Body
Lets look at the actual make up of the magnetic flux lines.
https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=414
https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/30fari/what_is_a_magnetic_field_made_of/
Interesting note here "Take the magnetic field created by the earth for
example. This field is very big. If virtual photons can travel all the
way around the field in a time shorter than planck time, aren't they
moving faster than the speed of light?" Ah Ha! Super Light, Super
luminal velocities.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYA0bntrjsk&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3P-FGw5KUeo&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crfY2vzVMbI&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rst9EcF9ryk&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hk1cOffTgdk&feature=youtu.be The Best!
On 1/10/2019 4:55 PM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> Thank You, Bert Pool for this new soc.
> https://scienceblog.com/505176/scientists-inch-closer-to-fusion-energy-with-discovery-of-a-process-that-stabilizes-plasmas/
>
> On 1/10/2019 7:58 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>
>>
>> Alfvén wave
>>
>> An *Alfvén wave* is a wave that occurs in a plasma
>> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Plasma> (or conducting fluid),
>> resulting from the interaction of the magnetic fields and electric
>> currents <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Electric_current> within
>> it, causing an oscillation of the ions. Alfvén wrote in a letter to
>> the journal /Nature/ in 1942:
>>
>> "If a conducting liquid is placed in a constant magnetic field,
>> every motion of the liquid gives rise to an E.M.F. which produces
>> electric currents. Owing to the magnetic field, these currents
>> give mechanical forces which change the state of motion of the
>> liquid. Thus a kind of combined electromagnetic-hydrodynamic wave
>> is produced."^[1]
>> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave#cite_note-alfven1942-1>
>>
>>
>> Alfvén waves initiated the field of magnetohydrodynamics
>> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Magnetohydrodynamics> which
>> subsequently earned Alfvén a Nobel Prize.
>>
>> Put some thought behind this statement "A conductive liquid"!!
>>
>> On 1/10/2019 7:41 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>
>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n Please read this
>>> mans research and see how he was often rejected by fellow physicists.
>>>
>>> On 1/10/2019 7:31 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>> http://aa.springer.de/papers/7324002/2300449.pdf Still researching
>>>> the importance of the Alfven waves in plasma.
>>>>
>>>> On 1/10/2019 6:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> Moray, Jon Gentry and Warren asked pertinent questions regarding
>>>>> velocities, magnetic flux etc. in plasma events so I did a search
>>>>> as to whether Alfven waves have a frequency. This site pretty
>>>>> well defines a lot of plasma info that we need. See:
>>>>> https://www.britannica.com/science/plasma-state-of-matter#ref507092
>>>>>
>>>>> On 1/10/2019 6:29 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected]
>>>>> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>>> Norman
>>>>>> Hooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of
>>>>>> experimentation, super conductors were not a reality as they are
>>>>>> now. The fact that a resistance free conductor might accelerate
>>>>>> a potential's velocity, after going through a resistor, suggests
>>>>>> an analogy to fluid dynamics, much like Bernuili's principle
>>>>>> application of a venturi to gases.
>>>>>> The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting
>>>>>> our entire circuit thoughts.
>>>>>> Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for
>>>>>> quantum physics thinking. Whew!
>>>>>> Cheers Warren
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected]
>>>>>> [EVGRAY]
>>>>>> <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Good question Warren! Nobody really knows how the potential
>>>>>> and current manifest in the conductor passing through a flux
>>>>>> field. Your question is valid cause there very well may be
>>>>>> some sort of reconnect occurring here. Theory was, that the
>>>>>> flux field was photon stream which enabled pairing to produce
>>>>>> electrons and attending current. There is still so much that
>>>>>> we don't know but things are getting interesting. Read that
>>>>>> last doc that I posted for it is very enlightening on this
>>>>>> subject. See:
>>>>>> http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm This is
>>>>>> one of Oles favorites.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor
>>>>>> [email protected]
>>>>>> <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Norman
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the
>>>>>>> connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the
>>>>>>> Kromery, where one slides the magnets at right angles to
>>>>>>> their locked together state.
>>>>>>> Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn
>>>>>>> my Kromery.
>>>>>>> Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily
>>>>>>> rotates the flywheel, regardless of the load.
>>>>>>> Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil
>>>>>>> cores.
>>>>>>> Are we cutting those magnetic lines?
>>>>>>> Cheers Warren
>>>>>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>>>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan
>>>>>>> [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY]
>>>>>>> <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>
>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>> Recent
>>>>>>>>>> Developments
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> Theory
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> Magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> Reconnection
>>>>>>>>>> Dieter
>>>>>>>>>> Biskamp
>>>>>>>>>> Max-Planck-Institut
>>>>>>>>>> fiir
>>>>>>>>>> Plasmaphysik
>>>>>>>>>> 8046
>>>>>>>>>> Garching
>>>>>>>>>> bei
>>>>>>>>>> Miinchen,
>>>>>>>>>> Federal
>>>>>>>>>> Republic
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> Germany
>>>>>>>>>> Abstract
>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>> talk
>>>>>>>>>> briefly
>>>>>>>>>> reviews
>>>>>>>>>> previous
>>>>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>>>>> models,
>>>>>>>>>> mainly
>>>>>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> Petschek
>>>>>>>>>> type,
>>>>>>>>>> pointing
>>>>>>>>>> out
>>>>>>>>>> their
>>>>>>>>>> shortcomings
>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>> basic
>>>>>>>>>> failure
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> accounting
>>>>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>>>>> fast
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> limit
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> large
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> Reynolds
>>>>>>>>>> number.
>>>>>>>>>> It
>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>> shown
>>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>>>>> limit
>>>>>>>>>> no
>>>>>>>>>> relevant
>>>>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>>>>> states
>>>>>>>>>> exist.
>>>>>>>>>> Instead
>>>>>>>>>> strong
>>>>>>>>>> small-scale
>>>>>>>>>> MHD
>>>>>>>>>> turbulence
>>>>>>>>>> develops
>>>>>>>>>> even
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> 2D
>>>>>>>>>> geometry,
>>>>>>>>>> giving
>>>>>>>>>> rise
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> energy
>>>>>>>>>> dissipation
>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>>> rates
>>>>>>>>>> independent
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> value
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> collisional
>>>>>>>>>> re-
>>>>>>>>>> sistivity.
>>>>>>>>>> I
>>>>>>>>>> Introduction
>>>>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> last
>>>>>>>>>> decade
>>>>>>>>>> it
>>>>>>>>>> has
>>>>>>>>>> been realized
>>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> presence
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> fields
>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>>>>> ubiquitous
>>>>>>>>>> phenomenon
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> cosmic
>>>>>>>>>> systems.
>>>>>>>>>> On
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> one
>>>>>>>>>> hand,
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> fields
>>>>>>>>>> serve
>>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>>> a large
>>>>>>>>>> energy
>>>>>>>>>> reservoir
>>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>>> tapped
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> a fast
>>>>>>>>>> dynamic
>>>>>>>>>> process
>>>>>>>>>> leading
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> various
>>>>>>>>>> kinds
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> explosive
>>>>>>>>>> events
>>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>>> flares.
>>>>>>>>>> On
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> other
>>>>>>>>>> hand,
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> fields
>>>>>>>>>> tend
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>>> compressed
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> processes
>>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>>> protostar
>>>>>>>>>> formation
>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>>>>> computed
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> dominate
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> dynamics
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> later
>>>>>>>>>> phases
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> a nonrealistic
>>>>>>>>>> way
>>>>>>>>>> if
>>>>>>>>>> not
>>>>>>>>>> dissipated
>>>>>>>>>> sufficiently
>>>>>>>>>> fast.
>>>>>>>>>> To
>>>>>>>>>> account
>>>>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>>> processes of
>>>>>>>>>> fast
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>>> annihilation
>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> main
>>>>>>>>>> objective
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> theory
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>>>>>> ion.
>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>>>>>> ion
>>>>>>>>>> refers
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> picture
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>>> lines.
>>>>>>>>>> These
>>>>>>>>>> have
>>>>>>>>>> a well-defined
>>>>>>>>>> meaning
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> a highly
>>>>>>>>>> conducting
>>>>>>>>>> fluid,
>>>>>>>>>> viz.
>>>>>>>>>> thin
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> flux
>>>>>>>>>> tubes
>>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>>>>> carried
>>>>>>>>>> along
>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> fluid,
>>>>>>>>>> maintaining
>>>>>>>>>> their
>>>>>>>>>> individuality,
>>>>>>>>>> though
>>>>>>>>>> they
>>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>>> wound
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> a very
>>>>>>>>>> complex
>>>>>>>>>> manner.
>>>>>>>>>> Only
>>>>>>>>>> owing
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> finite
>>>>>>>>>> electrical
>>>>>>>>>> resistivity
>>>>>>>>>> or
>>>>>>>>>> some
>>>>>>>>>> equivalent
>>>>>>>>>> process
>>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>>> two
>>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>>> lines
>>>>>>>>>> coming
>>>>>>>>>> close
>>>>>>>>>> together
>>>>>>>>>> lose
>>>>>>>>>> their
>>>>>>>>>> identities
>>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>>> being
>>>>>>>>>> cut
>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>> reconnected
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> a different
>>>>>>>>>> way.
>>>>>>>>>> Though
>>>>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>> a local
>>>>>>>>>> process,
>>>>>>>>>> it
>>>>>>>>>> leads
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> a change
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>>> topology
>>>>>>>>>> permitting
>>>>>>>>>> new
>>>>>>>>>> types
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> large-scale
>>>>>>>>>> plasma
>>>>>>>>>> motions
>>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>>> would
>>>>>>>>>> otherwise
>>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>>> inhibited.
>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>> 255
>>>>>>>>>> w.
>>>>>>>>>> BrinbMnn
>>>>>>>>>> et
>>>>>>>>>> al.
>>>>>>>>>> (eds.J,
>>>>>>>>>> Physical
>>>>>>>>>> Processes
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> Hot
>>>>>>>>>> Cosmic
>>>>>>>>>> PlIlsmas,
>>>>>>>>>> 255-269.
>>>>>>>>>> e
>>>>>>>>>> 1990
>>>>>>>>>> Kluwer
>>>>>>>>>> Academic
>>>>>>>>>> Publishers.
>>>>>>>>>> 256
>>>>>>>>>> change
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>>> is described
>>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>>> Faraday's
>>>>>>>>>> law:
>>>>>>>>>> oB
>>>>>>>>>> (
>>>>>>>>>> ...
>>>>>>>>>> )
>>>>>>>>>> 2'"
>>>>>>>>>> 7it=VX
>>>>>>>>>> iixB
>>>>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>>>>> 'IV
>>>>>>>>>> B.
>>>>>>>>>> (1)
>>>>>>>>>> Here
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> ratio
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> convection
>>>>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>>>>> (2)
>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>> a convenient
>>>>>>>>>> dimensionless
>>>>>>>>>> measure
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> resistivity,
>>>>>>>>>> Rm
>>>>>>>>>> being
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> Reynolds
>>>>>>>>>> number.
>>>>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>>>>> practically
>>>>>>>>>> all
>>>>>>>>>> astrophysical
>>>>>>>>>> plasmas
>>>>>>>>>> Rm
>>>>>>>>>> is large,
>>>>>>>>>> essentially
>>>>>>>>>> because
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> large
>>>>>>>>>> scales
>>>>>>>>>> L.
>>>>>>>>>> Hence
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> general
>>>>>>>>>> a very
>>>>>>>>>> weak
>>>>>>>>>> process.
>>>>>>>>>> Magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> processes
>>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>>> solar
>>>>>>>>>> flares,
>>>>>>>>>> however,
>>>>>>>>>> seem
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> require
>>>>>>>>>> fast
>>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>> time
>>>>>>>>>> scales
>>>>>>>>>> practically
>>>>>>>>>> independent
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> Rm.
>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>> main
>>>>>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>>>>>> problem
>>>>>>>>>> therefore
>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> find
>>>>>>>>>> models
>>>>>>>>>> allowing
>>>>>>>>>> sufficiently
>>>>>>>>>> high
>>>>>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>>>>>> ion
>>>>>>>>>> rates.
>>>>>>>>>> Fast
>>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>> not
>>>>>>>>>> a diffuse
>>>>>>>>>> process,
>>>>>>>>>> but
>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>> strongly
>>>>>>>>>> localized
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> current
>>>>>>>>>> sheets.
>>>>>>>>>> Such
>>>>>>>>>> current
>>>>>>>>>> sheets
>>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>>> arise
>>>>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>>>>> any
>>>>>>>>>> point
>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>> non-vanishing
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> shear
>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>> a velocity
>>>>>>>>>> gradient
>>>>>>>>>> along
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> direction
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> shear
>>>>>>>>>> perpendicular
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> field,
>>>>>>>>>> i.e.
>>>>>>>>>> virtually
>>>>>>>>>> everywhere
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> plasma,
>>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>>> visualized
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> Fig.
>>>>>>>>>> 1.
>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>> simplest
>>>>>>>>>> models
>>>>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>>>>> quasi-stationary
>>>>>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>> one
>>>>>>>>>> current
>>>>>>>>>> sheet
>>>>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>>>>> a well
>>>>>>>>>> defined
>>>>>>>>>> location
>>>>>>>>>> determined
>>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> overall
>>>>>>>>>> geometry,
>>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>>> have
>>>>>>>>>> been
>>>>>>>>>> investigated
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> conventional
>>>>>>>>>> theory
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> reconnection.
>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>> basic
>>>>>>>>>> assumption
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> these
>>>>>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>>>>>> approaches is
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> existence
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> a two-dimensional
>>>>>>>>>> subsystem
>>>>>>>>>> around
>>>>>>>>>> an
>>>>>>>>>> X-type
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> neutral
>>>>>>>>>> point
>>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>> small
>>>>>>>>>> compared
>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> global
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> configuration
>>>>>>>>>> but
>>>>>>>>>> large
>>>>>>>>>> compared
>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> so-called
>>>>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>>>>> region
>>>>>>>>>> around
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> neutral
>>>>>>>>>> point,
>>>>>>>>>> where
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> (1)
>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>> important.
>>>>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>>>>> subsystem
>>>>>>>>>> conditions
>>>>>>>>>> would
>>>>>>>>>> rapidly
>>>>>>>>>> adjust
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> changes
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> global
>>>>>>>>>> configuration,
>>>>>>>>>> so
>>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> evolution
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> latter
>>>>>>>>>> would
>>>>>>>>>> correspond
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> a sequence
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>>>>> states
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> former
>>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>>>>> steady-state
>>>>>>>>>> solutions
>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> boundary
>>>>>>>>>> conditions
>>>>>>>>>> determined
>>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> global
>>>>>>>>>> system.
>>>>>>>>>> This
>>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> idea
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>>>>> forced
>>>>>>>>>> reconnection.
>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>> prototype
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>>>>>> is Petschek's
>>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>>> model
>>>>>>>>>> 1),
>>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>>> is given
>>>>>>>>>> schematically
>>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>>> Fig.
>>>>>>>>>> 2.
>>>>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>>>>> fact,
>>>>>>>>>> much
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>>>>>> work
>>>>>>>>>> on
>>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>>> 2
>>>>>>>>>> ),3)
>>>>>>>>>> consists
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> modifications
>>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>>> refinements
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>>>>> model.
>>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>>> theory
>>>>>>>>>> is based
>>>>>>>>>> on
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> effect
>>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> motion
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> a plasma
>>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>>> supersonic
>>>>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>>>>> arbitrarily
>>>>>>>>>> low
>>>>>>>>>> speed
>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>> respect
>>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>>> slow
>>>>>>>>>> mode
>>>>>>>>>> . Hence,
>>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>>> analogy
>>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>>> a system
>>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>>> two
>>>>>>>>>> supersonic
>>>>>>>>>> gas
>>>>>>>>>> jets
>>>>>>>
>>