Body
http://aa.springer.de/papers/7324002/2300449.pdf Still researching the
importance of the Alfven waves in plasma.
On 1/10/2019 6:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> Moray, Jon Gentry and Warren asked pertinent questions regarding
> velocities, magnetic flux etc. in plasma events so I did a search as
> to whether Alfven waves have a frequency. This site pretty well
> defines a lot of plasma info that we need. See:
> https://www.britannica.com/science/plasma-state-of-matter#ref507092
>
> On 1/10/2019 6:29 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected]
> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>> Norman
>> Hooper's work looks very compelling. At his time of experimentation,
>> super conductors were not a reality as they are now. The fact that a
>> resistance free conductor might accelerate a potential's velocity,
>> after going through a resistor, suggests an analogy to fluid
>> dynamics, much like Bernuili's principle application of a venturi to
>> gases.
>> The idea of dielectric conductors is a mind smasher, inverting our
>> entire circuit thoughts.
>> Generally, pretty radical concepts, in a zone to set us up for
>> quantum physics thinking. Whew!
>> Cheers Warren
>>
>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>
>> On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 3:17 PM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY]
>> <[email protected]> wrote:
>>
>> Good question Warren! Nobody really knows how the potential and
>> current manifest in the conductor passing through a flux field.
>> Your question is valid cause there very well may be some sort of
>> reconnect occurring here. Theory was, that the flux field was
>> photon stream which enabled pairing to produce electrons and
>> attending current. There is still so much that we don't know but
>> things are getting interesting. Read that last doc that I
>> posted for it is very enlightening on this subject. See:
>> http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/temp/x565-hen.htm This is one
>> of Oles favorites.
>>
>> On 1/9/2019 9:09 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected]
>> <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>
>>> Norman
>>>
>>> I wonder if, in a down to earth , practical manner, the
>>> connect/re-connect plays a role in, for instance, the Kromery,
>>> where one slides the magnets at right angles to their locked
>>> together state.
>>> Initially, I need both hands to grasp the flywheel to turn my
>>> Kromery.
>>> Once turning, one finger's friction on the rim, easily rotates
>>> the flywheel, regardless of the load.
>>> Too fast, then eddy currents start warming the magnetic coil cores.
>>> Are we cutting those magnetic lines?
>>> Cheers Warren
>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>
>>> On Wed, 9 Jan 2019 at 9:25 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected]
>>> <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY]
>>> <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]> wrote:
>>>
>>> http://young.caltech.edu/Collisionless_Magnetic_Reconnection.html
>>>
>>> On 1/9/2019 8:21 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>> https://phys.org/news/2017-10-hidden-mechanics-magnetic-field-reconnection.html
>>>>
>>>> On 1/9/2019 8:14 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> https://gss.pppl.gov/talks/reconnection%20lecture%201.pdf
>>>>>
>>>>> On 1/9/2019 8:09 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0545-0_14
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Recent
>>>>>> Developments
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> Theory
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> Magnetic
>>>>>> Reconnection
>>>>>> Dieter
>>>>>> Biskamp
>>>>>> Max-Planck-Institut
>>>>>> fiir
>>>>>> Plasmaphysik
>>>>>> 8046
>>>>>> Garching
>>>>>> bei
>>>>>> Miinchen,
>>>>>> Federal
>>>>>> Republic
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> Germany
>>>>>> Abstract
>>>>>> The
>>>>>> talk
>>>>>> briefly
>>>>>> reviews
>>>>>> previous
>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>> models,
>>>>>> mainly
>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> Petschek
>>>>>> type,
>>>>>> pointing
>>>>>> out
>>>>>> their
>>>>>> shortcomings
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> basic
>>>>>> failure
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> accounting
>>>>>> for
>>>>>> fast
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> limit
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> large
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> Reynolds
>>>>>> number.
>>>>>> It
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> shown
>>>>>> that
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> this
>>>>>> limit
>>>>>> no
>>>>>> relevant
>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>> states
>>>>>> exist.
>>>>>> Instead
>>>>>> strong
>>>>>> small-scale
>>>>>> MHD
>>>>>> turbulence
>>>>>> develops
>>>>>> even
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> 2D
>>>>>> geometry,
>>>>>> giving
>>>>>> rise
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> energy
>>>>>> dissipation
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>> rates
>>>>>> independent
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> value
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> collisional
>>>>>> re-
>>>>>> sistivity.
>>>>>> I
>>>>>> Introduction
>>>>>> In
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> last
>>>>>> decade
>>>>>> it
>>>>>> has
>>>>>> been realized
>>>>>> that
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> presence
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> fields
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> a
>>>>>> ubiquitous
>>>>>> phenomenon
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> cosmic
>>>>>> systems.
>>>>>> On
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> one
>>>>>> hand,
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> fields
>>>>>> serve
>>>>>> as
>>>>>> a large
>>>>>> energy
>>>>>> reservoir
>>>>>> which
>>>>>> may
>>>>>> be
>>>>>> tapped
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> a fast
>>>>>> dynamic
>>>>>> process
>>>>>> leading
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> various
>>>>>> kinds
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> explosive
>>>>>> events
>>>>>> such
>>>>>> as
>>>>>> flares.
>>>>>> On
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> other
>>>>>> hand,
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> fields
>>>>>> tend
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> be
>>>>>> compressed
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> processes
>>>>>> such
>>>>>> as
>>>>>> protostar
>>>>>> formation
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> are
>>>>>> computed
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> dominate
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> dynamics
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> later
>>>>>> phases
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> a nonrealistic
>>>>>> way
>>>>>> if
>>>>>> not
>>>>>> dissipated
>>>>>> sufficiently
>>>>>> fast.
>>>>>> To
>>>>>> account
>>>>>> for
>>>>>> such
>>>>>> processes of
>>>>>> fast
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> field
>>>>>> annihilation
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> main
>>>>>> objective
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> theory
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>> ion.
>>>>>> The
>>>>>> term
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>> ion
>>>>>> refers
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> picture
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> field
>>>>>> lines.
>>>>>> These
>>>>>> have
>>>>>> a well-defined
>>>>>> meaning
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> a highly
>>>>>> conducting
>>>>>> fluid,
>>>>>> viz.
>>>>>> thin
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> flux
>>>>>> tubes
>>>>>> which
>>>>>> are
>>>>>> carried
>>>>>> along
>>>>>> with
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> fluid,
>>>>>> maintaining
>>>>>> their
>>>>>> individuality,
>>>>>> though
>>>>>> they
>>>>>> may
>>>>>> be
>>>>>> wound
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> a very
>>>>>> complex
>>>>>> manner.
>>>>>> Only
>>>>>> owing
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> finite
>>>>>> electrical
>>>>>> resistivity
>>>>>> or
>>>>>> some
>>>>>> equivalent
>>>>>> process
>>>>>> may
>>>>>> two
>>>>>> field
>>>>>> lines
>>>>>> coming
>>>>>> close
>>>>>> together
>>>>>> lose
>>>>>> their
>>>>>> identities
>>>>>> by
>>>>>> being
>>>>>> cut
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> reconnected
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> a different
>>>>>> way.
>>>>>> Though
>>>>>> this
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> a local
>>>>>> process,
>>>>>> it
>>>>>> leads
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> a change
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> field
>>>>>> topology
>>>>>> permitting
>>>>>> new
>>>>>> types
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> large-scale
>>>>>> plasma
>>>>>> motions
>>>>>> that
>>>>>> would
>>>>>> otherwise
>>>>>> be
>>>>>> inhibited.
>>>>>> The
>>>>>> 255
>>>>>> w.
>>>>>> BrinbMnn
>>>>>> et
>>>>>> al.
>>>>>> (eds.J,
>>>>>> Physical
>>>>>> Processes
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> Hot
>>>>>> Cosmic
>>>>>> PlIlsmas,
>>>>>> 255-269.
>>>>>> e
>>>>>> 1990
>>>>>> Kluwer
>>>>>> Academic
>>>>>> Publishers.
>>>>>> 256
>>>>>> change
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> field
>>>>>> is described
>>>>>> by
>>>>>> Faraday's
>>>>>> law:
>>>>>> oB
>>>>>> (
>>>>>> ...
>>>>>> )
>>>>>> 2'"
>>>>>> 7it=VX
>>>>>> iixB
>>>>>> +
>>>>>> 'IV
>>>>>> B.
>>>>>> (1)
>>>>>> Here
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> ratio
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>> term
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> convection
>>>>>> term
>>>>>> (2)
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> a convenient
>>>>>> dimensionless
>>>>>> measure
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> resistivity,
>>>>>> Rm
>>>>>> being
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> Reynolds
>>>>>> number.
>>>>>> In
>>>>>> practically
>>>>>> all
>>>>>> astrophysical
>>>>>> plasmas
>>>>>> Rm
>>>>>> is large,
>>>>>> essentially
>>>>>> because
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> large
>>>>>> scales
>>>>>> L.
>>>>>> Hence
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> general
>>>>>> a very
>>>>>> weak
>>>>>> process.
>>>>>> Magnetic
>>>>>> processes
>>>>>> such
>>>>>> as
>>>>>> solar
>>>>>> flares,
>>>>>> however,
>>>>>> seem
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> require
>>>>>> fast
>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>> with
>>>>>> time
>>>>>> scales
>>>>>> practically
>>>>>> independent
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> Rm.
>>>>>> The
>>>>>> main
>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>> problem
>>>>>> therefore
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> find
>>>>>> models
>>>>>> allowing
>>>>>> sufficiently
>>>>>> high
>>>>>> reconnect
>>>>>> ion
>>>>>> rates.
>>>>>> Fast
>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> not
>>>>>> a diffuse
>>>>>> process,
>>>>>> but
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> strongly
>>>>>> localized
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> current
>>>>>> sheets.
>>>>>> Such
>>>>>> current
>>>>>> sheets
>>>>>> may
>>>>>> arise
>>>>>> at
>>>>>> any
>>>>>> point
>>>>>> with
>>>>>> non-vanishing
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> shear
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> a velocity
>>>>>> gradient
>>>>>> along
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> direction
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> shear
>>>>>> perpendicular
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> field,
>>>>>> i.e.
>>>>>> virtually
>>>>>> everywhere
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> plasma,
>>>>>> as
>>>>>> visualized
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> Fig.
>>>>>> 1.
>>>>>> The
>>>>>> simplest
>>>>>> models
>>>>>> are
>>>>>> quasi-stationary
>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>> with
>>>>>> one
>>>>>> current
>>>>>> sheet
>>>>>> at
>>>>>> a well
>>>>>> defined
>>>>>> location
>>>>>> determined
>>>>>> by
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> overall
>>>>>> geometry,
>>>>>> which
>>>>>> have
>>>>>> been
>>>>>> investigated
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> conventional
>>>>>> theory
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> reconnection.
>>>>>> The
>>>>>> basic
>>>>>> assumption
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> these
>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>> approaches is
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> existence
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> a two-dimensional
>>>>>> subsystem
>>>>>> around
>>>>>> an
>>>>>> X-type
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> neutral
>>>>>> point
>>>>>> which
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> small
>>>>>> compared
>>>>>> with
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> global
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> configuration
>>>>>> but
>>>>>> large
>>>>>> compared
>>>>>> with
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> so-called
>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>> region
>>>>>> around
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> neutral
>>>>>> point,
>>>>>> where
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> diffusion
>>>>>> term
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> (1)
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> important.
>>>>>> In
>>>>>> this
>>>>>> subsystem
>>>>>> conditions
>>>>>> would
>>>>>> rapidly
>>>>>> adjust
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> changes
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> global
>>>>>> configuration,
>>>>>> so
>>>>>> that
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> evolution
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> latter
>>>>>> would
>>>>>> correspond
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> a sequence
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>> states
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> former
>>>>>> which
>>>>>> are
>>>>>> steady-state
>>>>>> solutions
>>>>>> with
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> boundary
>>>>>> conditions
>>>>>> determined
>>>>>> by
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> global
>>>>>> system.
>>>>>> This
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> idea
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> stationary
>>>>>> forced
>>>>>> reconnection.
>>>>>> The
>>>>>> prototype
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> such
>>>>>> configurations
>>>>>> is Petschek's
>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>> model
>>>>>> 1),
>>>>>> which
>>>>>> is given
>>>>>> schematically
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> Fig.
>>>>>> 2.
>>>>>> In
>>>>>> fact,
>>>>>> much
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> theoretical
>>>>>> work
>>>>>> on
>>>>>> magnetic
>>>>>> reconnection
>>>>>> 2
>>>>>> ),3)
>>>>>> consists
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> modifications
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> refinements
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> this
>>>>>> model.
>>>>>> The
>>>>>> theory
>>>>>> is based
>>>>>> on
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> effect
>>>>>> that
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> motion
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> a plasma
>>>>>> may
>>>>>> be
>>>>>> supersonic
>>>>>> at
>>>>>> arbitrarily
>>>>>> low
>>>>>> speed
>>>>>> with
>>>>>> respect
>>>>>> to
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> slow
>>>>>> mode
>>>>>> . Hence,
>>>>>> by
>>>>>> analogy
>>>>>> with
>>>>>> a system
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> two
>>>>>> supersonic
>>>>>> gas
>>>>>> jets
>>>
>>