnetic
>>> reconnection
>>> 2
>>> ),3)
>>> consists
>>> of
>>> modifications
>>> and
>>> refinements
>>> of
>>> this
>>> model.
>>> The
>>> theory
>>> is based
>>> on
>>> the
>>> effect
>>> that
>>> the
>>> motion
>>> of
>>> a plasma
>>> may
>>> be
>>> supersonic
>>> at
>>> arbitrarily
>>> low
>>> speed
>>> with
>>> respect
>>> to
>>> the
>>> slow
>>> mode
>>> . Hence,
>>> by
>>> analogy
>>> with
>>> a system
>>> of
>>> two
>>> supersonic
>>> gas
>>> jets

Good question Warren!   Nobody really knows how the potential and 
current manifest in the conductor passing through a flux field. Your 
question is valid cause there very well may be some sort of reconnect 
occurring here. Theory was, that the flux field was photon stream which 
enabled pairing to produce electrons and attending current.  There is 
still so much that we don't know but things are getting interesting.   
Read that last doc that I posted for it is very enlightening on this 
subject.  See: http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm   
This is one of Oles  favorites.

On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected] 
[EVGRAY] wrote:
>
> Norman
>
> I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the 
> connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the Kromery, where 
> one slides the magnets at right angles to their locked together state.
> Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn my Kromery.
> Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily rotates the 
> flywheel, regardless of the load.
> Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil cores.
> Are we cutting those magnetic lines?
> Cheers Warren
> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>
>     On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY]
>     <[email protected]> wrote:
>
>     http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
>
>     On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>>     https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>>
>>     On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>
>>>     https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>>
>>>     On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>>     https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>     Recent
>>>>     Developments
>>>>     in
>>>>     the
>>>>     Theory
>>>>     of
>>>>     Magnetic
>>>>     Reconnection
>>>>     Dieter
>>>>     Biskamp
>>>>     Max-Planck-Institut
>>>>     fiir
>>>>     Plasmaphysik
>>>>     8046
>>>>     Garching
>>>>     bei
>>>>     Miinchen,
>>>>     Federal
>>>>     Republic
>>>>     of
>>>>     Germany
>>>>     Abstract
>>>>     The
>>>>     talk
>>>>     briefly
>>>>     reviews
>>>>     previous
>>>>     stationary
>>>>     models,
>>>>     mainly
>>>>     configurations
>>>>     of
>>>>     the
>>>>     Petschek
>>>>     type,
>>>>     pointing
>>>>     out
>>>>     their
>>>>     shortcomings
>>>>     and
>>>>     basic
>>>>     failure
>>>>     in
>>>>     accounting
>>>>     for
>>>>     fast
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     reconnection
>>>>     in
>>>>     the
>>>>     limit
>>>>     of
>>>>     large
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     Reynolds
>>>>     number.
>>>>     It
>>>>     is
>>>>     shown
>>>>     that
>>>>     in
>>>>     this
>>>>     limit
>>>>     no
>>>>     relevant
>>>>     stationary
>>>>     states
>>>>     exist.
>>>>     Instead
>>>>     strong
>>>>     small-scale
>>>>     MHD
>>>>     turbulence
>>>>     develops
>>>>     even
>>>>     in
>>>>     2D
>>>>     geometry,
>>>>     giving
>>>>     rise
>>>>     to
>>>>     energy
>>>>     dissipation
>>>>     and
>>>>     reconnection
>>>>     rates
>>>>     independent
>>>>     of
>>>>     the
>>>>     value
>>>>     of
>>>>     the
>>>>     collisional
>>>>     re-
>>>>     sistivity.
>>>>     I
>>>>     Introduction
>>>>     In
>>>>     the
>>>>     last
>>>>     decade
>>>>     it
>>>>     has
>>>>     been realized
>>>>     that
>>>>     the
>>>>     presence
>>>>     of
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     fields
>>>>     is
>>>>     a
>>>>     ubiquitous
>>>>     phenomenon
>>>>     in
>>>>     cosmic
>>>>     systems.
>>>>     On
>>>>     the
>>>>     one
>>>>     hand,
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     fields
>>>>     serve
>>>>     as
>>>>     a large
>>>>     energy
>>>>     reservoir
>>>>     which
>>>>     may
>>>>     be
>>>>     tapped
>>>>     in
>>>>     a fast
>>>>     dynamic
>>>>     process
>>>>     leading
>>>>     to
>>>>     various
>>>>     kinds
>>>>     of
>>>>     explosive
>>>>     events
>>>>     such
>>>>     as
>>>>     flares.
>>>>     On
>>>>     the
>>>>     other
>>>>     hand,
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     fields
>>>>     tend
>>>>     to
>>>>     be
>>>>     compressed
>>>>     in
>>>>     processes
>>>>     such
>>>>     as
>>>>     protostar
>>>>     formation
>>>>     and
>>>>     are
>>>>     computed
>>>>     to
>>>>     dominate
>>>>     the
>>>>     dynamics
>>>>     in
>>>>     the
>>>>     later
>>>>     phases
>>>>     in
>>>>     a nonrealistic
>>>>     way
>>>>     if
>>>>     not
>>>>     dissipated
>>>>     sufficiently
>>>>     fast.
>>>>     To
>>>>     account
>>>>     for
>>>>     such
>>>>     processes of
>>>>     fast
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     field
>>>>     annihilation
>>>>     is
>>>>     the
>>>>     main
>>>>     objective
>>>>     of
>>>>     the
>>>>     theory
>>>>     of
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     reconnect
>>>>     ion.
>>>>     The
>>>>     term
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     reconnect
>>>>     ion
>>>>     refers
>>>>     to
>>>>     the
>>>>     picture
>>>>     of
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     field
>>>>     lines.
>>>>     These
>>>>     have
>>>>     a well-defined
>>>>     meaning
>>>>     in
>>>>     a highly
>>>>     conducting
>>>>     fluid,
>>>>     viz.
>>>>     thin
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     flux
>>>>     tubes
>>>>     which
>>>>     are
>>>>     carried
>>>>     along
>>>>     with
>>>>     the
>>>>     fluid,
>>>>     maintaining
>>>>     their
>>>>     individuality,
>>>>     though
>>>>     they
>>>>     may
>>>>     be
>>>>     wound
>>>>     in
>>>>     a very
>>>>     complex
>>>>     manner.
>>>>     Only
>>>>     owing
>>>>     to
>>>>     finite
>>>>     electrical
>>>>     resistivity
>>>>     or
>>>>     some
>>>>     equivalent
>>>>     process
>>>>     may
>>>>     two
>>>>     field
>>>>     lines
>>>>     coming
>>>>     close
>>>>     together
>>>>     lose
>>>>     their
>>>>     identities
>>>>     by
>>>>     being
>>>>     cut
>>>>     and
>>>>     reconnected
>>>>     in
>>>>     a different
>>>>     way.
>>>>     Though
>>>>     this
>>>>     is
>>>>     a local
>>>>     process,
>>>>     it
>>>>     leads
>>>>     to
>>>>     a change
>>>>     of
>>>>     field
>>>>     topology
>>>>     permitting
>>>>     new
>>>>     types
>>>>     of
>>>>     large-scale
>>>>     plasma
>>>>     motions
>>>>     that
>>>>     would
>>>>     otherwise
>>>>     be
>>>>     inhibited.
>>>>     The
>>>>     255
>>>>     w.
>>>>     BrinbMnn
>>>>     et
>>>>     al.
>>>>     (eds.J,
>>>>     Physical
>>>>     Processes
>>>>     in
>>>>     Hot
>>>>     Cosmic
>>>>     PlIlsmas,
>>>>     255-269.
>>>>     e
>>>>     1990
>>>>     Kluwer
>>>>     Academic
>>>>     Publishers.
>>>>     256
>>>>     change
>>>>     of
>>>>     the
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     field
>>>>     is described
>>>>     by
>>>>     Faraday's
>>>>     law:
>>>>     oB
>>>>     (
>>>>     ...
>>>>     )
>>>>     2'"
>>>>     7it=VX
>>>>     iixB
>>>>     +
>>>>     'IV
>>>>     B.
>>>>     (1)
>>>>     Here
>>>>     the
>>>>     ratio
>>>>     of
>>>>     the
>>>>     diffusion
>>>>     term
>>>>     and
>>>>     the
>>>>     convection
>>>>     term
>>>>     (2)
>>>>     is
>>>>     a convenient
>>>>     dimensionless
>>>>     measure
>>>>     of
>>>>     the
>>>>     resistivity,
>>>>     Rm
>>>>     being
>>>>     the
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     Reynolds
>>>>     number.
>>>>     In
>>>>     practically
>>>>     all
>>>>     astrophysical
>>>>     plasmas
>>>>     Rm
>>>>     is large,
>>>>     essentially
>>>>     because
>>>>     of
>>>>     the
>>>>     large
>>>>     scales
>>>>     L.
>>>>     Hence
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     diffusion
>>>>     is
>>>>     in
>>>>     general
>>>>     a very
>>>>     weak
>>>>     process.
>>>>     Magnetic
>>>>     processes
>>>>     such
>>>>     as
>>>>     solar
>>>>     flares,
>>>>     however,
>>>>     seem
>>>>     to
>>>>     require
>>>>     fast
>>>>     reconnection
>>>>     with
>>>>     time
>>>>     scales
>>>>     practically
>>>>     independent
>>>>     of
>>>>     Rm.
>>>>     The
>>>>     main
>>>>     theoretical
>>>>     problem
>>>>     therefore
>>>>     is
>>>>     to
>>>>     find
>>>>     models
>>>>     allowing
>>>>     sufficiently
>>>>     high
>>>>     reconnect
>>>>     ion
>>>>     rates.
>>>>     Fast
>>>>     reconnection
>>>>     is
>>>>     not
>>>>     a diffuse
>>>>     process,
>>>>     but
>>>>     is
>>>>     strongly
>>>>     localized
>>>>     in
>>>>     current
>>>>     sheets.
>>>>     Such
>>>>     current
>>>>     sheets
>>>>     may
>>>>     arise
>>>>     at
>>>>     any
>>>>     point
>>>>     with
>>>>     non-vanishing
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     shear
>>>>     and
>>>>     a velocity
>>>>     gradient
>>>>     along
>>>>     the
>>>>     direction
>>>>     of
>>>>     the
>>>>     shear
>>>>     perpendicular
>>>>     to
>>>>     the
>>>>     field,
>>>>     i.e.
>>>>     virtually
>>>>     everywhere
>>>>     in
>>>>     the
>>>>     plasma,
>>>>     as
>>>>     visualized
>>>>     in
>>>>     Fig.
>>>>     1.
>>>>     The
>>>>     simplest
>>>>     models
>>>>     are
>>>>     quasi-stationary
>>>>     configurations
>>>>     with
>>>>     one
>>>>     current
>>>>     sheet
>>>>     at
>>>>     a well
>>>>     defined
>>>>     location
>>>>     determined
>>>>     by
>>>>     the
>>>>     overall
>>>>     geometry,
>>>>     which
>>>>     have
>>>>     been
>>>>     investigated
>>>>     in
>>>>     the
>>>>     conventional
>>>>     theory
>>>>     of
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     reconnection.
>>>>     The
>>>>     basic
>>>>     assumption
>>>>     in
>>>>     these
>>>>     theoretical
>>>>     approaches is
>>>>     the
>>>>     existence
>>>>     of
>>>>     a two-dimensional
>>>>     subsystem
>>>>     around
>>>>     an
>>>>     X-type
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     neutral
>>>>     point
>>>>     which
>>>>     is
>>>>     small
>>>>     compared
>>>>     with
>>>>     the
>>>>     global
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     configuration
>>>>     but
>>>>     large
>>>>     compared
>>>>     with
>>>>     the
>>>>     so-called
>>>>     diffusion
>>>>     region
>>>>     around
>>>>     the
>>>>     neutral
>>>>     point,
>>>>     where
>>>>     the
>>>>     diffusion
>>>>     term
>>>>     in
>>>>     (1)
>>>>     is
>>>>     important.
>>>>     In
>>>>     this
>>>>     subsystem
>>>>     conditions
>>>>     would
>>>>     rapidly
>>>>     adjust
>>>>     to
>>>>     changes
>>>>     in
>>>>     the
>>>>     global
>>>>     configuration,
>>>>     so
>>>>     that
>>>>     the
>>>>     evolution
>>>>     of
>>>>     the
>>>>     latter
>>>>     would
>>>>     correspond
>>>>     to
>>>>     a sequence
>>>>     of
>>>>     stationary
>>>>     states
>>>>     in
>>>>     the
>>>>     former
>>>>     which
>>>>     are
>>>>     steady-state
>>>>     solutions
>>>>     with
>>>>     the
>>>>     boundary
>>>>     conditions
>>>>     determined
>>>>     by
>>>>     the
>>>>     global
>>>>     system.
>>>>     This
>>>>     is
>>>>     the
>>>>     idea
>>>>     of
>>>>     stationary
>>>>     forced
>>>>     reconnection.
>>>>     The
>>>>     prototype
>>>>     of
>>>>     such
>>>>     configurations
>>>>     is Petschek's
>>>>     reconnection
>>>>     model
>>>>     1),
>>>>     which
>>>>     is given
>>>>     schematically
>>>>     in
>>>>     Fig.
>>>>     2.
>>>>     In
>>>>     fact,
>>>>     much
>>>>     of
>>>>     the
>>>>     theoretical
>>>>     work
>>>>     on
>>>>     magnetic
>>>>     reconnection
>>>>     2
>>>>     ),3)
>>>>     consists
>>>>     of
>>>>     modifications
>>>>     and
>>>>     refinements
>>>>     of
>>>>     this
>>>>     model.
>>>>     The
>>>>     theory
>>>>     is based
>>>>     on
>>>>     the
>>>>     effect
>>>>     that
>>>>     the
>>>>     motion
>>>>     of
>>>>     a plasma
>>>>     may
>>>>     be
>>>>     supersonic
>>>>     at
>>>>     arbitrarily
>>>>     low
>>>>     speed
>>>>     with
>>>>     respect
>>>>     to
>>>>     the
>>>>     slow
>>>>     mode
>>>>     . Hence,
>>>>     by
>>>>     analogy
>>>>     with
>>>>     a system
>>>>     of
>>>>     two
>>>>     supersonic
>>>>     gas
>>>>     jets
>
>

NormanI wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the Kromery, where one slides the magnets at right angles to their locked together state.Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn my Kromery.Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily rotates the flywheel, regardless of the load.
Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil cores.Are we cutting those magnetic lines?Cheers Warren
Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
 
  On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY]<[email protected]> wrote:       
 

http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
 
 On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
  
 
https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
 
 On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
  
 
https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
 
 On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
  
 
 
                         
 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
 

 
 

 

 
 

 
           Recent  Developments  in  the  Theory  of  Magnetic  Reconnection  Dieter  Biskamp  Max-Planck-Institut  fiir  Plasmaphysik  8046  Garching  bei  Miinchen,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany  Abstract  The  talk  briefly  reviews  previous  stationary  models,  mainly  configurations  of  the  Petschek  type,  pointing  out  their  shortcomings  and  basic  failure  in  accounting  for  fast  magnetic  reconnection  in  the  limit  of  large  magnetic  Reynolds  number.  It  is  shown  that  in  this  limit  no  relevant  stationary  states  exist.  Instead  strong  small-scale  MHD  turbulence  develops  even  in  2D  geometry,  giving  rise  to  energy  dissipation  and  reconnection  rates  independent  of  the  value  of  the  collisional  re- sistivity.  I  Introduction  In  the  last  decade  it  has  been realized  that  the  presence  of  magnetic  fields  is  a  ubiquitous  phenomenon  in  cosmic  systems.  On  the  one  hand,  magnetic  fields  serve  as  a large  energy  reservoir  which  may  be  tapped  in  a fast  dynamic  process  leading  to  various  kinds  of  explosive  events  such  as  flares.  On  the  other  hand,  magnetic  fields  tend  to  be  compressed  in  processes  such  as  protostar  formation  and  are  computed  to  dominate  the  dynamics  in  the  later  phases  in  a nonrealistic  way  if  not  dissipated  sufficiently  fast.  To  account  for  such  processes of  fast  magnetic  field  annihilation  is  the  main  objective  of  the  theory  of  magnetic  reconnect  ion.  The  term  magnetic  reconnect  ion  refers  to  the  picture  of  magnetic  field  lines.  These  have  a well-defined  meaning  in  a highly  conducting  fluid,  viz.  thin  magnetic  flux  tubes  which  are  carried  along  with  the  fluid,  maintaining  their  individuality,  though  they  may  be  wound  in  a very  complex  manner.  Only  owing  to  finite  electrical  resistivity  or  some  equivalent  process  may  two  field  lines  coming  close  together  lose  their  identities  by  being  cut  and  reconnected  in  a different  way.  Though  this  is  a local  process,  it  leads  to  a change  of  field  topology  permitting  new  types  of  large-scale  plasma  motions  that  would  otherwise  be  inhibited.  The  255  w.  BrinbMnn  et  al.  (eds.J,  Physical  Processes  in  Hot  Cosmic  PlIlsmas,  255-269.  e  1990  Kluwer  Academic  Publishers.  256  change  of  the  magnetic  field  is described  by  Faraday's  law:  oB  (  ...  )  2'"  7it=VX  iixB  +  'IV  B.  (1)  Here  the  ratio  of  the  diffusion  term  and  the  convection  term  (2)  is  a convenient  dimensionless  measure  of  the  resistivity,  Rm  being  the  magnetic  Reynolds  number.  In  practically  all  astrophysical  plasmas  Rm  is large,  essentially  because  of  the  large  scales  L.  Hence  magnetic  diffusion  is  in  general  a very  weak  process.  Magnetic  processes  such  as  solar  flares,  however,  seem  to  require  fast  reconnection  with  time  scales  practically  independent  of  Rm.  The  main  theoretical  problem  therefore  is  to  find  models  allowing  sufficiently  high  reconnect  ion  rates.  Fast  reconnection  is  not  a diffuse  process,  but  is  strongly  localized  in  current  sheets.  Such  current  sheets  may  arise  at  any  point  with  non-vanishing  magnetic  shear  and  a velocity  gradient  along  the  direction  of  the  shear  perpendicular  to  the  field,  i.e.  virtually  everywhere  in  the  plasma,  as  visualized  in  Fig.  1.  The  simplest  models  are  quasi-stationary  configurations  with  one  current  sheet  at  a well  defined  location  determined  by  the  overall  geometry,  which  have  been  investigated  in  the  conventional  theory  of  magnetic  reconnection.  The  basic  assumption  in  these  theoretical  approaches is  the  existence  of  a two-dimensional  subsystem  around  an  X-type  magnetic  neutral  point  which  is  small  compared  with  the  global  magnetic  configuration  but  large  compared  with  the  so-called  diffusion  region  around  the  neutral  point,  where  the  diffusion  term  in  (1)  is  important.  In  this  subsystem  conditions  would  rapidly  adjust  to  changes  in  the  global  configuration,  so  that  the  evolution  of  the  latter  would  correspond  to  a sequence  of  stationary  states  in  the  former  which  are  steady-state  solutions  with  the  boundary  conditions  determined  by  the  global  system.  This  is  the  idea  of  stationary  forced  reconnection.  The  prototype  of  such  configurations  is Petschek's  reconnection  model  1),  which  is given  schematically  in  Fig.  2.  In  fact,  much  of  the  theoretical  work  on  magnetic  reconnection 2 ),3)  consists  of  modifications  and  refinements  of  this  model.  The  theory  is based  on  the  effect  that  the  motion  of  a plasma  may  be  supersonic  at  arbitrarily  low  speed  with  respect  to  the  slow  mode . Hence,  by  analogy  with  a system  of  two  supersonic  gas  jets      
 
 
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Moray, Jon Gentry and Warren asked pertinent questions regarding 
velocities, magnetic flux etc. in plasma events so I did a search as to 
whether Alfven waves have a frequency.  This site pretty well defines a 
lot of plasma info that we need.   See: 
https://www.britannica.com/science/plasma-state-of-matter#ref507092

On 1/10/2019 6:29 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected] 
[EVGRAY] wrote:
> Norman
> Hooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of experimentation, 
> super conductors were not a reality as they are now. The fact that a 
> resistance free conductor might accelerate  a potential's velocity, 
> after going through a resistor, suggests an analogy to fluid dynamics, 
> much like Bernuili's principle application of a venturi to gases.
> The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting our 
> entire circuit thoughts.
> Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for quantum 
> physics thinking. Whew!
> Cheers Warren
>
> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>
>     On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY]
>     <[email protected]> wrote:
>
>     Good question Warren!   Nobody really knows how the potential and
>     current manifest in the conductor passing through a flux field.
>     Your question is valid cause there very well may be some sort of
>     reconnect occurring here. Theory was, that the flux field was
>     photon stream which enabled pairing to produce electrons and
>     attending current.  There is still so much that we don't know but
>     things are getting interesting. Read that last doc that I posted
>     for it is very enlightening on this subject.  See:
>     http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm This is one of
>     Oles  favorites.
>
>     On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected]
>     <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>
>>     Norman
>>
>>     I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the
>>     connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the Kromery,
>>     where one slides the magnets at right angles to their locked
>>     together state.
>>     Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn my
>>     Kromery.
>>     Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily rotates
>>     the flywheel, regardless of the load.
>>     Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil cores.
>>     Are we cutting those magnetic lines?
>>     Cheers Warren
>>     Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>     <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>
>>         On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected]
>>         <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY]
>>         <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]> wrote:
>>
>>         http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
>>
>>         On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>
>>>         https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>>>
>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>>         https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>>>
>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>         https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>         Recent
>>>>>         Developments
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         Theory
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>         Reconnection
>>>>>         Dieter
>>>>>         Biskamp
>>>>>         Max-Planck-Institut
>>>>>         fiir
>>>>>         Plasmaphysik
>>>>>         8046
>>>>>         Garching
>>>>>         bei
>>>>>         Miinchen,
>>>>>         Federal
>>>>>         Republic
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         Germany
>>>>>         Abstract
>>>>>         The
>>>>>         talk
>>>>>         briefly
>>>>>         reviews
>>>>>         previous
>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>         models,
>>>>>         mainly
>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         Petschek
>>>>>         type,
>>>>>         pointing
>>>>>         out
>>>>>         their
>>>>>         shortcomings
>>>>>         and
>>>>>         basic
>>>>>         failure
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         accounting
>>>>>         for
>>>>>         fast
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         limit
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         large
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>         number.
>>>>>         It
>>>>>         is
>>>>>         shown
>>>>>         that
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         this
>>>>>         limit
>>>>>         no
>>>>>         relevant
>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>         states
>>>>>         exist.
>>>>>         Instead
>>>>>         strong
>>>>>         small-scale
>>>>>         MHD
>>>>>         turbulence
>>>>>         develops
>>>>>         even
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         2D
>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>         giving
>>>>>         rise
>>>>>         to
>>>>>         energy
>>>>>         dissipation
>>>>>         and
>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>         rates
>>>>>         independent
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         value
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         collisional
>>>>>         re-
>>>>>         sistivity.
>>>>>         I
>>>>>         Introduction
>>>>>         In
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         last
>>>>>         decade
>>>>>         it
>>>>>         has
>>>>>         been realized
>>>>>         that
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         presence
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         fields
>>>>>         is
>>>>>         a
>>>>>         ubiquitous
>>>>>         phenomenon
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         cosmic
>>>>>         systems.
>>>>>         On
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         one
>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         fields
>>>>>         serve
>>>>>         as
>>>>>         a large
>>>>>         energy
>>>>>         reservoir
>>>>>         which
>>>>>         may
>>>>>         be
>>>>>         tapped
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         a fast
>>>>>         dynamic
>>>>>         process
>>>>>         leading
>>>>>         to
>>>>>         various
>>>>>         kinds
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         explosive
>>>>>         events
>>>>>         such
>>>>>         as
>>>>>         flares.
>>>>>         On
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         other
>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         fields
>>>>>         tend
>>>>>         to
>>>>>         be
>>>>>         compressed
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         processes
>>>>>         such
>>>>>         as
>>>>>         protostar
>>>>>         formation
>>>>>         and
>>>>>         are
>>>>>         computed
>>>>>         to
>>>>>         dominate
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         dynamics
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         later
>>>>>         phases
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         a nonrealistic
>>>>>         way
>>>>>         if
>>>>>         not
>>>>>         dissipated
>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>         fast.
>>>>>         To
>>>>>         account
>>>>>         for
>>>>>         such
>>>>>         processes of
>>>>>         fast
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         field
>>>>>         annihilation
>>>>>         is
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         main
>>>>>         objective
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         theory
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>         ion.
>>>>>         The
>>>>>         term
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>         ion
>>>>>         refers
>>>>>         to
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         picture
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         field
>>>>>         lines.
>>>>>         These
>>>>>         have
>>>>>         a well-defined
>>>>>         meaning
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         a highly
>>>>>         conducting
>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>         viz.
>>>>>         thin
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         flux
>>>>>         tubes
>>>>>         which
>>>>>         are
>>>>>         carried
>>>>>         along
>>>>>         with
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>         maintaining
>>>>>         their
>>>>>         individuality,
>>>>>         though
>>>>>         they
>>>>>         may
>>>>>         be
>>>>>         wound
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         a very
>>>>>         complex
>>>>>         manner.
>>>>>         Only
>>>>>         owing
>>>>>         to
>>>>>         finite
>>>>>         electrical
>>>>>         resistivity
>>>>>         or
>>>>>         some
>>>>>         equivalent
>>>>>         process
>>>>>         may
>>>>>         two
>>>>>         field
>>>>>         lines
>>>>>         coming
>>>>>         close
>>>>>         together
>>>>>         lose
>>>>>         their
>>>>>         identities
>>>>>         by
>>>>>         being
>>>>>         cut
>>>>>         and
>>>>>         reconnected
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         a different
>>>>>         way.
>>>>>         Though
>>>>>         this
>>>>>         is
>>>>>         a local
>>>>>         process,
>>>>>         it
>>>>>         leads
>>>>>         to
>>>>>         a change
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         field
>>>>>         topology
>>>>>         permitting
>>>>>         new
>>>>>         types
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         large-scale
>>>>>         plasma
>>>>>         motions
>>>>>         that
>>>>>         would
>>>>>         otherwise
>>>>>         be
>>>>>         inhibited.
>>>>>         The
>>>>>         255
>>>>>         w.
>>>>>         BrinbMnn
>>>>>         et
>>>>>         al.
>>>>>         (eds.J,
>>>>>         Physical
>>>>>         Processes
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         Hot
>>>>>         Cosmic
>>>>>         PlIlsmas,
>>>>>         255-269.
>>>>>         e
>>>>>         1990
>>>>>         Kluwer
>>>>>         Academic
>>>>>         Publishers.
>>>>>         256
>>>>>         change
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         field
>>>>>         is described
>>>>>         by
>>>>>         Faraday's
>>>>>         law:
>>>>>         oB
>>>>>         (
>>>>>         ...
>>>>>         )
>>>>>         2'"
>>>>>         7it=VX
>>>>>         iixB
>>>>>         +
>>>>>         'IV
>>>>>         B.
>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>         Here
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         ratio
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>         term
>>>>>         and
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         convection
>>>>>         term
>>>>>         (2)
>>>>>         is
>>>>>         a convenient
>>>>>         dimensionless
>>>>>         measure
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         resistivity,
>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>         being
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>         number.
>>>>>         In
>>>>>         practically
>>>>>         all
>>>>>         astrophysical
>>>>>         plasmas
>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>         is large,
>>>>>         essentially
>>>>>         because
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         large
>>>>>         scales
>>>>>         L.
>>>>>         Hence
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>         is
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         general
>>>>>         a very
>>>>>         weak
>>>>>         process.
>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>         processes
>>>>>         such
>>>>>         as
>>>>>         solar
>>>>>         flares,
>>>>>         however,
>>>>>         seem
>>>>>         to
>>>>>         require
>>>>>         fast
>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>         with
>>>>>         time
>>>>>         scales
>>>>>         practically
>>>>>         independent
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         Rm.
>>>>>         The
>>>>>         main
>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>         problem
>>>>>         therefore
>>>>>         is
>>>>>         to
>>>>>         find
>>>>>         models
>>>>>         allowing
>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>         high
>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>         ion
>>>>>         rates.
>>>>>         Fast
>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>         is
>>>>>         not
>>>>>         a diffuse
>>>>>         process,
>>>>>         but
>>>>>         is
>>>>>         strongly
>>>>>         localized
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         current
>>>>>         sheets.
>>>>>         Such
>>>>>         current
>>>>>         sheets
>>>>>         may
>>>>>         arise
>>>>>         at
>>>>>         any
>>>>>         point
>>>>>         with
>>>>>         non-vanishing
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         shear
>>>>>         and
>>>>>         a velocity
>>>>>         gradient
>>>>>         along
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         direction
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         shear
>>>>>         perpendicular
>>>>>         to
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         field,
>>>>>         i.e.
>>>>>         virtually
>>>>>         everywhere
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         plasma,
>>>>>         as
>>>>>         visualized
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>         1.
>>>>>         The
>>>>>         simplest
>>>>>         models
>>>>>         are
>>>>>         quasi-stationary
>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>         with
>>>>>         one
>>>>>         current
>>>>>         sheet
>>>>>         at
>>>>>         a well
>>>>>         defined
>>>>>         location
>>>>>         determined
>>>>>         by
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         overall
>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>         which
>>>>>         have
>>>>>         been
>>>>>         investigated
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         conventional
>>>>>         theory
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>         The
>>>>>         basic
>>>>>         assumption
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         these
>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>         approaches is
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         existence
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         a two-dimensional
>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>         around
>>>>>         an
>>>>>         X-type
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>         point
>>>>>         which
>>>>>         is
>>>>>         small
>>>>>         compared
>>>>>         with
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         global
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         configuration
>>>>>         but
>>>>>         large
>>>>>         compared
>>>>>         with
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         so-called
>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>         region
>>>>>         around
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>         point,
>>>>>         where
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>         term
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>         is
>>>>>         important.
>>>>>         In
>>>>>         this
>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>         would
>>>>>         rapidly
>>>>>         adjust
>>>>>         to
>>>>>         changes
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         global
>>>>>         configuration,
>>>>>         so
>>>>>         that
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         evolution
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         latter
>>>>>         would
>>>>>         correspond
>>>>>         to
>>>>>         a sequence
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>         states
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         former
>>>>>         which
>>>>>         are
>>>>>         steady-state
>>>>>         solutions
>>>>>         with
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         boundary
>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>         determined
>>>>>         by
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         global
>>>>>         system.
>>>>>         This
>>>>>         is
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         idea
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>         forced
>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>         The
>>>>>         prototype
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         such
>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>         is Petschek's
>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>         model
>>>>>         1),
>>>>>         which
>>>>>         is given
>>>>>         schematically
>>>>>         in
>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>         2.
>>>>>         In
>>>>>         fact,
>>>>>         much
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>         work
>>>>>         on
>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>         2
>>>>>         ),3)
>>>>>         consists
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         modifications
>>>>>         and
>>>>>         refinements
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         this
>>>>>         model.
>>>>>         The
>>>>>         theory
>>>>>         is based
>>>>>         on
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         effect
>>>>>         that
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         motion
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         a plasma
>>>>>         may
>>>>>         be
>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>         at
>>>>>         arbitrarily
>>>>>         low
>>>>>         speed
>>>>>         with
>>>>>         respect
>>>>>         to
>>>>>         the
>>>>>         slow
>>>>>         mode
>>>>>         . Hence,
>>>>>         by
>>>>>         analogy
>>>>>         with
>>>>>         a system
>>>>>         of
>>>>>         two
>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>         gas
>>>>>         jets
>>
>

http://aa.springer.de/papers/7324002/2300449.pdf   Still researching the 
importance of the Alfven waves in plasma.

On 1/10/2019 6:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> Moray, Jon Gentry and Warren asked pertinent questions regarding 
> velocities, magnetic flux etc. in plasma events so I did a search as 
> to whether Alfven waves have a frequency.  This site pretty well 
> defines a lot of plasma info that we need. See: 
> https://www.britannica.com/science/plasma-state-of-matter#ref507092
>
> On 1/10/2019 6:29 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected] 
> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>> Norman
>> Hooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of experimentation, 
>> super conductors were not a reality as they are now. The fact that a 
>> resistance free conductor might accelerate  a potential's velocity, 
>> after going through a resistor, suggests an analogy to fluid 
>> dynamics, much like Bernuili's principle application of a venturi to 
>> gases.
>> The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting our 
>> entire circuit thoughts.
>> Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for 
>> quantum physics thinking. Whew!
>> Cheers Warren
>>
>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>
>>     On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY]
>>     <[email protected]> wrote:
>>
>>     Good question Warren!   Nobody really knows how the potential and
>>     current manifest in the conductor passing through a flux field.
>>     Your question is valid cause there very well may be some sort of
>>     reconnect occurring here. Theory was, that the flux field was
>>     photon stream which enabled pairing to produce electrons and
>>     attending current. There is still so much that we don't know but
>>     things are getting interesting.   Read that last doc that I
>>     posted for it is very enlightening on this subject. See:
>>     http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm This is one
>>     of Oles  favorites.
>>
>>     On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected]
>>     <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>
>>>     Norman
>>>
>>>     I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the
>>>     connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the Kromery,
>>>     where one slides the magnets at right angles to their locked
>>>     together state.
>>>     Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn my
>>>     Kromery.
>>>     Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily rotates
>>>     the flywheel, regardless of the load.
>>>     Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil cores.
>>>     Are we cutting those magnetic lines?
>>>     Cheers Warren
>>>     Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>     <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>
>>>         On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected]
>>>         <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY]
>>>         <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]> wrote:
>>>
>>>         http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
>>>
>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>>         https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>>>>
>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>         https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>>>>
>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>         https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>         Recent
>>>>>>         Developments
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         Theory
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>>         Reconnection
>>>>>>         Dieter
>>>>>>         Biskamp
>>>>>>         Max-Planck-Institut
>>>>>>         fiir
>>>>>>         Plasmaphysik
>>>>>>         8046
>>>>>>         Garching
>>>>>>         bei
>>>>>>         Miinchen,
>>>>>>         Federal
>>>>>>         Republic
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         Germany
>>>>>>         Abstract
>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>         talk
>>>>>>         briefly
>>>>>>         reviews
>>>>>>         previous
>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>         models,
>>>>>>         mainly
>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         Petschek
>>>>>>         type,
>>>>>>         pointing
>>>>>>         out
>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>         shortcomings
>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>         basic
>>>>>>         failure
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         accounting
>>>>>>         for
>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         limit
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>>         number.
>>>>>>         It
>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>         shown
>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>         limit
>>>>>>         no
>>>>>>         relevant
>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>         states
>>>>>>         exist.
>>>>>>         Instead
>>>>>>         strong
>>>>>>         small-scale
>>>>>>         MHD
>>>>>>         turbulence
>>>>>>         develops
>>>>>>         even
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         2D
>>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>>         giving
>>>>>>         rise
>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>         energy
>>>>>>         dissipation
>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>         rates
>>>>>>         independent
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         value
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         collisional
>>>>>>         re-
>>>>>>         sistivity.
>>>>>>         I
>>>>>>         Introduction
>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         last
>>>>>>         decade
>>>>>>         it
>>>>>>         has
>>>>>>         been realized
>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         presence
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>         a
>>>>>>         ubiquitous
>>>>>>         phenomenon
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         cosmic
>>>>>>         systems.
>>>>>>         On
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         one
>>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>         serve
>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>         a large
>>>>>>         energy
>>>>>>         reservoir
>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>         tapped
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         a fast
>>>>>>         dynamic
>>>>>>         process
>>>>>>         leading
>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>         various
>>>>>>         kinds
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         explosive
>>>>>>         events
>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>         flares.
>>>>>>         On
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         other
>>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>         tend
>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>         compressed
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         processes
>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>         protostar
>>>>>>         formation
>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>         computed
>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>         dominate
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         dynamics
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         later
>>>>>>         phases
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         a nonrealistic
>>>>>>         way
>>>>>>         if
>>>>>>         not
>>>>>>         dissipated
>>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>>         fast.
>>>>>>         To
>>>>>>         account
>>>>>>         for
>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>         processes of
>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>         annihilation
>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         main
>>>>>>         objective
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>         ion.
>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>         ion
>>>>>>         refers
>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         picture
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>         lines.
>>>>>>         These
>>>>>>         have
>>>>>>         a well-defined
>>>>>>         meaning
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         a highly
>>>>>>         conducting
>>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>>         viz.
>>>>>>         thin
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         flux
>>>>>>         tubes
>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>         carried
>>>>>>         along
>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>>         maintaining
>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>         individuality,
>>>>>>         though
>>>>>>         they
>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>         wound
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         a very
>>>>>>         complex
>>>>>>         manner.
>>>>>>         Only
>>>>>>         owing
>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>         finite
>>>>>>         electrical
>>>>>>         resistivity
>>>>>>         or
>>>>>>         some
>>>>>>         equivalent
>>>>>>         process
>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>         two
>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>         lines
>>>>>>         coming
>>>>>>         close
>>>>>>         together
>>>>>>         lose
>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>         identities
>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>         being
>>>>>>         cut
>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>         reconnected
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         a different
>>>>>>         way.
>>>>>>         Though
>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>         a local
>>>>>>         process,
>>>>>>         it
>>>>>>         leads
>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>         a change
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>         topology
>>>>>>         permitting
>>>>>>         new
>>>>>>         types
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         large-scale
>>>>>>         plasma
>>>>>>         motions
>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>         otherwise
>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>         inhibited.
>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>         255
>>>>>>         w.
>>>>>>         BrinbMnn
>>>>>>         et
>>>>>>         al.
>>>>>>         (eds.J,
>>>>>>         Physical
>>>>>>         Processes
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         Hot
>>>>>>         Cosmic
>>>>>>         PlIlsmas,
>>>>>>         255-269.
>>>>>>         e
>>>>>>         1990
>>>>>>         Kluwer
>>>>>>         Academic
>>>>>>         Publishers.
>>>>>>         256
>>>>>>         change
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>         is described
>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>         Faraday's
>>>>>>         law:
>>>>>>         oB
>>>>>>         (
>>>>>>         ...
>>>>>>         )
>>>>>>         2'"
>>>>>>         7it=VX
>>>>>>         iixB
>>>>>>         +
>>>>>>         'IV
>>>>>>         B.
>>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>>         Here
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         ratio
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         convection
>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>         (2)
>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>         a convenient
>>>>>>         dimensionless
>>>>>>         measure
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         resistivity,
>>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>>         being
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>>         number.
>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>         practically
>>>>>>         all
>>>>>>         astrophysical
>>>>>>         plasmas
>>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>>         is large,
>>>>>>         essentially
>>>>>>         because
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>         scales
>>>>>>         L.
>>>>>>         Hence
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         general
>>>>>>         a very
>>>>>>         weak
>>>>>>         process.
>>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>>         processes
>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>         solar
>>>>>>         flares,
>>>>>>         however,
>>>>>>         seem
>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>         require
>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>         time
>>>>>>         scales
>>>>>>         practically
>>>>>>         independent
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         Rm.
>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>         main
>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>         problem
>>>>>>         therefore
>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>         find
>>>>>>         models
>>>>>>         allowing
>>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>>         high
>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>         ion
>>>>>>         rates.
>>>>>>         Fast
>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>         not
>>>>>>         a diffuse
>>>>>>         process,
>>>>>>         but
>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>         strongly
>>>>>>         localized
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>         sheets.
>>>>>>         Such
>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>         sheets
>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>         arise
>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>         any
>>>>>>         point
>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>         non-vanishing
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         shear
>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>         a velocity
>>>>>>         gradient
>>>>>>         along
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         direction
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         shear
>>>>>>         perpendicular
>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         field,
>>>>>>         i.e.
>>>>>>         virtually
>>>>>>         everywhere
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         plasma,
>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>         visualized
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>>         1.
>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>         simplest
>>>>>>         models
>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>         quasi-stationary
>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>         one
>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>         sheet
>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>         a well
>>>>>>         defined
>>>>>>         location
>>>>>>         determined
>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         overall
>>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>         have
>>>>>>         been
>>>>>>         investigated
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         conventional
>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>         basic
>>>>>>         assumption
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         these
>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>         approaches is
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         existence
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         a two-dimensional
>>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>>         around
>>>>>>         an
>>>>>>         X-type
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>>         point
>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>         small
>>>>>>         compared
>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         configuration
>>>>>>         but
>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>         compared
>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         so-called
>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>         region
>>>>>>         around
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>>         point,
>>>>>>         where
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>         important.
>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>         rapidly
>>>>>>         adjust
>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>         changes
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>         configuration,
>>>>>>         so
>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         evolution
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         latter
>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>         correspond
>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>         a sequence
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>         states
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         former
>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>         steady-state
>>>>>>         solutions
>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         boundary
>>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>>         determined
>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>         system.
>>>>>>         This
>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         idea
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>         forced
>>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>         prototype
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>         is Petschek's
>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>         model
>>>>>>         1),
>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>         is given
>>>>>>         schematically
>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>>         2.
>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>         fact,
>>>>>>         much
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>         work
>>>>>>         on
>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>         2
>>>>>>         ),3)
>>>>>>         consists
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         modifications
>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>         refinements
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>         model.
>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>         is based
>>>>>>         on
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         effect
>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         motion
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         a plasma
>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>         arbitrarily
>>>>>>         low
>>>>>>         speed
>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>         respect
>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>         slow
>>>>>>         mode
>>>>>>         . Hence,
>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>         analogy
>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>         a system
>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>         two
>>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>>         gas
>>>>>>         jets
>>>
>>

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n    Please read this 
mans research and see how he was often rejected by fellow physicists.

On 1/10/2019 7:31 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> http://aa.springer.de/papers/7324002/2300449.pdf Still researching the 
> importance of the Alfven waves in plasma.
>
> On 1/10/2019 6:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> Moray, Jon Gentry and Warren asked pertinent questions regarding 
>> velocities, magnetic flux etc. in plasma events so I did a search as 
>> to whether Alfven waves have a frequency. This site pretty well 
>> defines a lot of plasma info that we need.   See: 
>> https://www.britannica.com/science/plasma-state-of-matter#ref507092
>>
>> On 1/10/2019 6:29 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected] 
>> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>> Norman
>>> Hooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of experimentation, 
>>> super conductors were not a reality as they are now. The fact that a 
>>> resistance free conductor might accelerate  a potential's velocity, 
>>> after going through a resistor, suggests an analogy to fluid 
>>> dynamics, much like Bernuili's principle application of a venturi to 
>>> gases.
>>> The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting our 
>>> entire circuit thoughts.
>>> Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for 
>>> quantum physics thinking. Whew!
>>> Cheers Warren
>>>
>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>
>>>     On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected]
>>>     [EVGRAY]
>>>     <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>
>>>     Good question Warren!   Nobody really knows how the potential
>>>     and current manifest in the conductor passing through a flux
>>>     field. Your question is valid cause there very well may be some
>>>     sort of reconnect occurring here. Theory was, that the flux
>>>     field was photon stream which enabled pairing to produce
>>>     electrons and attending current.  There is still so much that we
>>>     don't know but things are getting interesting.   Read that last
>>>     doc that I posted for it is very enlightening on this subject. 
>>>     See: http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm This is
>>>     one of Oles  favorites.
>>>
>>>     On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor
>>>     [email protected]
>>>     <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>
>>>>     Norman
>>>>
>>>>     I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the
>>>>     connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the Kromery,
>>>>     where one slides the magnets at right angles to their locked
>>>>     together state.
>>>>     Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn my
>>>>     Kromery.
>>>>     Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily rotates
>>>>     the flywheel, regardless of the load.
>>>>     Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil cores.
>>>>     Are we cutting those magnetic lines?
>>>>     Cheers Warren
>>>>     Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>>     <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>
>>>>         On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan
>>>>         [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY]
>>>>         <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>         http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
>>>>
>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>         https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>>>>>
>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>         https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>>>>>
>>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>         https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>         Recent
>>>>>>>         Developments
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         Theory
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>>>         Reconnection
>>>>>>>         Dieter
>>>>>>>         Biskamp
>>>>>>>         Max-Planck-Institut
>>>>>>>         fiir
>>>>>>>         Plasmaphysik
>>>>>>>         8046
>>>>>>>         Garching
>>>>>>>         bei
>>>>>>>         Miinchen,
>>>>>>>         Federal
>>>>>>>         Republic
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         Germany
>>>>>>>         Abstract
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         talk
>>>>>>>         briefly
>>>>>>>         reviews
>>>>>>>         previous
>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>         models,
>>>>>>>         mainly
>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         Petschek
>>>>>>>         type,
>>>>>>>         pointing
>>>>>>>         out
>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>         shortcomings
>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>         basic
>>>>>>>         failure
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         accounting
>>>>>>>         for
>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         limit
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>>>         number.
>>>>>>>         It
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         shown
>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>         limit
>>>>>>>         no
>>>>>>>         relevant
>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>         states
>>>>>>>         exist.
>>>>>>>         Instead
>>>>>>>         strong
>>>>>>>         small-scale
>>>>>>>         MHD
>>>>>>>         turbulence
>>>>>>>         develops
>>>>>>>         even
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         2D
>>>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>>>         giving
>>>>>>>         rise
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         energy
>>>>>>>         dissipation
>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>         rates
>>>>>>>         independent
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         value
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         collisional
>>>>>>>         re-
>>>>>>>         sistivity.
>>>>>>>         I
>>>>>>>         Introduction
>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         last
>>>>>>>         decade
>>>>>>>         it
>>>>>>>         has
>>>>>>>         been realized
>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         presence
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         a
>>>>>>>         ubiquitous
>>>>>>>         phenomenon
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         cosmic
>>>>>>>         systems.
>>>>>>>         On
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         one
>>>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>         serve
>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>         a large
>>>>>>>         energy
>>>>>>>         reservoir
>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>         tapped
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         a fast
>>>>>>>         dynamic
>>>>>>>         process
>>>>>>>         leading
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         various
>>>>>>>         kinds
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         explosive
>>>>>>>         events
>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>         flares.
>>>>>>>         On
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         other
>>>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>         tend
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>         compressed
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         processes
>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>         protostar
>>>>>>>         formation
>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>         computed
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         dominate
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         dynamics
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         later
>>>>>>>         phases
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         a nonrealistic
>>>>>>>         way
>>>>>>>         if
>>>>>>>         not
>>>>>>>         dissipated
>>>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>>>         fast.
>>>>>>>         To
>>>>>>>         account
>>>>>>>         for
>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>         processes of
>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>         annihilation
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         main
>>>>>>>         objective
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>         ion.
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>         ion
>>>>>>>         refers
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         picture
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>         lines.
>>>>>>>         These
>>>>>>>         have
>>>>>>>         a well-defined
>>>>>>>         meaning
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         a highly
>>>>>>>         conducting
>>>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>>>         viz.
>>>>>>>         thin
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         flux
>>>>>>>         tubes
>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>         carried
>>>>>>>         along
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>>>         maintaining
>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>         individuality,
>>>>>>>         though
>>>>>>>         they
>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>         wound
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         a very
>>>>>>>         complex
>>>>>>>         manner.
>>>>>>>         Only
>>>>>>>         owing
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         finite
>>>>>>>         electrical
>>>>>>>         resistivity
>>>>>>>         or
>>>>>>>         some
>>>>>>>         equivalent
>>>>>>>         process
>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>         two
>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>         lines
>>>>>>>         coming
>>>>>>>         close
>>>>>>>         together
>>>>>>>         lose
>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>         identities
>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>         being
>>>>>>>         cut
>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>         reconnected
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         a different
>>>>>>>         way.
>>>>>>>         Though
>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         a local
>>>>>>>         process,
>>>>>>>         it
>>>>>>>         leads
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         a change
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>         topology
>>>>>>>         permitting
>>>>>>>         new
>>>>>>>         types
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         large-scale
>>>>>>>         plasma
>>>>>>>         motions
>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>         otherwise
>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>         inhibited.
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         255
>>>>>>>         w.
>>>>>>>         BrinbMnn
>>>>>>>         et
>>>>>>>         al.
>>>>>>>         (eds.J,
>>>>>>>         Physical
>>>>>>>         Processes
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         Hot
>>>>>>>         Cosmic
>>>>>>>         PlIlsmas,
>>>>>>>         255-269.
>>>>>>>         e
>>>>>>>         1990
>>>>>>>         Kluwer
>>>>>>>         Academic
>>>>>>>         Publishers.
>>>>>>>         256
>>>>>>>         change
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>         is described
>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>         Faraday's
>>>>>>>         law:
>>>>>>>         oB
>>>>>>>         (
>>>>>>>         ...
>>>>>>>         )
>>>>>>>         2'"
>>>>>>>         7it=VX
>>>>>>>         iixB
>>>>>>>         +
>>>>>>>         'IV
>>>>>>>         B.
>>>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>>>         Here
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         ratio
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         convection
>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>         (2)
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         a convenient
>>>>>>>         dimensionless
>>>>>>>         measure
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         resistivity,
>>>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>>>         being
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>>>         number.
>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>         practically
>>>>>>>         all
>>>>>>>         astrophysical
>>>>>>>         plasmas
>>>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>>>         is large,
>>>>>>>         essentially
>>>>>>>         because
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>         scales
>>>>>>>         L.
>>>>>>>         Hence
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         general
>>>>>>>         a very
>>>>>>>         weak
>>>>>>>         process.
>>>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>>>         processes
>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>         solar
>>>>>>>         flares,
>>>>>>>         however,
>>>>>>>         seem
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         require
>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         time
>>>>>>>         scales
>>>>>>>         practically
>>>>>>>         independent
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         Rm.
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         main
>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>         problem
>>>>>>>         therefore
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         find
>>>>>>>         models
>>>>>>>         allowing
>>>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>>>         high
>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>         ion
>>>>>>>         rates.
>>>>>>>         Fast
>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         not
>>>>>>>         a diffuse
>>>>>>>         process,
>>>>>>>         but
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         strongly
>>>>>>>         localized
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>         sheets.
>>>>>>>         Such
>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>         sheets
>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>         arise
>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>         any
>>>>>>>         point
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         non-vanishing
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         shear
>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>         a velocity
>>>>>>>         gradient
>>>>>>>         along
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         direction
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         shear
>>>>>>>         perpendicular
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         field,
>>>>>>>         i.e.
>>>>>>>         virtually
>>>>>>>         everywhere
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         plasma,
>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>         visualized
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>>>         1.
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         simplest
>>>>>>>         models
>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>         quasi-stationary
>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         one
>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>         sheet
>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>         a well
>>>>>>>         defined
>>>>>>>         location
>>>>>>>         determined
>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         overall
>>>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>         have
>>>>>>>         been
>>>>>>>         investigated
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         conventional
>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         basic
>>>>>>>         assumption
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         these
>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>         approaches is
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         existence
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         a two-dimensional
>>>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>>>         around
>>>>>>>         an
>>>>>>>         X-type
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>>>         point
>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         small
>>>>>>>         compared
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         configuration
>>>>>>>         but
>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>         compared
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         so-called
>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>         region
>>>>>>>         around
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>>>         point,
>>>>>>>         where
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         important.
>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>         rapidly
>>>>>>>         adjust
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         changes
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>         configuration,
>>>>>>>         so
>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         evolution
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         latter
>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>         correspond
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         a sequence
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>         states
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         former
>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>         steady-state
>>>>>>>         solutions
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         boundary
>>>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>>>         determined
>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>         system.
>>>>>>>         This
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         idea
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>         forced
>>>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         prototype
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>         is Petschek's
>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>         model
>>>>>>>         1),
>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>         is given
>>>>>>>         schematically
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>>>         2.
>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>         fact,
>>>>>>>         much
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>         work
>>>>>>>         on
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>         2
>>>>>>>         ),3)
>>>>>>>         consists
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         modifications
>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>         refinements
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>         model.
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>         is based
>>>>>>>         on
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         effect
>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         motion
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         a plasma
>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>         arbitrarily
>>>>>>>         low
>>>>>>>         speed
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         respect
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         slow
>>>>>>>         mode
>>>>>>>         . Hence,
>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>         analogy
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         a system
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         two
>>>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>>>         gas
>>>>>>>         jets
>>>>
>>>

Alfvén wave

An *Alfvén wave* is a wave that occurs in a plasma 
<https://www.plasma-universe.com/Plasma> (or conducting fluid), 
resulting from the interaction of the magnetic fields and electric 
currents <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Electric_current> within it, 
causing an oscillation of the ions. Alfvén wrote in a letter to the 
journal /Nature/ in 1942:

    "If a conducting liquid is placed in a constant magnetic field,
    every motion of the liquid gives rise to an E.M.F. which produces
    electric currents. Owing to the magnetic field, these currents give
    mechanical forces which change the state of motion of the liquid.
    Thus a kind of combined electromagnetic-hydrodynamic wave is
    produced."^[1]
    <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave#cite_note-alfven1942-1>


Alfvén waves initiated the field of magnetohydrodynamics 
<https://www.plasma-universe.com/Magnetohydrodynamics> which 
subsequently earned Alfvén a Nobel Prize.

Put some thought behind this statement  "A conductive liquid"!!

On 1/10/2019 7:41 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n Please read this mans 
> research and see how he was often rejected by fellow physicists.
>
> On 1/10/2019 7:31 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> http://aa.springer.de/papers/7324002/2300449.pdf Still researching 
>> the importance of the Alfven waves in plasma.
>>
>> On 1/10/2019 6:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>
>>> Moray, Jon Gentry and Warren asked pertinent questions regarding 
>>> velocities, magnetic flux etc. in plasma events so I did a search as 
>>> to whether Alfven waves have a frequency. This site pretty well 
>>> defines a lot of plasma info that we need.   See: 
>>> https://www.britannica.com/science/plasma-state-of-matter#ref507092
>>>
>>> On 1/10/2019 6:29 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected] 
>>> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>> Norman
>>>> Hooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of 
>>>> experimentation, super conductors were not a reality as they are 
>>>> now. The fact that a resistance free conductor might accelerate  a 
>>>> potential's velocity, after going through a resistor, suggests an 
>>>> analogy to fluid dynamics, much like Bernuili's principle 
>>>> application of a venturi to gases.
>>>> The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting our 
>>>> entire circuit thoughts.
>>>> Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for 
>>>> quantum physics thinking. Whew!
>>>> Cheers Warren
>>>>
>>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
>>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>
>>>>     On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected]
>>>>     [EVGRAY]
>>>>     <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>     Good question Warren! Nobody really knows how the potential and
>>>>     current manifest in the conductor passing through a flux field.
>>>>     Your question is valid cause there very well may be some sort
>>>>     of reconnect occurring here. Theory was, that the flux field
>>>>     was photon stream which enabled pairing to produce electrons
>>>>     and attending current.  There is still so much that we don't
>>>>     know but things are getting interesting.   Read that last doc
>>>>     that I posted for it is very enlightening on this subject. 
>>>>     See: http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm This
>>>>     is one of Oles favorites.
>>>>
>>>>     On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor
>>>>     [email protected]
>>>>     <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>     Norman
>>>>>
>>>>>     I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the
>>>>>     connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the Kromery,
>>>>>     where one slides the magnets at right angles to their locked
>>>>>     together state.
>>>>>     Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn my
>>>>>     Kromery.
>>>>>     Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily rotates
>>>>>     the flywheel, regardless of the load.
>>>>>     Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil
>>>>>     cores.
>>>>>     Are we cutting those magnetic lines?
>>>>>     Cheers Warren
>>>>>     Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>>>     <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>>
>>>>>         On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan
>>>>>         [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY]
>>>>>         <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>
>>>>>         wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>         http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
>>>>>
>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>         https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>>>>>>
>>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>         https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>         https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>         Recent
>>>>>>>>         Developments
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         Theory
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>>>>         Reconnection
>>>>>>>>         Dieter
>>>>>>>>         Biskamp
>>>>>>>>         Max-Planck-Institut
>>>>>>>>         fiir
>>>>>>>>         Plasmaphysik
>>>>>>>>         8046
>>>>>>>>         Garching
>>>>>>>>         bei
>>>>>>>>         Miinchen,
>>>>>>>>         Federal
>>>>>>>>         Republic
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         Germany
>>>>>>>>         Abstract
>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>         talk
>>>>>>>>         briefly
>>>>>>>>         reviews
>>>>>>>>         previous
>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>         models,
>>>>>>>>         mainly
>>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         Petschek
>>>>>>>>         type,
>>>>>>>>         pointing
>>>>>>>>         out
>>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>>         shortcomings
>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>         basic
>>>>>>>>         failure
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         accounting
>>>>>>>>         for
>>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         limit
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>>>>         number.
>>>>>>>>         It
>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>         shown
>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>         limit
>>>>>>>>         no
>>>>>>>>         relevant
>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>         states
>>>>>>>>         exist.
>>>>>>>>         Instead
>>>>>>>>         strong
>>>>>>>>         small-scale
>>>>>>>>         MHD
>>>>>>>>         turbulence
>>>>>>>>         develops
>>>>>>>>         even
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         2D
>>>>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>>>>         giving
>>>>>>>>         rise
>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>         energy
>>>>>>>>         dissipation
>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>         rates
>>>>>>>>         independent
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         value
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         collisional
>>>>>>>>         re-
>>>>>>>>         sistivity.
>>>>>>>>         I
>>>>>>>>         Introduction
>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         last
>>>>>>>>         decade
>>>>>>>>         it
>>>>>>>>         has
>>>>>>>>         been realized
>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         presence
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>         a
>>>>>>>>         ubiquitous
>>>>>>>>         phenomenon
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         cosmic
>>>>>>>>         systems.
>>>>>>>>         On
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         one
>>>>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>>         serve
>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>         a large
>>>>>>>>         energy
>>>>>>>>         reservoir
>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>         tapped
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         a fast
>>>>>>>>         dynamic
>>>>>>>>         process
>>>>>>>>         leading
>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>         various
>>>>>>>>         kinds
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         explosive
>>>>>>>>         events
>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>         flares.
>>>>>>>>         On
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         other
>>>>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>>         tend
>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>         compressed
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         processes
>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>         protostar
>>>>>>>>         formation
>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>         computed
>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>         dominate
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         dynamics
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         later
>>>>>>>>         phases
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         a nonrealistic
>>>>>>>>         way
>>>>>>>>         if
>>>>>>>>         not
>>>>>>>>         dissipated
>>>>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>>>>         fast.
>>>>>>>>         To
>>>>>>>>         account
>>>>>>>>         for
>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>         processes of
>>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>         annihilation
>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         main
>>>>>>>>         objective
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>>         ion.
>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>>         ion
>>>>>>>>         refers
>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         picture
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>         lines.
>>>>>>>>         These
>>>>>>>>         have
>>>>>>>>         a well-defined
>>>>>>>>         meaning
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         a highly
>>>>>>>>         conducting
>>>>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>>>>         viz.
>>>>>>>>         thin
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         flux
>>>>>>>>         tubes
>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>         carried
>>>>>>>>         along
>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>>>>         maintaining
>>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>>         individuality,
>>>>>>>>         though
>>>>>>>>         they
>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>         wound
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         a very
>>>>>>>>         complex
>>>>>>>>         manner.
>>>>>>>>         Only
>>>>>>>>         owing
>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>         finite
>>>>>>>>         electrical
>>>>>>>>         resistivity
>>>>>>>>         or
>>>>>>>>         some
>>>>>>>>         equivalent
>>>>>>>>         process
>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>         two
>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>         lines
>>>>>>>>         coming
>>>>>>>>         close
>>>>>>>>         together
>>>>>>>>         lose
>>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>>         identities
>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>         being
>>>>>>>>         cut
>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>         reconnected
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         a different
>>>>>>>>         way.
>>>>>>>>         Though
>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>         a local
>>>>>>>>         process,
>>>>>>>>         it
>>>>>>>>         leads
>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>         a change
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>         topology
>>>>>>>>         permitting
>>>>>>>>         new
>>>>>>>>         types
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         large-scale
>>>>>>>>         plasma
>>>>>>>>         motions
>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>>         otherwise
>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>         inhibited.
>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>         255
>>>>>>>>         w.
>>>>>>>>         BrinbMnn
>>>>>>>>         et
>>>>>>>>         al.
>>>>>>>>         (eds.J,
>>>>>>>>         Physical
>>>>>>>>         Processes
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         Hot
>>>>>>>>         Cosmic
>>>>>>>>         PlIlsmas,
>>>>>>>>         255-269.
>>>>>>>>         e
>>>>>>>>         1990
>>>>>>>>         Kluwer
>>>>>>>>         Academic
>>>>>>>>         Publishers.
>>>>>>>>         256
>>>>>>>>         change
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>         is described
>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>         Faraday's
>>>>>>>>         law:
>>>>>>>>         oB
>>>>>>>>         (
>>>>>>>>         ...
>>>>>>>>         )
>>>>>>>>         2'"
>>>>>>>>         7it=VX
>>>>>>>>         iixB
>>>>>>>>         +
>>>>>>>>         'IV
>>>>>>>>         B.
>>>>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>>>>         Here
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         ratio
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         convection
>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>         (2)
>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>         a convenient
>>>>>>>>         dimensionless
>>>>>>>>         measure
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         resistivity,
>>>>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>>>>         being
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>>>>         number.
>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>         practically
>>>>>>>>         all
>>>>>>>>         astrophysical
>>>>>>>>         plasmas
>>>>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>>>>         is large,
>>>>>>>>         essentially
>>>>>>>>         because
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>>         scales
>>>>>>>>         L.
>>>>>>>>         Hence
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         general
>>>>>>>>         a very
>>>>>>>>         weak
>>>>>>>>         process.
>>>>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>>>>         processes
>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>         solar
>>>>>>>>         flares,
>>>>>>>>         however,
>>>>>>>>         seem
>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>         require
>>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>         time
>>>>>>>>         scales
>>>>>>>>         practically
>>>>>>>>         independent
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         Rm.
>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>         main
>>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>>         problem
>>>>>>>>         therefore
>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>         find
>>>>>>>>         models
>>>>>>>>         allowing
>>>>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>>>>         high
>>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>>         ion
>>>>>>>>         rates.
>>>>>>>>         Fast
>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>         not
>>>>>>>>         a diffuse
>>>>>>>>         process,
>>>>>>>>         but
>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>         strongly
>>>>>>>>         localized
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>>         sheets.
>>>>>>>>         Such
>>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>>         sheets
>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>         arise
>>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>>         any
>>>>>>>>         point
>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>         non-vanishing
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         shear
>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>         a velocity
>>>>>>>>         gradient
>>>>>>>>         along
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         direction
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         shear
>>>>>>>>         perpendicular
>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         field,
>>>>>>>>         i.e.
>>>>>>>>         virtually
>>>>>>>>         everywhere
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         plasma,
>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>         visualized
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>>>>         1.
>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>         simplest
>>>>>>>>         models
>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>         quasi-stationary
>>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>         one
>>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>>         sheet
>>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>>         a well
>>>>>>>>         defined
>>>>>>>>         location
>>>>>>>>         determined
>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         overall
>>>>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>         have
>>>>>>>>         been
>>>>>>>>         investigated
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         conventional
>>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>         basic
>>>>>>>>         assumption
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         these
>>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>>         approaches is
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         existence
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         a two-dimensional
>>>>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>>>>         around
>>>>>>>>         an
>>>>>>>>         X-type
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>>>>         point
>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>         small
>>>>>>>>         compared
>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         configuration
>>>>>>>>         but
>>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>>         compared
>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         so-called
>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>         region
>>>>>>>>         around
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>>>>         point,
>>>>>>>>         where
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>         important.
>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>>         rapidly
>>>>>>>>         adjust
>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>         changes
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>>         configuration,
>>>>>>>>         so
>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         evolution
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         latter
>>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>>         correspond
>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>         a sequence
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>         states
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         former
>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>         steady-state
>>>>>>>>         solutions
>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         boundary
>>>>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>>>>         determined
>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>>         system.
>>>>>>>>         This
>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         idea
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>         forced
>>>>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>         prototype
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>>         is Petschek's
>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>         model
>>>>>>>>         1),
>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>         is given
>>>>>>>>         schematically
>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>>>>         2.
>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>         fact,
>>>>>>>>         much
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>>         work
>>>>>>>>         on
>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>         2
>>>>>>>>         ),3)
>>>>>>>>         consists
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         modifications
>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>         refinements
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>         model.
>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>>         is based
>>>>>>>>         on
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         effect
>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         motion
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         a plasma
>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>>         arbitrarily
>>>>>>>>         low
>>>>>>>>         speed
>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>         respect
>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>         slow
>>>>>>>>         mode
>>>>>>>>         . Hence,
>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>         analogy
>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>         a system
>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>         two
>>>>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>>>>         gas
>>>>>>>>         jets
>>>>>
>>>>

Yes!  The transverse wave gives the pinch, compression that drives the 
anti-parallel flux annihilation, reconnect.

Illustration:

On 1/10/2019 7:47 AM, Mick [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>
> Norm,
>
> As far as a rudimentary frequency:
>
> Looks to me it's like strumming a guitar string, depending on which
> string, as depending on the ions and density of the plasma as a
> secondary reaction vis a vis frequency.  Nothing much on the primary
> magnetic flux besides Alven wave velocity and time.    I guess it's akin
> to throwing a permanent magnet towards some wires...  The Alvin is
> longitudinal and the frequency reaction is transverse.
>
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave
>
> On 1/10/2019 7:51 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
> > Alfven waves
>
>

Norm,

As far as a rudimentary frequency:

Looks to me it's like strumming a guitar string, depending on which
string, as depending on the ions and density of the plasma as a
secondary reaction vis a vis frequency.  Nothing much on the primary
magnetic flux besides Alven wave velocity and time.    I guess it's akin
to throwing a permanent magnet towards some wires...  The Alvin is
longitudinal and the frequency reaction is transverse.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave

On 1/10/2019 7:51 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
> Alfven waves

http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/plasma/Plasmahtml/node50.html

On 1/10/2019 8:31 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>  
>
> http://aa.springer.de/papers/7324002/2300449.pdf   Still researching
> the importance of the Alfven waves in plasma.
>
> On 1/10/2019 6:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> Moray, Jon Gentry and Warren asked pertinent questions regarding
>> velocities, magnetic flux etc. in plasma events so I did a search as
>> to whether Alfven waves have a frequency.  This site pretty well
>> defines a lot of plasma info that we need.   See: 
>> https://www.britannica.com/science/plasma-state-of-matter#ref507092
>>
>> On 1/10/2019 6:29 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected]
>> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>  
>>> Norman
>>> Hooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of experimentation,
>>> super conductors were not a reality as they are now. The fact that a
>>> resistance free conductor might accelerate  a potential's velocity,
>>> after going through a resistor, suggests an analogy to fluid
>>> dynamics, much like Bernuili's principle application of a venturi to
>>> gases.
>>> The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting our
>>> entire circuit thoughts.
>>> Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for
>>> quantum physics thinking. Whew!
>>> Cheers Warren
>>>
>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>
>>>     On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected]
>>>     [EVGRAY]
>>>     <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>      
>>>
>>>     Good question Warren!   Nobody really knows how the potential
>>>     and current manifest in the conductor passing through a flux
>>>     field. Your question is valid cause there very well may be some
>>>     sort of reconnect occurring here. Theory was, that the flux
>>>     field was photon stream which enabled pairing to produce
>>>     electrons and attending current.  There is still so much that we
>>>     don't know but things are getting interesting.   Read that last
>>>     doc that I posted for it is very enlightening on this subject. 
>>>     See:  http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm   This
>>>     is one of Oles  favorites.
>>>
>>>     On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor
>>>     [email protected]
>>>     <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>      
>>>>
>>>>     Norman
>>>>
>>>>     I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the
>>>>     connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the Kromery,
>>>>     where one slides the magnets at right angles to their locked
>>>>     together state.
>>>>     Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn my
>>>>     Kromery.
>>>>     Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily rotates
>>>>     the flywheel, regardless of the load.
>>>>     Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil cores.
>>>>     Are we cutting those magnetic lines?
>>>>     Cheers Warren
>>>>     Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>>     <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>
>>>>         On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan
>>>>         [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY]
>>>>         <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>          
>>>>
>>>>         http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
>>>>
>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>         https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>>>>>
>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>         https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>>>>>
>>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>         https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>         Recent
>>>>>>>         Developments
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         Theory
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>>>         Reconnection
>>>>>>>         Dieter
>>>>>>>         Biskamp
>>>>>>>         Max-Planck-Institut
>>>>>>>         fiir
>>>>>>>         Plasmaphysik
>>>>>>>         8046
>>>>>>>         Garching
>>>>>>>         bei
>>>>>>>         Miinchen,
>>>>>>>         Federal
>>>>>>>         Republic
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         Germany
>>>>>>>         Abstract
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         talk
>>>>>>>         briefly
>>>>>>>         reviews
>>>>>>>         previous
>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>         models,
>>>>>>>         mainly
>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         Petschek
>>>>>>>         type,
>>>>>>>         pointing
>>>>>>>         out
>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>         shortcomings
>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>         basic
>>>>>>>         failure
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         accounting
>>>>>>>         for
>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         limit
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>>>         number.
>>>>>>>         It
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         shown
>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>         limit
>>>>>>>         no
>>>>>>>         relevant
>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>         states
>>>>>>>         exist.
>>>>>>>         Instead
>>>>>>>         strong
>>>>>>>         small-scale
>>>>>>>         MHD
>>>>>>>         turbulence
>>>>>>>         develops
>>>>>>>         even
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         2D
>>>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>>>         giving
>>>>>>>         rise
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         energy
>>>>>>>         dissipation
>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>         rates
>>>>>>>         independent
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         value
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         collisional
>>>>>>>         re-
>>>>>>>         sistivity.
>>>>>>>         I
>>>>>>>         Introduction
>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         last
>>>>>>>         decade
>>>>>>>         it
>>>>>>>         has
>>>>>>>         been realized
>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         presence
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         a
>>>>>>>         ubiquitous
>>>>>>>         phenomenon
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         cosmic
>>>>>>>         systems.
>>>>>>>         On
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         one
>>>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>         serve
>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>         a large
>>>>>>>         energy
>>>>>>>         reservoir
>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>         tapped
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         a fast
>>>>>>>         dynamic
>>>>>>>         process
>>>>>>>         leading
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         various
>>>>>>>         kinds
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         explosive
>>>>>>>         events
>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>         flares.
>>>>>>>         On
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         other
>>>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>         tend
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>         compressed
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         processes
>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>         protostar
>>>>>>>         formation
>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>         computed
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         dominate
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         dynamics
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         later
>>>>>>>         phases
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         a nonrealistic
>>>>>>>         way
>>>>>>>         if
>>>>>>>         not
>>>>>>>         dissipated
>>>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>>>         fast.
>>>>>>>         To
>>>>>>>         account
>>>>>>>         for
>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>         processes of
>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>         annihilation
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         main
>>>>>>>         objective
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>         ion.
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>         ion
>>>>>>>         refers
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         picture
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>         lines.
>>>>>>>         These
>>>>>>>         have
>>>>>>>         a well-defined
>>>>>>>         meaning
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         a highly
>>>>>>>         conducting
>>>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>>>         viz.
>>>>>>>         thin
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         flux
>>>>>>>         tubes
>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>         carried
>>>>>>>         along
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>>>         maintaining
>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>         individuality,
>>>>>>>         though
>>>>>>>         they
>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>         wound
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         a very
>>>>>>>         complex
>>>>>>>         manner.
>>>>>>>         Only
>>>>>>>         owing
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         finite
>>>>>>>         electrical
>>>>>>>         resistivity
>>>>>>>         or
>>>>>>>         some
>>>>>>>         equivalent
>>>>>>>         process
>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>         two
>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>         lines
>>>>>>>         coming
>>>>>>>         close
>>>>>>>         together
>>>>>>>         lose
>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>         identities
>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>         being
>>>>>>>         cut
>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>         reconnected
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         a different
>>>>>>>         way.
>>>>>>>         Though
>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         a local
>>>>>>>         process,
>>>>>>>         it
>>>>>>>         leads
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         a change
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>         topology
>>>>>>>         permitting
>>>>>>>         new
>>>>>>>         types
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         large-scale
>>>>>>>         plasma
>>>>>>>         motions
>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>         otherwise
>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>         inhibited.
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         255
>>>>>>>         w.
>>>>>>>         BrinbMnn
>>>>>>>         et
>>>>>>>         al.
>>>>>>>         (eds.J,
>>>>>>>         Physical
>>>>>>>         Processes
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         Hot
>>>>>>>         Cosmic
>>>>>>>         PlIlsmas,
>>>>>>>         255-269.
>>>>>>>         e
>>>>>>>         1990
>>>>>>>         Kluwer
>>>>>>>         Academic
>>>>>>>         Publishers.
>>>>>>>         256
>>>>>>>         change
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>         is described
>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>         Faraday's
>>>>>>>         law:
>>>>>>>         oB
>>>>>>>         (
>>>>>>>         ...
>>>>>>>         )
>>>>>>>         2'"
>>>>>>>         7it=VX
>>>>>>>         iixB
>>>>>>>         +
>>>>>>>         'IV
>>>>>>>         B.
>>>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>>>         Here
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         ratio
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         convection
>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>         (2)
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         a convenient
>>>>>>>         dimensionless
>>>>>>>         measure
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         resistivity,
>>>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>>>         being
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>>>         number.
>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>         practically
>>>>>>>         all
>>>>>>>         astrophysical
>>>>>>>         plasmas
>>>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>>>         is large,
>>>>>>>         essentially
>>>>>>>         because
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>         scales
>>>>>>>         L.
>>>>>>>         Hence
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         general
>>>>>>>         a very
>>>>>>>         weak
>>>>>>>         process.
>>>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>>>         processes
>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>         solar
>>>>>>>         flares,
>>>>>>>         however,
>>>>>>>         seem
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         require
>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         time
>>>>>>>         scales
>>>>>>>         practically
>>>>>>>         independent
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         Rm.
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         main
>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>         problem
>>>>>>>         therefore
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         find
>>>>>>>         models
>>>>>>>         allowing
>>>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>>>         high
>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>         ion
>>>>>>>         rates.
>>>>>>>         Fast
>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         not
>>>>>>>         a diffuse
>>>>>>>         process,
>>>>>>>         but
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         strongly
>>>>>>>         localized
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>         sheets.
>>>>>>>         Such
>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>         sheets
>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>         arise
>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>         any
>>>>>>>         point
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         non-vanishing
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         shear
>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>         a velocity
>>>>>>>         gradient
>>>>>>>         along
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         direction
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         shear
>>>>>>>         perpendicular
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         field,
>>>>>>>         i.e.
>>>>>>>         virtually
>>>>>>>         everywhere
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         plasma,
>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>         visualized
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>>>         1.
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         simplest
>>>>>>>         models
>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>         quasi-stationary
>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         one
>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>         sheet
>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>         a well
>>>>>>>         defined
>>>>>>>         location
>>>>>>>         determined
>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         overall
>>>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>         have
>>>>>>>         been
>>>>>>>         investigated
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         conventional
>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         basic
>>>>>>>         assumption
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         these
>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>         approaches is
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         existence
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         a two-dimensional
>>>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>>>         around
>>>>>>>         an
>>>>>>>         X-type
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>>>         point
>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         small
>>>>>>>         compared
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         configuration
>>>>>>>         but
>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>         compared
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         so-called
>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>         region
>>>>>>>         around
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>>>         point,
>>>>>>>         where
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         important.
>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>         rapidly
>>>>>>>         adjust
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         changes
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>         configuration,
>>>>>>>         so
>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         evolution
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         latter
>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>         correspond
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         a sequence
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>         states
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         former
>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>         steady-state
>>>>>>>         solutions
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         boundary
>>>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>>>         determined
>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>         system.
>>>>>>>         This
>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         idea
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>         forced
>>>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         prototype
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>         is Petschek's
>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>         model
>>>>>>>         1),
>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>         is given
>>>>>>>         schematically
>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>>>         2.
>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>         fact,
>>>>>>>         much
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>         work
>>>>>>>         on
>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>         2
>>>>>>>         ),3)
>>>>>>>         consists
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         modifications
>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>         refinements
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>         model.
>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>         is based
>>>>>>>         on
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         effect
>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         motion
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         a plasma
>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>         arbitrarily
>>>>>>>         low
>>>>>>>         speed
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         respect
>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>         slow
>>>>>>>         mode
>>>>>>>         . Hence,
>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>         analogy
>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>         a system
>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>         two
>>>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>>>         gas
>>>>>>>         jets
>>>>
>

NormanHooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of experimentation, super conductors were not a reality as they are now. The fact that a resistance free conductor might accelerate  a potential's velocity, after going through a resistor, suggests an analogy to fluid dynamics, much like Bernuili's principle application of a venturi to gases.The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting our entire circuit thoughts.Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for quantum physics thinking. Whew!Cheers Warren

Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
 
  On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY]<[email protected]> wrote:       
 

Good question Warren!   Nobody really knows how the potential and current manifest in the conductor passing through a flux field. Your question is valid cause there very well may be some sort of reconnect occurring here. Theory was, that the flux field was photon stream which enabled pairing to produce electrons and attending current.  There is still so much that we don't know but things are getting interesting.   Read that last doc that I posted for it is very enlightening on this subject.  See:  http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm   This is one of Oles  favorites.
 
 On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
  
    
Norman
 I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the Kromery, where one slides the magnets at right angles to their locked together state. Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn my Kromery. Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily rotates the flywheel, regardless of the load.
 Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil cores. Are we cutting those magnetic lines? Cheers Warren
 Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
 
  On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] <[email protected]> wrote:          
 
 
http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
 
  On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
  
 
https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
 
 On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
  
 
https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
 
 On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
  
 
 
                         
 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
 

 
 

 

 
 

 
           Recent  Developments  in  the  Theory  of  Magnetic  Reconnection  Dieter  Biskamp  Max-Planck-Institut  fiir  Plasmaphysik  8046  Garching  bei  Miinchen,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany  Abstract  The  talk  briefly  reviews  previous  stationary  models,  mainly  configurations  of  the  Petschek  type,  pointing  out  their  shortcomings  and  basic  failure  in  accounting  for  fast  magnetic  reconnection  in  the  limit  of  large  magnetic  Reynolds  number.  It  is  shown  that  in  this  limit  no  relevant  stationary  states  exist.  Instead  strong  small-scale  MHD  turbulence  develops  even  in  2D  geometry,  giving  rise  to  energy  dissipation  and  reconnection  rates  independent  of  the  value  of  the  collisional  re- sistivity.  I  Introduction  In  the  last  decade  it  has  been realized  that  the  presence  of  magnetic  fields  is  a  ubiquitous  phenomenon  in  cosmic  systems.  On  the  one  hand,  magnetic  fields  serve  as  a large  energy  reservoir  which  may  be  tapped  in  a fast  dynamic  process  leading  to  various  kinds  of  explosive  events  such  as  flares.  On  the  other  hand,  magnetic  fields  tend  to  be  compressed  in  processes  such  as  protostar  formation  and  are  computed  to  dominate  the  dynamics  in  the  later  phases  in  a nonrealistic  way  if  not  dissipated  sufficiently  fast.  To  account  for  such  processes of  fast  magnetic  field  annihilation  is  the  main  objective  of  the  theory  of  magnetic  reconnect  ion.  The  term  magnetic  reconnect  ion  refers  to  the  picture  of  magnetic  field  lines.  These  have  a well-defined  meaning  in  a highly  conducting  fluid,  viz.  thin  magnetic  flux  tubes  which  are  carried  along  with  the  fluid,  maintaining  their  individuality,  though  they  may  be  wound  in  a very  complex  manner.  Only  owing  to  finite  electrical  resistivity  or  some  equivalent  process  may  two  field  lines  coming  close  together  lose  their  identities  by  being  cut  and  reconnected  in  a different  way.  Though  this  is  a local  process,  it  leads  to  a change  of  field  topology  permitting  new  types  of  large-scale  plasma  motions  that  would  otherwise  be  inhibited.  The  255  w.  BrinbMnn  et  al.  (eds.J,  Physical  Processes  in  Hot  Cosmic  PlIlsmas,  255-269.  e  1990  Kluwer  Academic  Publishers.  256  change  of  the  magnetic  field  is described  by  Faraday's  law:  oB  (  ...  )  2'"  7it=VX  iixB  +  'IV  B.  (1)  Here  the  ratio  of  the  diffusion  term  and  the  convection  term  (2)  is  a convenient  dimensionless  measure  of  the  resistivity,  Rm  being  the  magnetic  Reynolds  number.  In  practically  all  astrophysical  plasmas  Rm  is large,  essentially  because  of  the  large  scales  L.  Hence  magnetic  diffusion  is  in  general  a very  weak  process.  Magnetic  processes  such  as  solar  flares,  however,  seem  to  require  fast  reconnection  with  time  scales  practically  independent  of  Rm.  The  main  theoretical  problem  therefore  is  to  find  models  allowing  sufficiently  high  reconnect  ion  rates.  Fast  reconnection  is  not  a diffuse  process,  but  is  strongly  localized  in  current  sheets.  Such  current  sheets  may  arise  at  any  point  with  non-vanishing  magnetic  shear  and  a velocity  gradient  along  the  direction  of  the  shear  perpendicular  to  the  field,  i.e.  virtually  everywhere  in  the  plasma,  as  visualized  in  Fig.  1.  The  simplest  models  are  quasi-stationary  configurations  with  one  current  sheet  at  a well  defined  location  determined  by  the  overall  geometry,  which  have  been  investigated  in  the  conventional  theory  of  magnetic  reconnection.  The  basic  assumption  in  these  theoretical  approaches is  the  existence  of  a two-dimensional  subsystem  around  an  X-type  magnetic  neutral  point  which  is  small  compared  with  the  global  magnetic  configuration  but  large  compared  with  the  so-called  diffusion  region  around  the  neutral  point,  where  the  diffusion  term  in  (1)  is  important.  In  this  subsystem  conditions  would  rapidly  adjust  to  changes  in  the  global  configuration,  so  that  the  evolution  of  the  latter  would  correspond  to  a sequence  of  stationary  states  in  the  former  which  are  steady-state  solutions  with  the  boundary  conditions  determined  by  the  global  system.  This  is  the  idea  of  stationary  forced  reconnection.  The  prototype  of  such  configurations  is Petschek's  reconnection  model  1),  which  is given  schematically  in  Fig.  2.  In  fact,  much  of  the  theoretical  work  on  magnetic  reconnection 2 ),3)  consists  of  modifications  and  refinements  of  this  model.  The  theory  is based  on  the  effect  that  the  motion  of  a plasma  may  be  supersonic  at  arbitrarily  low  speed  with  respect  to  the  slow  mode . Hence,  by  analogy  with  a system  of  two  supersonic  gas  jets      
 
 
        
   
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Norman,Alfen waves must require some kind of exotic detection apparatus, as opposed to an oscilloscope, for instance? There is a certain frequency threshold below which, it was normally disregarded, as something in the nature of Johnson Noise.I wonder if there is some kind of transducer to alter the apparent frequency to some more familiar detector?When I was with my biologist friend in Trinidad, he produced a device that made it possible to hear the sounds of earth worms, and bats, not normally audible to the human ear, where you could identify the creatures by the sounds they emitted, in the jungle, at night.Listening to this device, the landscape developed a whole new dimension around you, on every side, as you trecked through it.It simply shifted the frequency ranges, not normally heard, into the human range.I expect many animals perceive sound in a much different manner from humans, with our very limited frequency range.Since we have no detection, it dosen't exist for us, without prosthetic devices of some sort, except as an intellectual concept.Now let's get down to earth.What kind of machine do we need to simply use thus information for energy purposes?Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
 
  On Thu, 10 Jan 2019 at 8:22 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY]<[email protected]> wrote:       
 

Moray, Jon Gentry and Warren asked pertinent questions regarding velocities, magnetic flux etc. in plasma events so I did a search as to whether Alfven waves have a frequency.  This site pretty well defines a lot of plasma info that we need.   See:  https://www.britannica.com/science/plasma-state-of-matter#ref507092
 
 On 1/10/2019 6:29 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
  
     Norman Hooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of experimentation, super conductors were not a reality as they are now. The fact that a resistance free conductor might accelerate  a potential's velocity, after going through a resistor, suggests an analogy to fluid dynamics, much like Bernuili's principle application of a venturi to gases. The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting our entire circuit thoughts. Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for quantum physics thinking. Whew! Cheers Warren
 
 Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
 
   On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] <[email protected]> wrote:          
 
 
Good question Warren!   Nobody really knows how the potential and current manifest in the conductor passing through a flux field. Your question is valid cause there very well may be some sort of reconnect  occurring here. Theory was, that the flux field was photon stream which enabled pairing to produce electrons and attending current.  There is still so much that we don't know but things are getting interesting.   Read that last doc that I posted for it is very enlightening on this subject.  See:  http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm   This is one of Oles  favorites.
 
  On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
  
    
Norman
 I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the Kromery, where one slides the  magnets at right angles to their locked together state. Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn my Kromery. Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily rotates the flywheel, regardless of the load.
 Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil cores. Are we cutting those magnetic lines? Cheers Warren
 Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
 
  On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] <[email protected]> wrote:          
 
 
http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
 
  On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
  
 
https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
 
 On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
  
 
https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
 
 On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
  
 
 
                         
 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
 

 
 

 

 
 

 
           Recent  Developments  in  the  Theory  of  Magnetic  Reconnection  Dieter  Biskamp  Max-Planck-Institut  fiir  Plasmaphysik  8046  Garching  bei  Miinchen,  Federal  Republic  of  Germany  Abstract  The  talk  briefly  reviews  previous  stationary  models,  mainly  configurations  of  the  Petschek  type,  pointing  out  their  shortcomings  and  basic  failure  in  accounting  for  fast  magnetic  reconnection  in  the  limit  of  large  magnetic  Reynolds  number.  It  is  shown  that  in  this  limit  no  relevant  stationary  states  exist.  Instead  strong  small-scale  MHD  turbulence  develops  even  in  2D  geometry,  giving  rise  to  energy  dissipation  and  reconnection  rates  independent  of  the  value  of  the  collisional  re- sistivity.  I  Introduction  In  the  last  decade  it  has  been realized  that  the  presence  of  magnetic  fields  is  a  ubiquitous  phenomenon  in  cosmic  systems.  On  the  one  hand,  magnetic  fields  serve  as  a large  energy  reservoir  which  may  be  tapped  in  a fast  dynamic  process  leading  to  various  kinds  of  explosive  events  such  as  flares.  On  the  other  hand,  magnetic  fields  tend  to  be  compressed  in  processes  such  as  protostar  formation  and  are  computed  to  dominate  the  dynamics  in  the  later  phases  in  a nonrealistic  way  if  not  dissipated  sufficiently  fast.  To  account  for  such  processes of  fast  magnetic  field  annihilation  is  the  main  objective  of  the  theory  of  magnetic  reconnect  ion.  The  term  magnetic  reconnect  ion  refers  to  the  picture  of  magnetic  field  lines.  These  have  a well-defined  meaning  in  a highly  conducting  fluid,  viz.  thin  magnetic  flux  tubes  which  are  carried  along  with  the  fluid,  maintaining  their  individuality,  though  they  may  be  wound  in  a very  complex  manner.  Only  owing  to  finite  electrical  resistivity  or  some  equivalent  process  may  two  field  lines  coming  close  together  lose  their  identities  by  being  cut  and  reconnected  in  a different  way.  Though  this  is  a local  process,  it  leads  to  a change  of  field  topology  permitting  new  types  of  large-scale  plasma  motions  that  would  otherwise  be  inhibited.  The  255  w.  BrinbMnn  et  al.  (eds.J,  Physical  Processes  in  Hot  Cosmic  PlIlsmas,  255-269.  e  1990  Kluwer  Academic  Publishers.  256  change  of  the  magnetic  field  is described  by  Faraday's  law:  oB  (  ...  )  2'"  7it=VX  iixB  +  'IV  B.  (1)  Here  the  ratio  of  the  diffusion  term  and  the  convection  term  (2)  is  a convenient  dimensionless  measure  of  the  resistivity,  Rm  being  the  magnetic  Reynolds  number.  In  practically  all  astrophysical  plasmas  Rm  is large,  essentially  because  of  the  large  scales  L.  Hence  magnetic  diffusion  is  in  general  a very  weak  process.  Magnetic  processes  such  as  solar  flares,  however,  seem  to  require  fast  reconnection  with  time  scales  practically  independent  of  Rm.  The  main  theoretical  problem  therefore  is  to  find  models  allowing  sufficiently  high  reconnect  ion  rates.  Fast  reconnection  is  not  a diffuse  process,  but  is  strongly  localized  in  current  sheets.  Such  current  sheets  may  arise  at  any  point  with  non-vanishing  magnetic  shear  and  a velocity  gradient  along  the  direction  of  the  shear  perpendicular  to  the  field,  i.e.  virtually  everywhere  in  the  plasma,  as  visualized  in  Fig.  1.  The  simplest  models  are  quasi-stationary  configurations  with  one  current  sheet  at  a well  defined  location  determined  by  the  overall  geometry,  which  have  been  investigated  in  the  conventional  theory  of  magnetic  reconnection.  The  basic  assumption  in  these  theoretical  approaches is  the  existence  of  atwo-dimensional  subsystem  around  an  X-type  magnetic  neutral  point  which  is  small  compared  with  the  global  magnetic  configuration  but  large  compared  with  the  so-called  diffusion  region  around  the  neutral  point,  where  the  diffusion  term  in  (1)  is  important.  In  this  subsystem  conditions  would  rapidly  adjust  to  changes  in  the  global  configuration,  so  that  the  evolution  of  the  latter  would  correspond  to  a sequence  of  stationary  states  in  the  former  which  are  steady-state  solutions  with  the  boundary  conditions  determined  by  the  global  system.  This  is  the  idea  of  stationary  forced  reconnection.  The  prototype  of  such  configurations  is Petschek's  reconnection  model  1),  which  is given  schematically  in  Fig.  2.  In  fact,  much  of  the  theoretical  work  on  magnetic  reconnection 2 ),3)  consists  of  modifications  and  refinements  of  this  model.  The  theory  is based  on  the  effect  that  the  motion  of  a plasma  may  be  supersonic  at  arbitrarily  low  speed  with  respect  to  the  slow  mode . Hence,  by  analogy  with  a system  of  two  supersonic  gas  jets      
 
 
        
   
         
     
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Hi Norman,

This annihilation is treated as if a magnetic field is really made of some lines of force. Normally field lines are just a mathematical way of representing fields. Consider if the theory of W.B. Smith or the Rhythmodynamics theory is correct that density is most fundamental after space. Density is then followed by having the density diverge which is represented by the electric field which again is followed by curling around the electric field or spinning the diverging density to get the (tornado like) magnetic field. Then annihilation of magnetic fields is like having two tornadoes of opposite spin direction cross each other to annihilate. Smith's principle of inversion happens when two fields of the same kind same direction and same size shares more than half of each other in the same space. This is when the fields become coherent and represent more energy than the sum of the energy of each of the fields when separate. Where the energy manifests is where the two separate fields becomes coherent (i.e. becomes one new field instead of two separate ones).

Annihilation of the fields may not actually be happening. If making an experiment with a transformer core that can be separated as in figure 1A and 1B while powered on it looks like the two fields canceling each other are still active. By shorting the secondary coil (blue) and energizing the primary coil (red) with alternating current the primary and secondary field cancels each other. The I-part of the core isn't 'attracted' to the E-part and can be easily removed (figure 1B). But when removing the I-part the coupling between the two coils is partly lost and the inductance drops way down because of the air gap introduced. Thus have a current limiter like an incandescent lamp in series with the primary coil to limit the current. When operating only the primary coil (i.e. open circuit secondary coil) the I-part of the core is very hard to remove (figure 1A) as the core gets almost fully magnetized. If managing to remove the I-part with the primary energized the inductance almost vanishes and big current runs which must again be limited (by the lamp) from outside the coil.

From this experiment it looks like the two opposing magnetic fields from the primary and secondary coils cancel each other as the I-part of the core can be easily removed while energized. But the I-part must be in place to conduct the magnetic fields that are canceling to avoid the primary coil from shorting the power supply. Does that mean that the fields are still there even though they cancel out and can't be measured as a magnetic field or a force field? The current in each of the canceling coils can be measured to indicate that the source of the magnetic fields does indeed exist.

The above experiment shows that W.J. Hooper (http://electrogravityphysics.com/wp-content/uploads/1-Hooper-New-horizons-in-EM-and-gravitational-field-theory-transcription.pdf http://electrogravityphysics.com/wp-content/uploads/1-Hooper-New-horizons-in-EM-and-gravitational-field-theory-transcription.pdf) is right in that there are more fields than shown in the modern form of the equations of Maxwell. The modern vector form was reduced from the original Maxwell equations by Oliver Heaviside (https://wiki2.org/en/Oliver_Heaviside https://wiki2.org/en/Oliver_Heaviside). This made it easier for engineers to work with but some of the solutions are thrown away.

Regards
Ole
 

---In [email protected], <nwootan@...> wrote :

 Yes!  The transverse wave gives the pinch, compression that drives the anti-parallel flux annihilation, reconnect.
 Illustration:  
 On 1/10/2019 7:47 AM, Mick mkjekyll@... mailto:mkjekyll@... [EVGRAY] wrote:

   Norm,
 
 As far as a rudimentary frequency:
 
 Looks to me it's like strumming a guitar string, depending on which
 string, as depending on the ions and density of the plasma as a
 secondary reaction vis a vis frequency.  Nothing much on the primary
 magnetic flux besides Alven wave velocity and time.    I guess it's akin
 to throwing a permanent magnet towards some wires...  The Alvin is
 longitudinal and the frequency reaction is transverse.
 
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave
 
 On 1/10/2019 7:51 AM, Norman Wootan nwootan@... mailto:nwootan@... [EVGRAY] wrote:
 > Alfven waves

Another metaphor, it is like compressing the ends of a beercan  and the
center bulges and expands at 90 degrees tangent to the compression force.

On 1/10/2019 9:06 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>  
>
> Yes!  The transverse wave gives the pinch, compression that drives the
> anti-parallel flux annihilation, reconnect.
>
> Illustration: 
>
> On 1/10/2019 7:47 AM, Mick [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>  
>>
>> Norm,
>>
>> As far as a rudimentary frequency:
>>
>> Looks to me it's like strumming a guitar string, depending on which
>> string, as depending on the ions and density of the plasma as a
>> secondary reaction vis a vis frequency.  Nothing much on the primary
>> magnetic flux besides Alven wave velocity and time.    I guess it's akin
>> to throwing a permanent magnet towards some wires...  The Alvin is
>> longitudinal and the frequency reaction is transverse.
>>
>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave
>>
>> On 1/10/2019 7:51 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>> > Alfven waves
>>
>

Thank You, Bert Pool for this new soc. 
https://scienceblog.com/505176/scientists-inch-closer-to-fusion-energy-with-discovery-of-a-process-that-stabilizes-plasmas/

On 1/10/2019 7:58 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>
>
>   Alfvén wave
>
> An *Alfvén wave* is a wave that occurs in a plasma 
> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Plasma> (or conducting fluid), 
> resulting from the interaction of the magnetic fields and electric 
> currents <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Electric_current> within it, 
> causing an oscillation of the ions. Alfvén wrote in a letter to the 
> journal /Nature/ in 1942:
>
>     "If a conducting liquid is placed in a constant magnetic field,
>     every motion of the liquid gives rise to an E.M.F. which produces
>     electric currents. Owing to the magnetic field, these currents
>     give mechanical forces which change the state of motion of the
>     liquid. Thus a kind of combined electromagnetic-hydrodynamic wave
>     is produced."^[1]
>     <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave#cite_note-alfven1942-1>
>
>
> Alfvén waves initiated the field of magnetohydrodynamics 
> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Magnetohydrodynamics> which 
> subsequently earned Alfvén a Nobel Prize.
>
> Put some thought behind this statement  "A conductive liquid"!!
>
> On 1/10/2019 7:41 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n Please read this 
>> mans research and see how he was often rejected by fellow physicists.
>>
>> On 1/10/2019 7:31 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>
>>> http://aa.springer.de/papers/7324002/2300449.pdf Still researching 
>>> the importance of the Alfven waves in plasma.
>>>
>>> On 1/10/2019 6:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>> Moray, Jon Gentry and Warren asked pertinent questions regarding 
>>>> velocities, magnetic flux etc. in plasma events so I did a search 
>>>> as to whether Alfven waves have a frequency.  This site pretty well 
>>>> defines a lot of plasma info that we need. See: 
>>>> https://www.britannica.com/science/plasma-state-of-matter#ref507092
>>>>
>>>> On 1/10/2019 6:29 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected] 
>>>> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>> Norman
>>>>> Hooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of 
>>>>> experimentation, super conductors were not a reality as they are 
>>>>> now. The fact that a resistance free conductor might accelerate a 
>>>>> potential's velocity, after going through a resistor, suggests an 
>>>>> analogy to fluid dynamics, much like Bernuili's principle 
>>>>> application of a venturi to gases.
>>>>> The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting our 
>>>>> entire circuit thoughts.
>>>>> Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for 
>>>>> quantum physics thinking. Whew!
>>>>> Cheers Warren
>>>>>
>>>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
>>>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>>
>>>>>     On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected]
>>>>>     [EVGRAY]
>>>>>     <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>     Good question Warren! Nobody really knows how the potential
>>>>>     and current manifest in the conductor passing through a flux
>>>>>     field. Your question is valid cause there very well may be
>>>>>     some sort of reconnect occurring here. Theory was, that the
>>>>>     flux field was photon stream which enabled pairing to produce
>>>>>     electrons and attending current.  There is still so much that
>>>>>     we don't know but things are getting interesting. Read that
>>>>>     last doc that I posted for it is very enlightening on this
>>>>>     subject.  See:
>>>>>     http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm This is
>>>>>     one of Oles favorites.
>>>>>
>>>>>     On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor
>>>>>     [email protected]
>>>>>     <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>     Norman
>>>>>>
>>>>>>     I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the
>>>>>>     connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the
>>>>>>     Kromery, where one slides the magnets at right angles to
>>>>>>     their locked together state.
>>>>>>     Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn my
>>>>>>     Kromery.
>>>>>>     Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily
>>>>>>     rotates the flywheel, regardless of the load.
>>>>>>     Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil
>>>>>>     cores.
>>>>>>     Are we cutting those magnetic lines?
>>>>>>     Cheers Warren
>>>>>>     Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>>>>     <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>         On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan
>>>>>>         [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY]
>>>>>>         <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>
>>>>>>         wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>         http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
>>>>>>
>>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>         https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>         https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>         https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>         Recent
>>>>>>>>>         Developments
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         Theory
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         Reconnection
>>>>>>>>>         Dieter
>>>>>>>>>         Biskamp
>>>>>>>>>         Max-Planck-Institut
>>>>>>>>>         fiir
>>>>>>>>>         Plasmaphysik
>>>>>>>>>         8046
>>>>>>>>>         Garching
>>>>>>>>>         bei
>>>>>>>>>         Miinchen,
>>>>>>>>>         Federal
>>>>>>>>>         Republic
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         Germany
>>>>>>>>>         Abstract
>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>         talk
>>>>>>>>>         briefly
>>>>>>>>>         reviews
>>>>>>>>>         previous
>>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>>         models,
>>>>>>>>>         mainly
>>>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         Petschek
>>>>>>>>>         type,
>>>>>>>>>         pointing
>>>>>>>>>         out
>>>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>>>         shortcomings
>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>         basic
>>>>>>>>>         failure
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         accounting
>>>>>>>>>         for
>>>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         limit
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>>>>>         number.
>>>>>>>>>         It
>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>         shown
>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>>         limit
>>>>>>>>>         no
>>>>>>>>>         relevant
>>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>>         states
>>>>>>>>>         exist.
>>>>>>>>>         Instead
>>>>>>>>>         strong
>>>>>>>>>         small-scale
>>>>>>>>>         MHD
>>>>>>>>>         turbulence
>>>>>>>>>         develops
>>>>>>>>>         even
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         2D
>>>>>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>>>>>         giving
>>>>>>>>>         rise
>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>         energy
>>>>>>>>>         dissipation
>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>         rates
>>>>>>>>>         independent
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         value
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         collisional
>>>>>>>>>         re-
>>>>>>>>>         sistivity.
>>>>>>>>>         I
>>>>>>>>>         Introduction
>>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         last
>>>>>>>>>         decade
>>>>>>>>>         it
>>>>>>>>>         has
>>>>>>>>>         been realized
>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         presence
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>         a
>>>>>>>>>         ubiquitous
>>>>>>>>>         phenomenon
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         cosmic
>>>>>>>>>         systems.
>>>>>>>>>         On
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         one
>>>>>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>>>         serve
>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>         a large
>>>>>>>>>         energy
>>>>>>>>>         reservoir
>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>         tapped
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         a fast
>>>>>>>>>         dynamic
>>>>>>>>>         process
>>>>>>>>>         leading
>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>         various
>>>>>>>>>         kinds
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         explosive
>>>>>>>>>         events
>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>         flares.
>>>>>>>>>         On
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         other
>>>>>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>>>         tend
>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>         compressed
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         processes
>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>         protostar
>>>>>>>>>         formation
>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>>         computed
>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>         dominate
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         dynamics
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         later
>>>>>>>>>         phases
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         a nonrealistic
>>>>>>>>>         way
>>>>>>>>>         if
>>>>>>>>>         not
>>>>>>>>>         dissipated
>>>>>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>>>>>         fast.
>>>>>>>>>         To
>>>>>>>>>         account
>>>>>>>>>         for
>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>         processes of
>>>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>         annihilation
>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         main
>>>>>>>>>         objective
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>>>         ion.
>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>>>         ion
>>>>>>>>>         refers
>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         picture
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>         lines.
>>>>>>>>>         These
>>>>>>>>>         have
>>>>>>>>>         a well-defined
>>>>>>>>>         meaning
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         a highly
>>>>>>>>>         conducting
>>>>>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>>>>>         viz.
>>>>>>>>>         thin
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         flux
>>>>>>>>>         tubes
>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>>         carried
>>>>>>>>>         along
>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>>>>>         maintaining
>>>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>>>         individuality,
>>>>>>>>>         though
>>>>>>>>>         they
>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>         wound
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         a very
>>>>>>>>>         complex
>>>>>>>>>         manner.
>>>>>>>>>         Only
>>>>>>>>>         owing
>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>         finite
>>>>>>>>>         electrical
>>>>>>>>>         resistivity
>>>>>>>>>         or
>>>>>>>>>         some
>>>>>>>>>         equivalent
>>>>>>>>>         process
>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>         two
>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>         lines
>>>>>>>>>         coming
>>>>>>>>>         close
>>>>>>>>>         together
>>>>>>>>>         lose
>>>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>>>         identities
>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>         being
>>>>>>>>>         cut
>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>         reconnected
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         a different
>>>>>>>>>         way.
>>>>>>>>>         Though
>>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>         a local
>>>>>>>>>         process,
>>>>>>>>>         it
>>>>>>>>>         leads
>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>         a change
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>         topology
>>>>>>>>>         permitting
>>>>>>>>>         new
>>>>>>>>>         types
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         large-scale
>>>>>>>>>         plasma
>>>>>>>>>         motions
>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>>>         otherwise
>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>         inhibited.
>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>         255
>>>>>>>>>         w.
>>>>>>>>>         BrinbMnn
>>>>>>>>>         et
>>>>>>>>>         al.
>>>>>>>>>         (eds.J,
>>>>>>>>>         Physical
>>>>>>>>>         Processes
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         Hot
>>>>>>>>>         Cosmic
>>>>>>>>>         PlIlsmas,
>>>>>>>>>         255-269.
>>>>>>>>>         e
>>>>>>>>>         1990
>>>>>>>>>         Kluwer
>>>>>>>>>         Academic
>>>>>>>>>         Publishers.
>>>>>>>>>         256
>>>>>>>>>         change
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>         is described
>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>         Faraday's
>>>>>>>>>         law:
>>>>>>>>>         oB
>>>>>>>>>         (
>>>>>>>>>         ...
>>>>>>>>>         )
>>>>>>>>>         2'"
>>>>>>>>>         7it=VX
>>>>>>>>>         iixB
>>>>>>>>>         +
>>>>>>>>>         'IV
>>>>>>>>>         B.
>>>>>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>>>>>         Here
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         ratio
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         convection
>>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>>         (2)
>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>         a convenient
>>>>>>>>>         dimensionless
>>>>>>>>>         measure
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         resistivity,
>>>>>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>>>>>         being
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>>>>>         number.
>>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>>         practically
>>>>>>>>>         all
>>>>>>>>>         astrophysical
>>>>>>>>>         plasmas
>>>>>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>>>>>         is large,
>>>>>>>>>         essentially
>>>>>>>>>         because
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>>>         scales
>>>>>>>>>         L.
>>>>>>>>>         Hence
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         general
>>>>>>>>>         a very
>>>>>>>>>         weak
>>>>>>>>>         process.
>>>>>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         processes
>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>         solar
>>>>>>>>>         flares,
>>>>>>>>>         however,
>>>>>>>>>         seem
>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>         require
>>>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>         time
>>>>>>>>>         scales
>>>>>>>>>         practically
>>>>>>>>>         independent
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         Rm.
>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>         main
>>>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>>>         problem
>>>>>>>>>         therefore
>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>         find
>>>>>>>>>         models
>>>>>>>>>         allowing
>>>>>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>>>>>         high
>>>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>>>         ion
>>>>>>>>>         rates.
>>>>>>>>>         Fast
>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>         not
>>>>>>>>>         a diffuse
>>>>>>>>>         process,
>>>>>>>>>         but
>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>         strongly
>>>>>>>>>         localized
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>>>         sheets.
>>>>>>>>>         Such
>>>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>>>         sheets
>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>         arise
>>>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>>>         any
>>>>>>>>>         point
>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>         non-vanishing
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         shear
>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>         a velocity
>>>>>>>>>         gradient
>>>>>>>>>         along
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         direction
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         shear
>>>>>>>>>         perpendicular
>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         field,
>>>>>>>>>         i.e.
>>>>>>>>>         virtually
>>>>>>>>>         everywhere
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         plasma,
>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>         visualized
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>>>>>         1.
>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>         simplest
>>>>>>>>>         models
>>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>>         quasi-stationary
>>>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>         one
>>>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>>>         sheet
>>>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>>>         a well
>>>>>>>>>         defined
>>>>>>>>>         location
>>>>>>>>>         determined
>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         overall
>>>>>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>         have
>>>>>>>>>         been
>>>>>>>>>         investigated
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         conventional
>>>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>         basic
>>>>>>>>>         assumption
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         these
>>>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>>>         approaches is
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         existence
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         a two-dimensional
>>>>>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>>>>>         around
>>>>>>>>>         an
>>>>>>>>>         X-type
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>>>>>         point
>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>         small
>>>>>>>>>         compared
>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         configuration
>>>>>>>>>         but
>>>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>>>         compared
>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         so-called
>>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>>         region
>>>>>>>>>         around
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>>>>>         point,
>>>>>>>>>         where
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>         important.
>>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>>>         rapidly
>>>>>>>>>         adjust
>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>         changes
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>>>         configuration,
>>>>>>>>>         so
>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         evolution
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         latter
>>>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>>>         correspond
>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>         a sequence
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>>         states
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         former
>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>>         steady-state
>>>>>>>>>         solutions
>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         boundary
>>>>>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>>>>>         determined
>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>>>         system.
>>>>>>>>>         This
>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         idea
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>>         forced
>>>>>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>         prototype
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>>>         is Petschek's
>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>         model
>>>>>>>>>         1),
>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>         is given
>>>>>>>>>         schematically
>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>>>>>         2.
>>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>>         fact,
>>>>>>>>>         much
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>>>         work
>>>>>>>>>         on
>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>         2
>>>>>>>>>         ),3)
>>>>>>>>>         consists
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         modifications
>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>         refinements
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>>         model.
>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>>>         is based
>>>>>>>>>         on
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         effect
>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         motion
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         a plasma
>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>>>         arbitrarily
>>>>>>>>>         low
>>>>>>>>>         speed
>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>         respect
>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>         slow
>>>>>>>>>         mode
>>>>>>>>>         . Hence,
>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>         analogy
>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>         a system
>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>         two
>>>>>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>>>>>         gas
>>>>>>>>>         jets
>>>>>>
>

Lets look at the actual make up of the magnetic flux lines. 
https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=414

https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/30fari/what_is_a_magnetic_field_made_of/ 
Interesting note here  "Take the magnetic field created by the earth for 
example. This field is very big. If virtual photons can travel all the 
way around the field in a time shorter than planck time, aren't they 
moving faster than the speed of light?"   Ah Ha!   Super Light, Super 
luminal velocities.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYA0bntrjsk&feature=youtu.be

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3P-FGw5KUeo&feature=youtu.be

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crfY2vzVMbI&feature=youtu.be

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rst9EcF9ryk&feature=youtu.be

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hk1cOffTgdk&feature=youtu.be The Best!

On 1/10/2019 4:55 PM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> Thank You, Bert Pool for this new soc. 
> https://scienceblog.com/505176/scientists-inch-closer-to-fusion-energy-with-discovery-of-a-process-that-stabilizes-plasmas/
>
> On 1/10/2019 7:58 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>
>>
>>   Alfvén wave
>>
>> An *Alfvén wave* is a wave that occurs in a plasma 
>> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Plasma> (or conducting fluid), 
>> resulting from the interaction of the magnetic fields and electric 
>> currents <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Electric_current> within 
>> it, causing an oscillation of the ions. Alfvén wrote in a letter to 
>> the journal /Nature/ in 1942:
>>
>>     "If a conducting liquid is placed in a constant magnetic field,
>>     every motion of the liquid gives rise to an E.M.F. which produces
>>     electric currents. Owing to the magnetic field, these currents
>>     give mechanical forces which change the state of motion of the
>>     liquid. Thus a kind of combined electromagnetic-hydrodynamic wave
>>     is produced."^[1]
>>     <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave#cite_note-alfven1942-1>
>>
>>
>> Alfvén waves initiated the field of magnetohydrodynamics 
>> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Magnetohydrodynamics> which 
>> subsequently earned Alfvén a Nobel Prize.
>>
>> Put some thought behind this statement  "A conductive liquid"!!
>>
>> On 1/10/2019 7:41 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>
>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n Please read this 
>>> mans research and see how he was often rejected by fellow physicists.
>>>
>>> On 1/10/2019 7:31 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>> http://aa.springer.de/papers/7324002/2300449.pdf Still researching 
>>>> the importance of the Alfven waves in plasma.
>>>>
>>>> On 1/10/2019 6:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> Moray, Jon Gentry and Warren asked pertinent questions regarding 
>>>>> velocities, magnetic flux etc. in plasma events so I did a search 
>>>>> as to whether Alfven waves have a frequency.  This site pretty 
>>>>> well defines a lot of plasma info that we need. See: 
>>>>> https://www.britannica.com/science/plasma-state-of-matter#ref507092
>>>>>
>>>>> On 1/10/2019 6:29 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected] 
>>>>> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>>> Norman
>>>>>> Hooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of 
>>>>>> experimentation, super conductors were not a reality as they are 
>>>>>> now. The fact that a resistance free conductor might accelerate  
>>>>>> a potential's velocity, after going through a resistor, suggests 
>>>>>> an analogy to fluid dynamics, much like Bernuili's principle 
>>>>>> application of a venturi to gases.
>>>>>> The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting 
>>>>>> our entire circuit thoughts.
>>>>>> Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for 
>>>>>> quantum physics thinking. Whew!
>>>>>> Cheers Warren
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
>>>>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>     On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected]
>>>>>>     [EVGRAY]
>>>>>>     <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>     Good question Warren! Nobody really knows how the potential
>>>>>>     and current manifest in the conductor passing through a flux
>>>>>>     field. Your question is valid cause there very well may be
>>>>>>     some sort of reconnect occurring here. Theory was, that the
>>>>>>     flux field was photon stream which enabled pairing to produce
>>>>>>     electrons and attending current. There is still so much that
>>>>>>     we don't know but things are getting interesting.   Read that
>>>>>>     last doc that I posted for it is very enlightening on this
>>>>>>     subject.  See:
>>>>>>     http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm This is
>>>>>>     one of Oles favorites.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>     On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor
>>>>>>     [email protected]
>>>>>>     <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>     Norman
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>     I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the
>>>>>>>     connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the
>>>>>>>     Kromery, where one slides the magnets at right angles to
>>>>>>>     their locked together state.
>>>>>>>     Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn
>>>>>>>     my Kromery.
>>>>>>>     Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily
>>>>>>>     rotates the flywheel, regardless of the load.
>>>>>>>     Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil
>>>>>>>     cores.
>>>>>>>     Are we cutting those magnetic lines?
>>>>>>>     Cheers Warren
>>>>>>>     Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>>>>>     <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>         On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan
>>>>>>>         [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY]
>>>>>>>         <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>
>>>>>>>         wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>         http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>         https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>         https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>         https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>         Recent
>>>>>>>>>>         Developments
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         Theory
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         Reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>         Dieter
>>>>>>>>>>         Biskamp
>>>>>>>>>>         Max-Planck-Institut
>>>>>>>>>>         fiir
>>>>>>>>>>         Plasmaphysik
>>>>>>>>>>         8046
>>>>>>>>>>         Garching
>>>>>>>>>>         bei
>>>>>>>>>>         Miinchen,
>>>>>>>>>>         Federal
>>>>>>>>>>         Republic
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         Germany
>>>>>>>>>>         Abstract
>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>         talk
>>>>>>>>>>         briefly
>>>>>>>>>>         reviews
>>>>>>>>>>         previous
>>>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>>>         models,
>>>>>>>>>>         mainly
>>>>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         Petschek
>>>>>>>>>>         type,
>>>>>>>>>>         pointing
>>>>>>>>>>         out
>>>>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>>>>         shortcomings
>>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>>         basic
>>>>>>>>>>         failure
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         accounting
>>>>>>>>>>         for
>>>>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         limit
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>>>>>>         number.
>>>>>>>>>>         It
>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>         shown
>>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>>>         limit
>>>>>>>>>>         no
>>>>>>>>>>         relevant
>>>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>>>         states
>>>>>>>>>>         exist.
>>>>>>>>>>         Instead
>>>>>>>>>>         strong
>>>>>>>>>>         small-scale
>>>>>>>>>>         MHD
>>>>>>>>>>         turbulence
>>>>>>>>>>         develops
>>>>>>>>>>         even
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         2D
>>>>>>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>>>>>>         giving
>>>>>>>>>>         rise
>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>         energy
>>>>>>>>>>         dissipation
>>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>         rates
>>>>>>>>>>         independent
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         value
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         collisional
>>>>>>>>>>         re-
>>>>>>>>>>         sistivity.
>>>>>>>>>>         I
>>>>>>>>>>         Introduction
>>>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         last
>>>>>>>>>>         decade
>>>>>>>>>>         it
>>>>>>>>>>         has
>>>>>>>>>>         been realized
>>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         presence
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>         a
>>>>>>>>>>         ubiquitous
>>>>>>>>>>         phenomenon
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         cosmic
>>>>>>>>>>         systems.
>>>>>>>>>>         On
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         one
>>>>>>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>>>>         serve
>>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>>         a large
>>>>>>>>>>         energy
>>>>>>>>>>         reservoir
>>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>>         tapped
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         a fast
>>>>>>>>>>         dynamic
>>>>>>>>>>         process
>>>>>>>>>>         leading
>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>         various
>>>>>>>>>>         kinds
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         explosive
>>>>>>>>>>         events
>>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>>         flares.
>>>>>>>>>>         On
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         other
>>>>>>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>>>>         tend
>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>>         compressed
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         processes
>>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>>         protostar
>>>>>>>>>>         formation
>>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>>>         computed
>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>         dominate
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         dynamics
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         later
>>>>>>>>>>         phases
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         a nonrealistic
>>>>>>>>>>         way
>>>>>>>>>>         if
>>>>>>>>>>         not
>>>>>>>>>>         dissipated
>>>>>>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>>>>>>         fast.
>>>>>>>>>>         To
>>>>>>>>>>         account
>>>>>>>>>>         for
>>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>>         processes of
>>>>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>>         annihilation
>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         main
>>>>>>>>>>         objective
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>>>>         ion.
>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>>>>         ion
>>>>>>>>>>         refers
>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         picture
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>>         lines.
>>>>>>>>>>         These
>>>>>>>>>>         have
>>>>>>>>>>         a well-defined
>>>>>>>>>>         meaning
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         a highly
>>>>>>>>>>         conducting
>>>>>>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>>>>>>         viz.
>>>>>>>>>>         thin
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         flux
>>>>>>>>>>         tubes
>>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>>>         carried
>>>>>>>>>>         along
>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>>>>>>         maintaining
>>>>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>>>>         individuality,
>>>>>>>>>>         though
>>>>>>>>>>         they
>>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>>         wound
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         a very
>>>>>>>>>>         complex
>>>>>>>>>>         manner.
>>>>>>>>>>         Only
>>>>>>>>>>         owing
>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>         finite
>>>>>>>>>>         electrical
>>>>>>>>>>         resistivity
>>>>>>>>>>         or
>>>>>>>>>>         some
>>>>>>>>>>         equivalent
>>>>>>>>>>         process
>>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>>         two
>>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>>         lines
>>>>>>>>>>         coming
>>>>>>>>>>         close
>>>>>>>>>>         together
>>>>>>>>>>         lose
>>>>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>>>>         identities
>>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>>         being
>>>>>>>>>>         cut
>>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>>         reconnected
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         a different
>>>>>>>>>>         way.
>>>>>>>>>>         Though
>>>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>         a local
>>>>>>>>>>         process,
>>>>>>>>>>         it
>>>>>>>>>>         leads
>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>         a change
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>>         topology
>>>>>>>>>>         permitting
>>>>>>>>>>         new
>>>>>>>>>>         types
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         large-scale
>>>>>>>>>>         plasma
>>>>>>>>>>         motions
>>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>>>>         otherwise
>>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>>         inhibited.
>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>         255
>>>>>>>>>>         w.
>>>>>>>>>>         BrinbMnn
>>>>>>>>>>         et
>>>>>>>>>>         al.
>>>>>>>>>>         (eds.J,
>>>>>>>>>>         Physical
>>>>>>>>>>         Processes
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         Hot
>>>>>>>>>>         Cosmic
>>>>>>>>>>         PlIlsmas,
>>>>>>>>>>         255-269.
>>>>>>>>>>         e
>>>>>>>>>>         1990
>>>>>>>>>>         Kluwer
>>>>>>>>>>         Academic
>>>>>>>>>>         Publishers.
>>>>>>>>>>         256
>>>>>>>>>>         change
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>>         is described
>>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>>         Faraday's
>>>>>>>>>>         law:
>>>>>>>>>>         oB
>>>>>>>>>>         (
>>>>>>>>>>         ...
>>>>>>>>>>         )
>>>>>>>>>>         2'"
>>>>>>>>>>         7it=VX
>>>>>>>>>>         iixB
>>>>>>>>>>         +
>>>>>>>>>>         'IV
>>>>>>>>>>         B.
>>>>>>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>>>>>>         Here
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         ratio
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         convection
>>>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>>>         (2)
>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>         a convenient
>>>>>>>>>>         dimensionless
>>>>>>>>>>         measure
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         resistivity,
>>>>>>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>>>>>>         being
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>>>>>>         number.
>>>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>>>         practically
>>>>>>>>>>         all
>>>>>>>>>>         astrophysical
>>>>>>>>>>         plasmas
>>>>>>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>>>>>>         is large,
>>>>>>>>>>         essentially
>>>>>>>>>>         because
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>>>>         scales
>>>>>>>>>>         L.
>>>>>>>>>>         Hence
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         general
>>>>>>>>>>         a very
>>>>>>>>>>         weak
>>>>>>>>>>         process.
>>>>>>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         processes
>>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>>         solar
>>>>>>>>>>         flares,
>>>>>>>>>>         however,
>>>>>>>>>>         seem
>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>         require
>>>>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>         time
>>>>>>>>>>         scales
>>>>>>>>>>         practically
>>>>>>>>>>         independent
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         Rm.
>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>         main
>>>>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>>>>         problem
>>>>>>>>>>         therefore
>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>         find
>>>>>>>>>>         models
>>>>>>>>>>         allowing
>>>>>>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>>>>>>         high
>>>>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>>>>         ion
>>>>>>>>>>         rates.
>>>>>>>>>>         Fast
>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>         not
>>>>>>>>>>         a diffuse
>>>>>>>>>>         process,
>>>>>>>>>>         but
>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>         strongly
>>>>>>>>>>         localized
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>>>>         sheets.
>>>>>>>>>>         Such
>>>>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>>>>         sheets
>>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>>         arise
>>>>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>>>>         any
>>>>>>>>>>         point
>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>         non-vanishing
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         shear
>>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>>         a velocity
>>>>>>>>>>         gradient
>>>>>>>>>>         along
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         direction
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         shear
>>>>>>>>>>         perpendicular
>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         field,
>>>>>>>>>>         i.e.
>>>>>>>>>>         virtually
>>>>>>>>>>         everywhere
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         plasma,
>>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>>         visualized
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>>>>>>         1.
>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>         simplest
>>>>>>>>>>         models
>>>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>>>         quasi-stationary
>>>>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>         one
>>>>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>>>>         sheet
>>>>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>>>>         a well
>>>>>>>>>>         defined
>>>>>>>>>>         location
>>>>>>>>>>         determined
>>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         overall
>>>>>>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>>         have
>>>>>>>>>>         been
>>>>>>>>>>         investigated
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         conventional
>>>>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>         basic
>>>>>>>>>>         assumption
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         these
>>>>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>>>>         approaches is
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         existence
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         a two-dimensional
>>>>>>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>>>>>>         around
>>>>>>>>>>         an
>>>>>>>>>>         X-type
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>>>>>>         point
>>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>         small
>>>>>>>>>>         compared
>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         configuration
>>>>>>>>>>         but
>>>>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>>>>         compared
>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         so-called
>>>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>>>         region
>>>>>>>>>>         around
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>>>>>>         point,
>>>>>>>>>>         where
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>         important.
>>>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>>>>         rapidly
>>>>>>>>>>         adjust
>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>         changes
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>>>>         configuration,
>>>>>>>>>>         so
>>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         evolution
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         latter
>>>>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>>>>         correspond
>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>         a sequence
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>>>         states
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         former
>>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>>>         steady-state
>>>>>>>>>>         solutions
>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         boundary
>>>>>>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>>>>>>         determined
>>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>>>>         system.
>>>>>>>>>>         This
>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         idea
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>>>         forced
>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>         prototype
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>>>>         is Petschek's
>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>         model
>>>>>>>>>>         1),
>>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>>         is given
>>>>>>>>>>         schematically
>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>>>>>>         2.
>>>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>>>         fact,
>>>>>>>>>>         much
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>>>>         work
>>>>>>>>>>         on
>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>         2
>>>>>>>>>>         ),3)
>>>>>>>>>>         consists
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         modifications
>>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>>         refinements
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>>>         model.
>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>>>>         is based
>>>>>>>>>>         on
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         effect
>>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         motion
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         a plasma
>>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>>>>         arbitrarily
>>>>>>>>>>         low
>>>>>>>>>>         speed
>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>         respect
>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>         slow
>>>>>>>>>>         mode
>>>>>>>>>>         . Hence,
>>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>>         analogy
>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>         a system
>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>         two
>>>>>>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>>>>>>         gas
>>>>>>>>>>         jets
>>>>>>>
>>

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4gCTmlm5RQ

On 1/10/2019 6:21 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>
> Lets look at the actual make up of the magnetic flux lines. 
> https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=414
>
> https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/30fari/what_is_a_magnetic_field_made_of/ 
> Interesting note here  "Take the magnetic field created by the earth 
> for example. This field is very big. If virtual photons can travel all 
> the way around the field in a time shorter than planck time, aren't 
> they moving faster than the speed of light?"   Ah Ha!   Super Light, 
> Super luminal velocities.
>
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYA0bntrjsk&feature=youtu.be
>
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3P-FGw5KUeo&feature=youtu.be
>
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crfY2vzVMbI&feature=youtu.be
>
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rst9EcF9ryk&feature=youtu.be
>
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hk1cOffTgdk&feature=youtu.be The Best!
>
> On 1/10/2019 4:55 PM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> Thank You, Bert Pool for this new soc. 
>> https://scienceblog.com/505176/scientists-inch-closer-to-fusion-energy-with-discovery-of-a-process-that-stabilizes-plasmas/
>>
>> On 1/10/2019 7:58 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>
>>>
>>>   Alfvén wave
>>>
>>> An *Alfvén wave* is a wave that occurs in a plasma 
>>> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Plasma> (or conducting fluid), 
>>> resulting from the interaction of the magnetic fields and electric 
>>> currents <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Electric_current> within 
>>> it, causing an oscillation of the ions. Alfvén wrote in a letter to 
>>> the journal /Nature/ in 1942:
>>>
>>>     "If a conducting liquid is placed in a constant magnetic field,
>>>     every motion of the liquid gives rise to an E.M.F. which
>>>     produces electric currents. Owing to the magnetic field, these
>>>     currents give mechanical forces which change the state of motion
>>>     of the liquid. Thus a kind of combined
>>>     electromagnetic-hydrodynamic wave is produced."^[1]
>>>     <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave#cite_note-alfven1942-1>
>>>
>>>
>>> Alfvén waves initiated the field of magnetohydrodynamics 
>>> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Magnetohydrodynamics> which 
>>> subsequently earned Alfvén a Nobel Prize.
>>>
>>> Put some thought behind this statement  "A conductive liquid"!!
>>>
>>> On 1/10/2019 7:41 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n Please read this 
>>>> mans research and see how he was often rejected by fellow physicists.
>>>>
>>>> On 1/10/2019 7:31 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> http://aa.springer.de/papers/7324002/2300449.pdf Still researching 
>>>>> the importance of the Alfven waves in plasma.
>>>>>
>>>>> On 1/10/2019 6:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Moray, Jon Gentry and Warren asked pertinent questions regarding 
>>>>>> velocities, magnetic flux etc. in plasma events so I did a search 
>>>>>> as to whether Alfven waves have a frequency.  This site pretty 
>>>>>> well defines a lot of plasma info that we need.   See: 
>>>>>> https://www.britannica.com/science/plasma-state-of-matter#ref507092
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On 1/10/2019 6:29 AM, Warren Keillor 
>>>>>> [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>>>> Norman
>>>>>>> Hooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of 
>>>>>>> experimentation, super conductors were not a reality as they are 
>>>>>>> now. The fact that a resistance free conductor might accelerate  
>>>>>>> a potential's velocity, after going through a resistor, suggests 
>>>>>>> an analogy to fluid dynamics, much like Bernuili's principle 
>>>>>>> application of a venturi to gases.
>>>>>>> The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting 
>>>>>>> our entire circuit thoughts.
>>>>>>> Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for 
>>>>>>> quantum physics thinking. Whew!
>>>>>>> Cheers Warren
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
>>>>>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>     On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected]
>>>>>>>     [EVGRAY]
>>>>>>>     <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>     Good question Warren!   Nobody really knows how the
>>>>>>>     potential and current manifest in the conductor passing
>>>>>>>     through a flux field. Your question is valid cause there
>>>>>>>     very well may be some sort of reconnect occurring here.
>>>>>>>     Theory was, that the flux field was photon stream which
>>>>>>>     enabled pairing to produce electrons and attending current. 
>>>>>>>     There is still so much that we don't know but things are
>>>>>>>     getting interesting.   Read that last doc that I posted for
>>>>>>>     it is very enlightening on this subject.  See:
>>>>>>>     http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm This is
>>>>>>>     one of Oles favorites.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>     On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor
>>>>>>>     [email protected]
>>>>>>>     <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>     Norman
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>     I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the
>>>>>>>>     connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the
>>>>>>>>     Kromery, where one slides the magnets at right angles to
>>>>>>>>     their locked together state.
>>>>>>>>     Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn
>>>>>>>>     my Kromery.
>>>>>>>>     Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily
>>>>>>>>     rotates the flywheel, regardless of the load.
>>>>>>>>     Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic
>>>>>>>>     coil cores.
>>>>>>>>     Are we cutting those magnetic lines?
>>>>>>>>     Cheers Warren
>>>>>>>>     Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>>>>>>     <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>         On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan
>>>>>>>>         [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY]
>>>>>>>>         <[email protected]>
>>>>>>>>         <mailto:[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>         http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>         https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>         https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>         On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>         https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>         Recent
>>>>>>>>>>>         Developments
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         Theory
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         Reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>>         Dieter
>>>>>>>>>>>         Biskamp
>>>>>>>>>>>         Max-Planck-Institut
>>>>>>>>>>>         fiir
>>>>>>>>>>>         Plasmaphysik
>>>>>>>>>>>         8046
>>>>>>>>>>>         Garching
>>>>>>>>>>>         bei
>>>>>>>>>>>         Miinchen,
>>>>>>>>>>>         Federal
>>>>>>>>>>>         Republic
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         Germany
>>>>>>>>>>>         Abstract
>>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>>         talk
>>>>>>>>>>>         briefly
>>>>>>>>>>>         reviews
>>>>>>>>>>>         previous
>>>>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>>>>         models,
>>>>>>>>>>>         mainly
>>>>>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         Petschek
>>>>>>>>>>>         type,
>>>>>>>>>>>         pointing
>>>>>>>>>>>         out
>>>>>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>>>>>         shortcomings
>>>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>>>         basic
>>>>>>>>>>>         failure
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         accounting
>>>>>>>>>>>         for
>>>>>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         limit
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>>>>>>>         number.
>>>>>>>>>>>         It
>>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>>         shown
>>>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>>>>         limit
>>>>>>>>>>>         no
>>>>>>>>>>>         relevant
>>>>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>>>>         states
>>>>>>>>>>>         exist.
>>>>>>>>>>>         Instead
>>>>>>>>>>>         strong
>>>>>>>>>>>         small-scale
>>>>>>>>>>>         MHD
>>>>>>>>>>>         turbulence
>>>>>>>>>>>         develops
>>>>>>>>>>>         even
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         2D
>>>>>>>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>>>>>>>         giving
>>>>>>>>>>>         rise
>>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>>         energy
>>>>>>>>>>>         dissipation
>>>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>>         rates
>>>>>>>>>>>         independent
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         value
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         collisional
>>>>>>>>>>>         re-
>>>>>>>>>>>         sistivity.
>>>>>>>>>>>         I
>>>>>>>>>>>         Introduction
>>>>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         last
>>>>>>>>>>>         decade
>>>>>>>>>>>         it
>>>>>>>>>>>         has
>>>>>>>>>>>         been realized
>>>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         presence
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>>         a
>>>>>>>>>>>         ubiquitous
>>>>>>>>>>>         phenomenon
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         cosmic
>>>>>>>>>>>         systems.
>>>>>>>>>>>         On
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         one
>>>>>>>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>>>>>         serve
>>>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>>>         a large
>>>>>>>>>>>         energy
>>>>>>>>>>>         reservoir
>>>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>>>         tapped
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         a fast
>>>>>>>>>>>         dynamic
>>>>>>>>>>>         process
>>>>>>>>>>>         leading
>>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>>         various
>>>>>>>>>>>         kinds
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         explosive
>>>>>>>>>>>         events
>>>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>>>         flares.
>>>>>>>>>>>         On
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         other
>>>>>>>>>>>         hand,
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         fields
>>>>>>>>>>>         tend
>>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>>>         compressed
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         processes
>>>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>>>         protostar
>>>>>>>>>>>         formation
>>>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>>>>         computed
>>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>>         dominate
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         dynamics
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         later
>>>>>>>>>>>         phases
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         a nonrealistic
>>>>>>>>>>>         way
>>>>>>>>>>>         if
>>>>>>>>>>>         not
>>>>>>>>>>>         dissipated
>>>>>>>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>>>>>>>         fast.
>>>>>>>>>>>         To
>>>>>>>>>>>         account
>>>>>>>>>>>         for
>>>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>>>         processes of
>>>>>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>>>         annihilation
>>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         main
>>>>>>>>>>>         objective
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>>>>>         ion.
>>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>>>>>         ion
>>>>>>>>>>>         refers
>>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         picture
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>>>         lines.
>>>>>>>>>>>         These
>>>>>>>>>>>         have
>>>>>>>>>>>         a well-defined
>>>>>>>>>>>         meaning
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         a highly
>>>>>>>>>>>         conducting
>>>>>>>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>>>>>>>         viz.
>>>>>>>>>>>         thin
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         flux
>>>>>>>>>>>         tubes
>>>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>>>>         carried
>>>>>>>>>>>         along
>>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         fluid,
>>>>>>>>>>>         maintaining
>>>>>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>>>>>         individuality,
>>>>>>>>>>>         though
>>>>>>>>>>>         they
>>>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>>>         wound
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         a very
>>>>>>>>>>>         complex
>>>>>>>>>>>         manner.
>>>>>>>>>>>         Only
>>>>>>>>>>>         owing
>>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>>         finite
>>>>>>>>>>>         electrical
>>>>>>>>>>>         resistivity
>>>>>>>>>>>         or
>>>>>>>>>>>         some
>>>>>>>>>>>         equivalent
>>>>>>>>>>>         process
>>>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>>>         two
>>>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>>>         lines
>>>>>>>>>>>         coming
>>>>>>>>>>>         close
>>>>>>>>>>>         together
>>>>>>>>>>>         lose
>>>>>>>>>>>         their
>>>>>>>>>>>         identities
>>>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>>>         being
>>>>>>>>>>>         cut
>>>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>>>         reconnected
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         a different
>>>>>>>>>>>         way.
>>>>>>>>>>>         Though
>>>>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>>         a local
>>>>>>>>>>>         process,
>>>>>>>>>>>         it
>>>>>>>>>>>         leads
>>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>>         a change
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>>>         topology
>>>>>>>>>>>         permitting
>>>>>>>>>>>         new
>>>>>>>>>>>         types
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         large-scale
>>>>>>>>>>>         plasma
>>>>>>>>>>>         motions
>>>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>>>>>         otherwise
>>>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>>>         inhibited.
>>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>>         255
>>>>>>>>>>>         w.
>>>>>>>>>>>         BrinbMnn
>>>>>>>>>>>         et
>>>>>>>>>>>         al.
>>>>>>>>>>>         (eds.J,
>>>>>>>>>>>         Physical
>>>>>>>>>>>         Processes
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         Hot
>>>>>>>>>>>         Cosmic
>>>>>>>>>>>         PlIlsmas,
>>>>>>>>>>>         255-269.
>>>>>>>>>>>         e
>>>>>>>>>>>         1990
>>>>>>>>>>>         Kluwer
>>>>>>>>>>>         Academic
>>>>>>>>>>>         Publishers.
>>>>>>>>>>>         256
>>>>>>>>>>>         change
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         field
>>>>>>>>>>>         is described
>>>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>>>         Faraday's
>>>>>>>>>>>         law:
>>>>>>>>>>>         oB
>>>>>>>>>>>         (
>>>>>>>>>>>         ...
>>>>>>>>>>>         )
>>>>>>>>>>>         2'"
>>>>>>>>>>>         7it=VX
>>>>>>>>>>>         iixB
>>>>>>>>>>>         +
>>>>>>>>>>>         'IV
>>>>>>>>>>>         B.
>>>>>>>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>>>>>>>         Here
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         ratio
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         convection
>>>>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>>>>         (2)
>>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>>         a convenient
>>>>>>>>>>>         dimensionless
>>>>>>>>>>>         measure
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         resistivity,
>>>>>>>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>>>>>>>         being
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         Reynolds
>>>>>>>>>>>         number.
>>>>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>>>>         practically
>>>>>>>>>>>         all
>>>>>>>>>>>         astrophysical
>>>>>>>>>>>         plasmas
>>>>>>>>>>>         Rm
>>>>>>>>>>>         is large,
>>>>>>>>>>>         essentially
>>>>>>>>>>>         because
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>>>>>         scales
>>>>>>>>>>>         L.
>>>>>>>>>>>         Hence
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         general
>>>>>>>>>>>         a very
>>>>>>>>>>>         weak
>>>>>>>>>>>         process.
>>>>>>>>>>>         Magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         processes
>>>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>>>         solar
>>>>>>>>>>>         flares,
>>>>>>>>>>>         however,
>>>>>>>>>>>         seem
>>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>>         require
>>>>>>>>>>>         fast
>>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>>         time
>>>>>>>>>>>         scales
>>>>>>>>>>>         practically
>>>>>>>>>>>         independent
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         Rm.
>>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>>         main
>>>>>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>>>>>         problem
>>>>>>>>>>>         therefore
>>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>>         find
>>>>>>>>>>>         models
>>>>>>>>>>>         allowing
>>>>>>>>>>>         sufficiently
>>>>>>>>>>>         high
>>>>>>>>>>>         reconnect
>>>>>>>>>>>         ion
>>>>>>>>>>>         rates.
>>>>>>>>>>>         Fast
>>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>>         not
>>>>>>>>>>>         a diffuse
>>>>>>>>>>>         process,
>>>>>>>>>>>         but
>>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>>         strongly
>>>>>>>>>>>         localized
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>>>>>         sheets.
>>>>>>>>>>>         Such
>>>>>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>>>>>         sheets
>>>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>>>         arise
>>>>>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>>>>>         any
>>>>>>>>>>>         point
>>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>>         non-vanishing
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         shear
>>>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>>>         a velocity
>>>>>>>>>>>         gradient
>>>>>>>>>>>         along
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         direction
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         shear
>>>>>>>>>>>         perpendicular
>>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         field,
>>>>>>>>>>>         i.e.
>>>>>>>>>>>         virtually
>>>>>>>>>>>         everywhere
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         plasma,
>>>>>>>>>>>         as
>>>>>>>>>>>         visualized
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>>>>>>>         1.
>>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>>         simplest
>>>>>>>>>>>         models
>>>>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>>>>         quasi-stationary
>>>>>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>>         one
>>>>>>>>>>>         current
>>>>>>>>>>>         sheet
>>>>>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>>>>>         a well
>>>>>>>>>>>         defined
>>>>>>>>>>>         location
>>>>>>>>>>>         determined
>>>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         overall
>>>>>>>>>>>         geometry,
>>>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>>>         have
>>>>>>>>>>>         been
>>>>>>>>>>>         investigated
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         conventional
>>>>>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>>         basic
>>>>>>>>>>>         assumption
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         these
>>>>>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>>>>>         approaches is
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         existence
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         a two-dimensional
>>>>>>>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>>>>>>>         around
>>>>>>>>>>>         an
>>>>>>>>>>>         X-type
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>>>>>>>         point
>>>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>>         small
>>>>>>>>>>>         compared
>>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         configuration
>>>>>>>>>>>         but
>>>>>>>>>>>         large
>>>>>>>>>>>         compared
>>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         so-called
>>>>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>>>>         region
>>>>>>>>>>>         around
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         neutral
>>>>>>>>>>>         point,
>>>>>>>>>>>         where
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         diffusion
>>>>>>>>>>>         term
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         (1)
>>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>>         important.
>>>>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>>>>         subsystem
>>>>>>>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>>>>>         rapidly
>>>>>>>>>>>         adjust
>>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>>         changes
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>>>>>         configuration,
>>>>>>>>>>>         so
>>>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         evolution
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         latter
>>>>>>>>>>>         would
>>>>>>>>>>>         correspond
>>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>>         a sequence
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>>>>         states
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         former
>>>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>>>         are
>>>>>>>>>>>         steady-state
>>>>>>>>>>>         solutions
>>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         boundary
>>>>>>>>>>>         conditions
>>>>>>>>>>>         determined
>>>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         global
>>>>>>>>>>>         system.
>>>>>>>>>>>         This
>>>>>>>>>>>         is
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         idea
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         stationary
>>>>>>>>>>>         forced
>>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection.
>>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>>         prototype
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         such
>>>>>>>>>>>         configurations
>>>>>>>>>>>         is Petschek's
>>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>>         model
>>>>>>>>>>>         1),
>>>>>>>>>>>         which
>>>>>>>>>>>         is given
>>>>>>>>>>>         schematically
>>>>>>>>>>>         in
>>>>>>>>>>>         Fig.
>>>>>>>>>>>         2.
>>>>>>>>>>>         In
>>>>>>>>>>>         fact,
>>>>>>>>>>>         much
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         theoretical
>>>>>>>>>>>         work
>>>>>>>>>>>         on
>>>>>>>>>>>         magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>>         reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>>         2
>>>>>>>>>>>         ),3)
>>>>>>>>>>>         consists
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         modifications
>>>>>>>>>>>         and
>>>>>>>>>>>         refinements
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         this
>>>>>>>>>>>         model.
>>>>>>>>>>>         The
>>>>>>>>>>>         theory
>>>>>>>>>>>         is based
>>>>>>>>>>>         on
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         effect
>>>>>>>>>>>         that
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         motion
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         a plasma
>>>>>>>>>>>         may
>>>>>>>>>>>         be
>>>>>>>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>>>>>>>         at
>>>>>>>>>>>         arbitrarily
>>>>>>>>>>>         low
>>>>>>>>>>>         speed
>>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>>         respect
>>>>>>>>>>>         to
>>>>>>>>>>>         the
>>>>>>>>>>>         slow
>>>>>>>>>>>         mode
>>>>>>>>>>>         . Hence,
>>>>>>>>>>>         by
>>>>>>>>>>>         analogy
>>>>>>>>>>>         with
>>>>>>>>>>>         a system
>>>>>>>>>>>         of
>>>>>>>>>>>         two
>>>>>>>>>>>         supersonic
>>>>>>>>>>>         gas
>>>>>>>>>>>         jets
>>>>>>>>
>