Body
Thank You, Bert Pool for this new soc.
https://scienceblog.com/505176/scientists-inch-closer-to-fusion-energy-with-discovery-of-a-process-that-stabilizes-plasmas/
On 1/10/2019 7:58 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>
>
> Alfvén wave
>
> An *Alfvén wave* is a wave that occurs in a plasma
> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Plasma> (or conducting fluid),
> resulting from the interaction of the magnetic fields and electric
> currents <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Electric_current> within it,
> causing an oscillation of the ions. Alfvén wrote in a letter to the
> journal /Nature/ in 1942:
>
> "If a conducting liquid is placed in a constant magnetic field,
> every motion of the liquid gives rise to an E.M.F. which produces
> electric currents. Owing to the magnetic field, these currents
> give mechanical forces which change the state of motion of the
> liquid. Thus a kind of combined electromagnetic-hydrodynamic wave
> is produced."^[1]
> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave#cite_note-alfven1942-1>
>
>
> Alfvén waves initiated the field of magnetohydrodynamics
> <https://www.plasma-universe.com/Magnetohydrodynamics> which
> subsequently earned Alfvén a Nobel Prize.
>
> Put some thought behind this statement "A conductive liquid"!!
>
> On 1/10/2019 7:41 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n Please read this
>> mans research and see how he was often rejected by fellow physicists.
>>
>> On 1/10/2019 7:31 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>
>>> http://aa.springer.de/papers/7324002/2300449.pdf Still researching
>>> the importance of the Alfven waves in plasma.
>>>
>>> On 1/10/2019 6:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>> Moray, Jon Gentry and Warren asked pertinent questions regarding
>>>> velocities, magnetic flux etc. in plasma events so I did a search
>>>> as to whether Alfven waves have a frequency. This site pretty well
>>>> defines a lot of plasma info that we need. See:
>>>> https://www.britannica.com/science/plasma-state-of-matter#ref507092
>>>>
>>>> On 1/10/2019 6:29 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected]
>>>> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>> Norman
>>>>> Hooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of
>>>>> experimentation, super conductors were not a reality as they are
>>>>> now. The fact that a resistance free conductor might accelerate a
>>>>> potential's velocity, after going through a resistor, suggests an
>>>>> analogy to fluid dynamics, much like Bernuili's principle
>>>>> application of a venturi to gases.
>>>>> The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting our
>>>>> entire circuit thoughts.
>>>>> Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for
>>>>> quantum physics thinking. Whew!
>>>>> Cheers Warren
>>>>>
>>>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>>
>>>>> On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected]
>>>>> [EVGRAY]
>>>>> <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> Good question Warren! Nobody really knows how the potential
>>>>> and current manifest in the conductor passing through a flux
>>>>> field. Your question is valid cause there very well may be
>>>>> some sort of reconnect occurring here. Theory was, that the
>>>>> flux field was photon stream which enabled pairing to produce
>>>>> electrons and attending current. There is still so much that
>>>>> we don't know but things are getting interesting. Read that
>>>>> last doc that I posted for it is very enlightening on this
>>>>> subject. See:
>>>>> http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm This is
>>>>> one of Oles favorites.
>>>>>
>>>>> On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor
>>>>> [email protected]
>>>>> <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Norman
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the
>>>>>> connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the
>>>>>> Kromery, where one slides the magnets at right angles to
>>>>>> their locked together state.
>>>>>> Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn my
>>>>>> Kromery.
>>>>>> Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily
>>>>>> rotates the flywheel, regardless of the load.
>>>>>> Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil
>>>>>> cores.
>>>>>> Are we cutting those magnetic lines?
>>>>>> Cheers Warren
>>>>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan
>>>>>> [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY]
>>>>>> <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>
>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> Recent
>>>>>>>>> Developments
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> Theory
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> Magnetic
>>>>>>>>> Reconnection
>>>>>>>>> Dieter
>>>>>>>>> Biskamp
>>>>>>>>> Max-Planck-Institut
>>>>>>>>> fiir
>>>>>>>>> Plasmaphysik
>>>>>>>>> 8046
>>>>>>>>> Garching
>>>>>>>>> bei
>>>>>>>>> Miinchen,
>>>>>>>>> Federal
>>>>>>>>> Republic
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> Germany
>>>>>>>>> Abstract
>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>> talk
>>>>>>>>> briefly
>>>>>>>>> reviews
>>>>>>>>> previous
>>>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>>>> models,
>>>>>>>>> mainly
>>>>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> Petschek
>>>>>>>>> type,
>>>>>>>>> pointing
>>>>>>>>> out
>>>>>>>>> their
>>>>>>>>> shortcomings
>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>> basic
>>>>>>>>> failure
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> accounting
>>>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>>>> fast
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> limit
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> large
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> Reynolds
>>>>>>>>> number.
>>>>>>>>> It
>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>> shown
>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>>>> limit
>>>>>>>>> no
>>>>>>>>> relevant
>>>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>>>> states
>>>>>>>>> exist.
>>>>>>>>> Instead
>>>>>>>>> strong
>>>>>>>>> small-scale
>>>>>>>>> MHD
>>>>>>>>> turbulence
>>>>>>>>> develops
>>>>>>>>> even
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> 2D
>>>>>>>>> geometry,
>>>>>>>>> giving
>>>>>>>>> rise
>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>> energy
>>>>>>>>> dissipation
>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>> rates
>>>>>>>>> independent
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> value
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> collisional
>>>>>>>>> re-
>>>>>>>>> sistivity.
>>>>>>>>> I
>>>>>>>>> Introduction
>>>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> last
>>>>>>>>> decade
>>>>>>>>> it
>>>>>>>>> has
>>>>>>>>> been realized
>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> presence
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> fields
>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>> a
>>>>>>>>> ubiquitous
>>>>>>>>> phenomenon
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> cosmic
>>>>>>>>> systems.
>>>>>>>>> On
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> one
>>>>>>>>> hand,
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> fields
>>>>>>>>> serve
>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>> a large
>>>>>>>>> energy
>>>>>>>>> reservoir
>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>> tapped
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> a fast
>>>>>>>>> dynamic
>>>>>>>>> process
>>>>>>>>> leading
>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>> various
>>>>>>>>> kinds
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> explosive
>>>>>>>>> events
>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>> flares.
>>>>>>>>> On
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> other
>>>>>>>>> hand,
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> fields
>>>>>>>>> tend
>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>> compressed
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> processes
>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>> protostar
>>>>>>>>> formation
>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>>>> computed
>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>> dominate
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> dynamics
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> later
>>>>>>>>> phases
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> a nonrealistic
>>>>>>>>> way
>>>>>>>>> if
>>>>>>>>> not
>>>>>>>>> dissipated
>>>>>>>>> sufficiently
>>>>>>>>> fast.
>>>>>>>>> To
>>>>>>>>> account
>>>>>>>>> for
>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>> processes of
>>>>>>>>> fast
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>> annihilation
>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> main
>>>>>>>>> objective
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> theory
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>>>>> ion.
>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>>>>> ion
>>>>>>>>> refers
>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> picture
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>> lines.
>>>>>>>>> These
>>>>>>>>> have
>>>>>>>>> a well-defined
>>>>>>>>> meaning
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> a highly
>>>>>>>>> conducting
>>>>>>>>> fluid,
>>>>>>>>> viz.
>>>>>>>>> thin
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> flux
>>>>>>>>> tubes
>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>>>> carried
>>>>>>>>> along
>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> fluid,
>>>>>>>>> maintaining
>>>>>>>>> their
>>>>>>>>> individuality,
>>>>>>>>> though
>>>>>>>>> they
>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>> wound
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> a very
>>>>>>>>> complex
>>>>>>>>> manner.
>>>>>>>>> Only
>>>>>>>>> owing
>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>> finite
>>>>>>>>> electrical
>>>>>>>>> resistivity
>>>>>>>>> or
>>>>>>>>> some
>>>>>>>>> equivalent
>>>>>>>>> process
>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>> two
>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>> lines
>>>>>>>>> coming
>>>>>>>>> close
>>>>>>>>> together
>>>>>>>>> lose
>>>>>>>>> their
>>>>>>>>> identities
>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>> being
>>>>>>>>> cut
>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>> reconnected
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> a different
>>>>>>>>> way.
>>>>>>>>> Though
>>>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>> a local
>>>>>>>>> process,
>>>>>>>>> it
>>>>>>>>> leads
>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>> a change
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>> topology
>>>>>>>>> permitting
>>>>>>>>> new
>>>>>>>>> types
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> large-scale
>>>>>>>>> plasma
>>>>>>>>> motions
>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>> would
>>>>>>>>> otherwise
>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>> inhibited.
>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>> 255
>>>>>>>>> w.
>>>>>>>>> BrinbMnn
>>>>>>>>> et
>>>>>>>>> al.
>>>>>>>>> (eds.J,
>>>>>>>>> Physical
>>>>>>>>> Processes
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> Hot
>>>>>>>>> Cosmic
>>>>>>>>> PlIlsmas,
>>>>>>>>> 255-269.
>>>>>>>>> e
>>>>>>>>> 1990
>>>>>>>>> Kluwer
>>>>>>>>> Academic
>>>>>>>>> Publishers.
>>>>>>>>> 256
>>>>>>>>> change
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> field
>>>>>>>>> is described
>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>> Faraday's
>>>>>>>>> law:
>>>>>>>>> oB
>>>>>>>>> (
>>>>>>>>> ...
>>>>>>>>> )
>>>>>>>>> 2'"
>>>>>>>>> 7it=VX
>>>>>>>>> iixB
>>>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>>>> 'IV
>>>>>>>>> B.
>>>>>>>>> (1)
>>>>>>>>> Here
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> ratio
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> convection
>>>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>>>> (2)
>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>> a convenient
>>>>>>>>> dimensionless
>>>>>>>>> measure
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> resistivity,
>>>>>>>>> Rm
>>>>>>>>> being
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> Reynolds
>>>>>>>>> number.
>>>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>>>> practically
>>>>>>>>> all
>>>>>>>>> astrophysical
>>>>>>>>> plasmas
>>>>>>>>> Rm
>>>>>>>>> is large,
>>>>>>>>> essentially
>>>>>>>>> because
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> large
>>>>>>>>> scales
>>>>>>>>> L.
>>>>>>>>> Hence
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> general
>>>>>>>>> a very
>>>>>>>>> weak
>>>>>>>>> process.
>>>>>>>>> Magnetic
>>>>>>>>> processes
>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>> solar
>>>>>>>>> flares,
>>>>>>>>> however,
>>>>>>>>> seem
>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>> require
>>>>>>>>> fast
>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>> time
>>>>>>>>> scales
>>>>>>>>> practically
>>>>>>>>> independent
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> Rm.
>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>> main
>>>>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>>>>> problem
>>>>>>>>> therefore
>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>> find
>>>>>>>>> models
>>>>>>>>> allowing
>>>>>>>>> sufficiently
>>>>>>>>> high
>>>>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>>>>> ion
>>>>>>>>> rates.
>>>>>>>>> Fast
>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>> not
>>>>>>>>> a diffuse
>>>>>>>>> process,
>>>>>>>>> but
>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>> strongly
>>>>>>>>> localized
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> current
>>>>>>>>> sheets.
>>>>>>>>> Such
>>>>>>>>> current
>>>>>>>>> sheets
>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>> arise
>>>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>>>> any
>>>>>>>>> point
>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>> non-vanishing
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> shear
>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>> a velocity
>>>>>>>>> gradient
>>>>>>>>> along
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> direction
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> shear
>>>>>>>>> perpendicular
>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> field,
>>>>>>>>> i.e.
>>>>>>>>> virtually
>>>>>>>>> everywhere
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> plasma,
>>>>>>>>> as
>>>>>>>>> visualized
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> Fig.
>>>>>>>>> 1.
>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>> simplest
>>>>>>>>> models
>>>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>>>> quasi-stationary
>>>>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>> one
>>>>>>>>> current
>>>>>>>>> sheet
>>>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>>>> a well
>>>>>>>>> defined
>>>>>>>>> location
>>>>>>>>> determined
>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> overall
>>>>>>>>> geometry,
>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>> have
>>>>>>>>> been
>>>>>>>>> investigated
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> conventional
>>>>>>>>> theory
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> reconnection.
>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>> basic
>>>>>>>>> assumption
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> these
>>>>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>>>>> approaches is
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> existence
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> a two-dimensional
>>>>>>>>> subsystem
>>>>>>>>> around
>>>>>>>>> an
>>>>>>>>> X-type
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> neutral
>>>>>>>>> point
>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>> small
>>>>>>>>> compared
>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> global
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> configuration
>>>>>>>>> but
>>>>>>>>> large
>>>>>>>>> compared
>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> so-called
>>>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>>>> region
>>>>>>>>> around
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> neutral
>>>>>>>>> point,
>>>>>>>>> where
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>>>>> term
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> (1)
>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>> important.
>>>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>>>> subsystem
>>>>>>>>> conditions
>>>>>>>>> would
>>>>>>>>> rapidly
>>>>>>>>> adjust
>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>> changes
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> global
>>>>>>>>> configuration,
>>>>>>>>> so
>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> evolution
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> latter
>>>>>>>>> would
>>>>>>>>> correspond
>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>> a sequence
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>>>> states
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> former
>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>> are
>>>>>>>>> steady-state
>>>>>>>>> solutions
>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> boundary
>>>>>>>>> conditions
>>>>>>>>> determined
>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> global
>>>>>>>>> system.
>>>>>>>>> This
>>>>>>>>> is
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> idea
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>>>>> forced
>>>>>>>>> reconnection.
>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>> prototype
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> such
>>>>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>>>>> is Petschek's
>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>> model
>>>>>>>>> 1),
>>>>>>>>> which
>>>>>>>>> is given
>>>>>>>>> schematically
>>>>>>>>> in
>>>>>>>>> Fig.
>>>>>>>>> 2.
>>>>>>>>> In
>>>>>>>>> fact,
>>>>>>>>> much
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>>>>> work
>>>>>>>>> on
>>>>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>>>>> 2
>>>>>>>>> ),3)
>>>>>>>>> consists
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> modifications
>>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>>> refinements
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> this
>>>>>>>>> model.
>>>>>>>>> The
>>>>>>>>> theory
>>>>>>>>> is based
>>>>>>>>> on
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> effect
>>>>>>>>> that
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> motion
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> a plasma
>>>>>>>>> may
>>>>>>>>> be
>>>>>>>>> supersonic
>>>>>>>>> at
>>>>>>>>> arbitrarily
>>>>>>>>> low
>>>>>>>>> speed
>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>> respect
>>>>>>>>> to
>>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>>> slow
>>>>>>>>> mode
>>>>>>>>> . Hence,
>>>>>>>>> by
>>>>>>>>> analogy
>>>>>>>>> with
>>>>>>>>> a system
>>>>>>>>> of
>>>>>>>>> two
>>>>>>>>> supersonic
>>>>>>>>> gas
>>>>>>>>> jets
>>>>>>
>