Body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4gCTmlm5RQ
On 1/10/2019 6:21 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>
> Lets look at the actual make up of the magnetic flux lines.
> https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=414
>
> https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/30fari/what_is_a_magnetic_field_made_of/
> Interesting note here "Take the magnetic field created by the earth
> for example. This field is very big. If virtual photons can travel all
> the way around the field in a time shorter than planck time, aren't
> they moving faster than the speed of light?" Ah Ha! Super Light,
> Super luminal velocities.
>
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYA0bntrjsk&feature=youtu.be
>
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3P-FGw5KUeo&feature=youtu.be
>
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crfY2vzVMbI&feature=youtu.be
>
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rst9EcF9ryk&feature=youtu.be
>
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hk1cOffTgdk&feature=youtu.be The Best!
>
> On 1/10/2019 4:55 PM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> Thank You, Bert Pool for this new soc.
>> https://scienceblog.com/505176/scientists-inch-closer-to-fusion-energy-with-discovery-of-a-process-that-stabilizes-plasmas/
>>
>> On 1/10/2019 7:58 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>
>>>
>>> Alfvén wave
>>>
>>> An *Alfvén wave* is a wave that occurs in a plasma
>>> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Plasma> (or conducting fluid),
>>> resulting from the interaction of the magnetic fields and electric
>>> currents <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Electric_current> within
>>> it, causing an oscillation of the ions. Alfvén wrote in a letter to
>>> the journal /Nature/ in 1942:
>>>
>>> "If a conducting liquid is placed in a constant magnetic field,
>>> every motion of the liquid gives rise to an E.M.F. which
>>> produces electric currents. Owing to the magnetic field, these
>>> currents give mechanical forces which change the state of motion
>>> of the liquid. Thus a kind of combined
>>> electromagnetic-hydrodynamic wave is produced."^[1]
>>> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave#cite_note-alfven1942-1>
>>>
>>>
>>> Alfvén waves initiated the field of magnetohydrodynamics
>>> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Magnetohydrodynamics> which
>>> subsequently earned Alfvén a Nobel Prize.
>>>
>>> Put some thought behind this statement "A conductive liquid"!!
>>>
>>> On 1/10/2019 7:41 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n Please read this
>>>> mans research and see how he was often rejected by fellow physicists.
>>>>
>>>> On 1/10/2019 7:31 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> http://aa.springer.de/papers/7324002/2300449.pdf Still researching
>>>>> the importance of the Alfven waves in plasma.
>>>>>
>>>>> On 1/10/2019 6:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Moray, Jon Gentry and Warren asked pertinent questions regarding
>>>>>> velocities, magnetic flux etc. in plasma events so I did a search
>>>>>> as to whether Alfven waves have a frequency. This site pretty
>>>>>> well defines a lot of plasma info that we need. See:
>>>>>> https://www.britannica.com/science/plasma-state-of-matter#ref507092
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On 1/10/2019 6:29 AM, Warren Keillor
>>>>>> [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>>>> Norman
>>>>>>> Hooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of
>>>>>>> experimentation, super conductors were not a reality as they are
>>>>>>> now. The fact that a resistance free conductor might accelerate
>>>>>>> a potential's velocity, after going through a resistor, suggests
>>>>>>> an analogy to fluid dynamics, much like Bernuili's principle
>>>>>>> application of a venturi to gases.
>>>>>>> The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting
>>>>>>> our entire circuit thoughts.
>>>>>>> Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for
>>>>>>> quantum physics thinking. Whew!
>>>>>>> Cheers Warren
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>>>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected]
>>>>>>> [EVGRAY]
>>>>>>> <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Good question Warren! Nobody really knows how the
>>>>>>> potential and current manifest in the conductor passing
>>>>>>> through a flux field. Your question is valid cause there
>>>>>>> very well may be some sort of reconnect occurring here.
>>>>>>> Theory was, that the flux field was photon stream which
>>>>>>> enabled pairing to produce electrons and attending current.
>>>>>>> There is still so much that we don't know but things are
>>>>>>> getting interesting. Read that last doc that I posted for
>>>>>>> it is very enlightening on this subject. See:
>>>>>>> http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm This is
>>>>>>> one of Oles favorites.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor
>>>>>>> [email protected]
>>>>>>> <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Norman
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the
>>>>>>>> connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the
>>>>>>>> Kromery, where one slides the magnets at right angles to
>>>>>>>> their locked together state.
>>>>>>>> Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn
>>>>>>>> my Kromery.
>>>>>>>> Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily
>>>>>>>> rotates the flywheel, regardless of the load.
>>>>>>>> Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic
>>>>>>>> coil cores.
>>>>>>>> Are we cutting those magnetic lines?
>>>>>>>> Cheers Warren
>>>>>>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>>>>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan
>>>>>>>> [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY]
>>>>>>>> <[email protected]>
>>>>>>>> <mailto:[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>> Recent
>>>>>>>>>>> Developments
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> Theory
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> Magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> Reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>> Dieter
>>>>>>>>>>> Biskamp
>>>>>>>>>>> Max-Planck-Institut
>>>>>>>>>>> fiir
>>>>>>>>>>> Plasmaphysik
>>>>>>>>>>> 8046
>>>>>>>>>>> Garching
>>>>>>>>>>> bei
>>>>>>>>>>> Miinchen,
>>>>>>>>>>> Federal
>>>>>>>>>>> Republic
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> Germany
>>>>>>>>>>> Abstract
>>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>>> talk
>>>>>>>>>>> briefly
>>>>>>>>>>> reviews
>>>>>>>>>>> previous
>>>>>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>>>>>> models,
>>>>>>>>>>> mainly
>>>>>>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> Petschek
>>>>>>>>>>> type,
>>>>>>>>>>> pointing
>>>>>>>>>>> out
>>>>>>>>>>> their
>>>>>>>>>>> shortcomings
>>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>>> basic
>>>>>>>>>>> failure
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> accounting
>>>>>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>>>>>> fast
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> limit
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> large
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> Reynolds
>>>>>>>>>>> number.
>>>>>>>>>>> It
>>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>>> shown
>>>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>>>>>> limit
>>>>>>>>>>> no
>>>>>>>>>>> relevant
>>>>>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>>>>>> states
>>>>>>>>>>> exist.
>>>>>>>>>>> Instead
>>>>>>>>>>> strong
>>>>>>>>>>> small-scale
>>>>>>>>>>> MHD
>>>>>>>>>>> turbulence
>>>>>>>>>>> develops
>>>>>>>>>>> even
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> 2D
>>>>>>>>>>> geometry,
>>>>>>>>>>> giving
>>>>>>>>>>> rise
>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>> energy
>>>>>>>>>>> dissipation
>>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>> rates
>>>>>>>>>>> independent
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> value
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> collisional
>>>>>>>>>>> re-
>>>>>>>>>>> sistivity.
>>>>>>>>>>> I
>>>>>>>>>>> Introduction
>>>>>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> last
>>>>>>>>>>> decade
>>>>>>>>>>> it
>>>>>>>>>>> has
>>>>>>>>>>> been realized
>>>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> presence
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> fields
>>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>>>>>> ubiquitous
>>>>>>>>>>> phenomenon
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> cosmic
>>>>>>>>>>> systems.
>>>>>>>>>>> On
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> one
>>>>>>>>>>> hand,
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> fields
>>>>>>>>>>> serve
>>>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>>>> a large
>>>>>>>>>>> energy
>>>>>>>>>>> reservoir
>>>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>>>> tapped
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> a fast
>>>>>>>>>>> dynamic
>>>>>>>>>>> process
>>>>>>>>>>> leading
>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>> various
>>>>>>>>>>> kinds
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> explosive
>>>>>>>>>>> events
>>>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>>>> flares.
>>>>>>>>>>> On
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> other
>>>>>>>>>>> hand,
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> fields
>>>>>>>>>>> tend
>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>>>> compressed
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> processes
>>>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>>>> protostar
>>>>>>>>>>> formation
>>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>>>>>> computed
>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>> dominate
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> dynamics
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> later
>>>>>>>>>>> phases
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> a nonrealistic
>>>>>>>>>>> way
>>>>>>>>>>> if
>>>>>>>>>>> not
>>>>>>>>>>> dissipated
>>>>>>>>>>> sufficiently
>>>>>>>>>>> fast.
>>>>>>>>>>> To
>>>>>>>>>>> account
>>>>>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>>>> processes of
>>>>>>>>>>> fast
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>>>> annihilation
>>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> main
>>>>>>>>>>> objective
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> theory
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>>>>>>> ion.
>>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>>>>>>> ion
>>>>>>>>>>> refers
>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> picture
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>>>> lines.
>>>>>>>>>>> These
>>>>>>>>>>> have
>>>>>>>>>>> a well-defined
>>>>>>>>>>> meaning
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> a highly
>>>>>>>>>>> conducting
>>>>>>>>>>> fluid,
>>>>>>>>>>> viz.
>>>>>>>>>>> thin
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> flux
>>>>>>>>>>> tubes
>>>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>>>>>> carried
>>>>>>>>>>> along
>>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> fluid,
>>>>>>>>>>> maintaining
>>>>>>>>>>> their
>>>>>>>>>>> individuality,
>>>>>>>>>>> though
>>>>>>>>>>> they
>>>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>>>> wound
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> a very
>>>>>>>>>>> complex
>>>>>>>>>>> manner.
>>>>>>>>>>> Only
>>>>>>>>>>> owing
>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>> finite
>>>>>>>>>>> electrical
>>>>>>>>>>> resistivity
>>>>>>>>>>> or
>>>>>>>>>>> some
>>>>>>>>>>> equivalent
>>>>>>>>>>> process
>>>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>>>> two
>>>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>>>> lines
>>>>>>>>>>> coming
>>>>>>>>>>> close
>>>>>>>>>>> together
>>>>>>>>>>> lose
>>>>>>>>>>> their
>>>>>>>>>>> identities
>>>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>>>> being
>>>>>>>>>>> cut
>>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>>> reconnected
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> a different
>>>>>>>>>>> way.
>>>>>>>>>>> Though
>>>>>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>>> a local
>>>>>>>>>>> process,
>>>>>>>>>>> it
>>>>>>>>>>> leads
>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>> a change
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>>>> topology
>>>>>>>>>>> permitting
>>>>>>>>>>> new
>>>>>>>>>>> types
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> large-scale
>>>>>>>>>>> plasma
>>>>>>>>>>> motions
>>>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>>>> would
>>>>>>>>>>> otherwise
>>>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>>>> inhibited.
>>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>>> 255
>>>>>>>>>>> w.
>>>>>>>>>>> BrinbMnn
>>>>>>>>>>> et
>>>>>>>>>>> al.
>>>>>>>>>>> (eds.J,
>>>>>>>>>>> Physical
>>>>>>>>>>> Processes
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> Hot
>>>>>>>>>>> Cosmic
>>>>>>>>>>> PlIlsmas,
>>>>>>>>>>> 255-269.
>>>>>>>>>>> e
>>>>>>>>>>> 1990
>>>>>>>>>>> Kluwer
>>>>>>>>>>> Academic
>>>>>>>>>>> Publishers.
>>>>>>>>>>> 256
>>>>>>>>>>> change
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>>>> is described
>>>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>>>> Faraday's
>>>>>>>>>>> law:
>>>>>>>>>>> oB
>>>>>>>>>>> (
>>>>>>>>>>> ...
>>>>>>>>>>> )
>>>>>>>>>>> 2'"
>>>>>>>>>>> 7it=VX
>>>>>>>>>>> iixB
>>>>>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>>>>>> 'IV
>>>>>>>>>>> B.
>>>>>>>>>>> (1)
>>>>>>>>>>> Here
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> ratio
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> convection
>>>>>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>>>>>> (2)
>>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>>> a convenient
>>>>>>>>>>> dimensionless
>>>>>>>>>>> measure
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> resistivity,
>>>>>>>>>>> Rm
>>>>>>>>>>> being
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> Reynolds
>>>>>>>>>>> number.
>>>>>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>>>>>> practically
>>>>>>>>>>> all
>>>>>>>>>>> astrophysical
>>>>>>>>>>> plasmas
>>>>>>>>>>> Rm
>>>>>>>>>>> is large,
>>>>>>>>>>> essentially
>>>>>>>>>>> because
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> large
>>>>>>>>>>> scales
>>>>>>>>>>> L.
>>>>>>>>>>> Hence
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> general
>>>>>>>>>>> a very
>>>>>>>>>>> weak
>>>>>>>>>>> process.
>>>>>>>>>>> Magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> processes
>>>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>>>> solar
>>>>>>>>>>> flares,
>>>>>>>>>>> however,
>>>>>>>>>>> seem
>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>> require
>>>>>>>>>>> fast
>>>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>>> time
>>>>>>>>>>> scales
>>>>>>>>>>> practically
>>>>>>>>>>> independent
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> Rm.
>>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>>> main
>>>>>>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>>>>>>> problem
>>>>>>>>>>> therefore
>>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>> find
>>>>>>>>>>> models
>>>>>>>>>>> allowing
>>>>>>>>>>> sufficiently
>>>>>>>>>>> high
>>>>>>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>>>>>>> ion
>>>>>>>>>>> rates.
>>>>>>>>>>> Fast
>>>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>>> not
>>>>>>>>>>> a diffuse
>>>>>>>>>>> process,
>>>>>>>>>>> but
>>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>>> strongly
>>>>>>>>>>> localized
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> current
>>>>>>>>>>> sheets.
>>>>>>>>>>> Such
>>>>>>>>>>> current
>>>>>>>>>>> sheets
>>>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>>>> arise
>>>>>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>>>>>> any
>>>>>>>>>>> point
>>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>>> non-vanishing
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> shear
>>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>>> a velocity
>>>>>>>>>>> gradient
>>>>>>>>>>> along
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> direction
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> shear
>>>>>>>>>>> perpendicular
>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> field,
>>>>>>>>>>> i.e.
>>>>>>>>>>> virtually
>>>>>>>>>>> everywhere
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> plasma,
>>>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>>>> visualized
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> Fig.
>>>>>>>>>>> 1.
>>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>>> simplest
>>>>>>>>>>> models
>>>>>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>>>>>> quasi-stationary
>>>>>>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>>> one
>>>>>>>>>>> current
>>>>>>>>>>> sheet
>>>>>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>>>>>> a well
>>>>>>>>>>> defined
>>>>>>>>>>> location
>>>>>>>>>>> determined
>>>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> overall
>>>>>>>>>>> geometry,
>>>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>>>> have
>>>>>>>>>>> been
>>>>>>>>>>> investigated
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> conventional
>>>>>>>>>>> theory
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> reconnection.
>>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>>> basic
>>>>>>>>>>> assumption
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> these
>>>>>>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>>>>>>> approaches is
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> existence
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> a two-dimensional
>>>>>>>>>>> subsystem
>>>>>>>>>>> around
>>>>>>>>>>> an
>>>>>>>>>>> X-type
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> neutral
>>>>>>>>>>> point
>>>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>>> small
>>>>>>>>>>> compared
>>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> global
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> configuration
>>>>>>>>>>> but
>>>>>>>>>>> large
>>>>>>>>>>> compared
>>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> so-called
>>>>>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>>>>>> region
>>>>>>>>>>> around
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> neutral
>>>>>>>>>>> point,
>>>>>>>>>>> where
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> (1)
>>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>>> important.
>>>>>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>>>>>> subsystem
>>>>>>>>>>> conditions
>>>>>>>>>>> would
>>>>>>>>>>> rapidly
>>>>>>>>>>> adjust
>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>> changes
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> global
>>>>>>>>>>> configuration,
>>>>>>>>>>> so
>>>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> evolution
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> latter
>>>>>>>>>>> would
>>>>>>>>>>> correspond
>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>> a sequence
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>>>>>> states
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> former
>>>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>>>>>> steady-state
>>>>>>>>>>> solutions
>>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> boundary
>>>>>>>>>>> conditions
>>>>>>>>>>> determined
>>>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> global
>>>>>>>>>>> system.
>>>>>>>>>>> This
>>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> idea
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>>>>>> forced
>>>>>>>>>>> reconnection.
>>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>>> prototype
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>>>>>>> is Petschek's
>>>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>> model
>>>>>>>>>>> 1),
>>>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>>>> is given
>>>>>>>>>>> schematically
>>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>>> Fig.
>>>>>>>>>>> 2.
>>>>>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>>>>>> fact,
>>>>>>>>>>> much
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>>>>>>> work
>>>>>>>>>>> on
>>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>>>> 2
>>>>>>>>>>> ),3)
>>>>>>>>>>> consists
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> modifications
>>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>>> refinements
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>>>>>> model.
>>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>>> theory
>>>>>>>>>>> is based
>>>>>>>>>>> on
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> effect
>>>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> motion
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> a plasma
>>>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>>>> supersonic
>>>>>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>>>>>> arbitrarily
>>>>>>>>>>> low
>>>>>>>>>>> speed
>>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>>> respect
>>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>>> slow
>>>>>>>>>>> mode
>>>>>>>>>>> . Hence,
>>>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>>>> analogy
>>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>>> a system
>>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>>> two
>>>>>>>>>>> supersonic
>>>>>>>>>>> gas
>>>>>>>>>>> jets
>>>>>>>>
>