Body
http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/plasma/Plasmahtml/node50.html
On 1/10/2019 8:31 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>
>
> http://aa.springer.de/papers/7324002/2300449.pdf Still researching
> the importance of the Alfven waves in plasma.
>
> On 1/10/2019 6:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> Moray, Jon Gentry and Warren asked pertinent questions regarding
>> velocities, magnetic flux etc. in plasma events so I did a search as
>> to whether Alfven waves have a frequency. This site pretty well
>> defines a lot of plasma info that we need. See:
>> https://www.britannica.com/science/plasma-state-of-matter#ref507092
>>
>> On 1/10/2019 6:29 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected]
>> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>
>>> Norman
>>> Hooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of experimentation,
>>> super conductors were not a reality as they are now. The fact that a
>>> resistance free conductor might accelerate a potential's velocity,
>>> after going through a resistor, suggests an analogy to fluid
>>> dynamics, much like Bernuili's principle application of a venturi to
>>> gases.
>>> The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting our
>>> entire circuit thoughts.
>>> Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for
>>> quantum physics thinking. Whew!
>>> Cheers Warren
>>>
>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>
>>> On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected]
>>> [EVGRAY]
>>> <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>
>>>
>>> Good question Warren! Nobody really knows how the potential
>>> and current manifest in the conductor passing through a flux
>>> field. Your question is valid cause there very well may be some
>>> sort of reconnect occurring here. Theory was, that the flux
>>> field was photon stream which enabled pairing to produce
>>> electrons and attending current. There is still so much that we
>>> don't know but things are getting interesting. Read that last
>>> doc that I posted for it is very enlightening on this subject.
>>> See: http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm This
>>> is one of Oles favorites.
>>>
>>> On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor
>>> [email protected]
>>> <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Norman
>>>>
>>>> I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the
>>>> connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the Kromery,
>>>> where one slides the magnets at right angles to their locked
>>>> together state.
>>>> Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn my
>>>> Kromery.
>>>> Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily rotates
>>>> the flywheel, regardless of the load.
>>>> Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil cores.
>>>> Are we cutting those magnetic lines?
>>>> Cheers Warren
>>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>
>>>> On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan
>>>> [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY]
>>>> <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
>>>>
>>>> On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>>>>>
>>>>> On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Recent
>>>>>>> Developments
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> Theory
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> Magnetic
>>>>>>> Reconnection
>>>>>>> Dieter
>>>>>>> Biskamp
>>>>>>> Max-Planck-Institut
>>>>>>> fiir
>>>>>>> Plasmaphysik
>>>>>>> 8046
>>>>>>> Garching
>>>>>>> bei
>>>>>>> Miinchen,
>>>>>>> Federal
>>>>>>> Republic
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> Germany
>>>>>>> Abstract
>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>> talk
>>>>>>> briefly
>>>>>>> reviews
>>>>>>> previous
>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>> models,
>>>>>>> mainly
>>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> Petschek
>>>>>>> type,
>>>>>>> pointing
>>>>>>> out
>>>>>>> their
>>>>>>> shortcomings
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> basic
>>>>>>> failure
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> accounting
>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>> fast
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> limit
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> large
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> Reynolds
>>>>>>> number.
>>>>>>> It
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> shown
>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>> limit
>>>>>>> no
>>>>>>> relevant
>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>> states
>>>>>>> exist.
>>>>>>> Instead
>>>>>>> strong
>>>>>>> small-scale
>>>>>>> MHD
>>>>>>> turbulence
>>>>>>> develops
>>>>>>> even
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> 2D
>>>>>>> geometry,
>>>>>>> giving
>>>>>>> rise
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> energy
>>>>>>> dissipation
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>> rates
>>>>>>> independent
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> value
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> collisional
>>>>>>> re-
>>>>>>> sistivity.
>>>>>>> I
>>>>>>> Introduction
>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> last
>>>>>>> decade
>>>>>>> it
>>>>>>> has
>>>>>>> been realized
>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> presence
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> fields
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>> ubiquitous
>>>>>>> phenomenon
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> cosmic
>>>>>>> systems.
>>>>>>> On
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> one
>>>>>>> hand,
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> fields
>>>>>>> serve
>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>> a large
>>>>>>> energy
>>>>>>> reservoir
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>> tapped
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> a fast
>>>>>>> dynamic
>>>>>>> process
>>>>>>> leading
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> various
>>>>>>> kinds
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> explosive
>>>>>>> events
>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>> flares.
>>>>>>> On
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> other
>>>>>>> hand,
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> fields
>>>>>>> tend
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>> compressed
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> processes
>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>> protostar
>>>>>>> formation
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>> computed
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> dominate
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> dynamics
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> later
>>>>>>> phases
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> a nonrealistic
>>>>>>> way
>>>>>>> if
>>>>>>> not
>>>>>>> dissipated
>>>>>>> sufficiently
>>>>>>> fast.
>>>>>>> To
>>>>>>> account
>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>> processes of
>>>>>>> fast
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>> annihilation
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> main
>>>>>>> objective
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> theory
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>>> ion.
>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>>> ion
>>>>>>> refers
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> picture
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>> lines.
>>>>>>> These
>>>>>>> have
>>>>>>> a well-defined
>>>>>>> meaning
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> a highly
>>>>>>> conducting
>>>>>>> fluid,
>>>>>>> viz.
>>>>>>> thin
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> flux
>>>>>>> tubes
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>> carried
>>>>>>> along
>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> fluid,
>>>>>>> maintaining
>>>>>>> their
>>>>>>> individuality,
>>>>>>> though
>>>>>>> they
>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>> wound
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> a very
>>>>>>> complex
>>>>>>> manner.
>>>>>>> Only
>>>>>>> owing
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> finite
>>>>>>> electrical
>>>>>>> resistivity
>>>>>>> or
>>>>>>> some
>>>>>>> equivalent
>>>>>>> process
>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>> two
>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>> lines
>>>>>>> coming
>>>>>>> close
>>>>>>> together
>>>>>>> lose
>>>>>>> their
>>>>>>> identities
>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>> being
>>>>>>> cut
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> reconnected
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> a different
>>>>>>> way.
>>>>>>> Though
>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> a local
>>>>>>> process,
>>>>>>> it
>>>>>>> leads
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> a change
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>> topology
>>>>>>> permitting
>>>>>>> new
>>>>>>> types
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> large-scale
>>>>>>> plasma
>>>>>>> motions
>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>> would
>>>>>>> otherwise
>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>> inhibited.
>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>> 255
>>>>>>> w.
>>>>>>> BrinbMnn
>>>>>>> et
>>>>>>> al.
>>>>>>> (eds.J,
>>>>>>> Physical
>>>>>>> Processes
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> Hot
>>>>>>> Cosmic
>>>>>>> PlIlsmas,
>>>>>>> 255-269.
>>>>>>> e
>>>>>>> 1990
>>>>>>> Kluwer
>>>>>>> Academic
>>>>>>> Publishers.
>>>>>>> 256
>>>>>>> change
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>> is described
>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>> Faraday's
>>>>>>> law:
>>>>>>> oB
>>>>>>> (
>>>>>>> ...
>>>>>>> )
>>>>>>> 2'"
>>>>>>> 7it=VX
>>>>>>> iixB
>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>> 'IV
>>>>>>> B.
>>>>>>> (1)
>>>>>>> Here
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> ratio
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> convection
>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>> (2)
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> a convenient
>>>>>>> dimensionless
>>>>>>> measure
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> resistivity,
>>>>>>> Rm
>>>>>>> being
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> Reynolds
>>>>>>> number.
>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>> practically
>>>>>>> all
>>>>>>> astrophysical
>>>>>>> plasmas
>>>>>>> Rm
>>>>>>> is large,
>>>>>>> essentially
>>>>>>> because
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> large
>>>>>>> scales
>>>>>>> L.
>>>>>>> Hence
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> general
>>>>>>> a very
>>>>>>> weak
>>>>>>> process.
>>>>>>> Magnetic
>>>>>>> processes
>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>> solar
>>>>>>> flares,
>>>>>>> however,
>>>>>>> seem
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> require
>>>>>>> fast
>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>> time
>>>>>>> scales
>>>>>>> practically
>>>>>>> independent
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> Rm.
>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>> main
>>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>>> problem
>>>>>>> therefore
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> find
>>>>>>> models
>>>>>>> allowing
>>>>>>> sufficiently
>>>>>>> high
>>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>>> ion
>>>>>>> rates.
>>>>>>> Fast
>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> not
>>>>>>> a diffuse
>>>>>>> process,
>>>>>>> but
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> strongly
>>>>>>> localized
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> current
>>>>>>> sheets.
>>>>>>> Such
>>>>>>> current
>>>>>>> sheets
>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>> arise
>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>> any
>>>>>>> point
>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>> non-vanishing
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> shear
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> a velocity
>>>>>>> gradient
>>>>>>> along
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> direction
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> shear
>>>>>>> perpendicular
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> field,
>>>>>>> i.e.
>>>>>>> virtually
>>>>>>> everywhere
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> plasma,
>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>> visualized
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> Fig.
>>>>>>> 1.
>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>> simplest
>>>>>>> models
>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>> quasi-stationary
>>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>> one
>>>>>>> current
>>>>>>> sheet
>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>> a well
>>>>>>> defined
>>>>>>> location
>>>>>>> determined
>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> overall
>>>>>>> geometry,
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> have
>>>>>>> been
>>>>>>> investigated
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> conventional
>>>>>>> theory
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> reconnection.
>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>> basic
>>>>>>> assumption
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> these
>>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>>> approaches is
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> existence
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> a two-dimensional
>>>>>>> subsystem
>>>>>>> around
>>>>>>> an
>>>>>>> X-type
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> neutral
>>>>>>> point
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> small
>>>>>>> compared
>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> global
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> configuration
>>>>>>> but
>>>>>>> large
>>>>>>> compared
>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> so-called
>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>> region
>>>>>>> around
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> neutral
>>>>>>> point,
>>>>>>> where
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> (1)
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> important.
>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>> subsystem
>>>>>>> conditions
>>>>>>> would
>>>>>>> rapidly
>>>>>>> adjust
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> changes
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> global
>>>>>>> configuration,
>>>>>>> so
>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> evolution
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> latter
>>>>>>> would
>>>>>>> correspond
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> a sequence
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>> states
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> former
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>> steady-state
>>>>>>> solutions
>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> boundary
>>>>>>> conditions
>>>>>>> determined
>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> global
>>>>>>> system.
>>>>>>> This
>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> idea
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>> forced
>>>>>>> reconnection.
>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>> prototype
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>>> is Petschek's
>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>> model
>>>>>>> 1),
>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>> is given
>>>>>>> schematically
>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>> Fig.
>>>>>>> 2.
>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>> fact,
>>>>>>> much
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>>> work
>>>>>>> on
>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>> 2
>>>>>>> ),3)
>>>>>>> consists
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> modifications
>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>> refinements
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>> model.
>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>> theory
>>>>>>> is based
>>>>>>> on
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> effect
>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> motion
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> a plasma
>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>> supersonic
>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>> arbitrarily
>>>>>>> low
>>>>>>> speed
>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>> respect
>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>> slow
>>>>>>> mode
>>>>>>> . Hence,
>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>> analogy
>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>> a system
>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>> two
>>>>>>> supersonic
>>>>>>> gas
>>>>>>> jets
>>>>
>