Barycentric Control, Dynamic Counterbary

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_gravity_control_propulsion_research

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism

http://www.rexresearch.com/hooper/hooper1.htm

https://www.wired.com/1998/03/antigravity/

When we look back in History at the negative ionization phenomenon which 
dates back to the old Edison DC grid energizing problems with corona out 
cropping before a current began in the transmission line. Avalanche 
phenomenon.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_discharge

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_avalanche

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge   Please pay particular 
attention to the difference in Positive Ionization and the Negative 
Ionization.   The Ion Wind and avalanche phenomenon is only present in 
the Negative plasma.

See C33 attached

See DC Ion attached

See Cage attached

2.1.3.1 Negative DC Corona Processes
When the stressed conductor is at a negative potential, electron 
avalanches are
initiated at the cathode and develop in a continuously decreasing field 
towards the
anode. Free electrons which, can move much faster than ions in an 
applied field, are
thus concentrated at the tip of the avalanche. A concentration of 
positive ions thus
forms in the region of the gap between the cathode and the boundary 
surface So [4,
67]. This is seen in figure 2.6.
\
\
\ ,
I' () '--____ -=:..
Figure 2.6: Electron Avalanche at the Cathode [4, pg 68]
As can be seen from figure 2.6 free electrons continue to migrate across 
the gap.
Beyond the surface So the free electrons quickly attach themselves to 
the oxygen
molecules to form negative ions, which due to their low drift velocity 
accumulate in
the gap beyond So. Once the development of the first electron avalanche 
has been
completed there are two ion space charges in the gap as shown in figure 2.7.
E
E
I
J
,
\ , \ -
~"-~ +---- \. . \; - - ~
.. _;': : -- :1-:.',:::-
I
I
I
ED '---_ _ ---'---=:::... I
Figure 2.7: Space Charge Following Completion of the First Avalanche [4, 
pg 68]
l3

This page is an introduction  to the charge separation that occurs in 
the micro vortex and possible connection to the AG phenomenon.


This was the meeting at Wright Patterson AFB that kicked off the 
Research into Anti-gravity in 1956.

ELECTROGRAVITIC SYSTEMS

An examination of electrostatic motion,

dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.

TL

565

A9

Bar Code: 3 1401 00034 5879

Due dates omitted.

Shield with Logo:

AF WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES

TECHNICAL LIBRARY

Wright-Patterson

Air Force Base, Ohio 45433

Inner Cover:

ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS

An examination of electrostatic motion,

dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.

Prepared by

Gravity Research Group

Aviation Studies (International) Limited, London

29-31 Cheval Place. Knightsbridge

LONDON S.W. 7 England

Report GRG 013/56 February 1956

TL 565 A9

CONTENTS

Page

Introductory Notes...............1

Discussion.......................3

Conclusions.....................18

APPENDIX

I - Aviation Report extracts....21

I - Electrostatic Patents.......33

* * *

PROPERTY OF USAF

-1-

ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS

An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic

counterbary and barycentric control

It has been accepted as axiomatic that the way to offset the

effects of gravity is to use a lifting surface and considerable

molecular energy to produce a continously applied force that,

for a limited period of time, can remain greater than the effects

of gravitational attraction.The original invention of the glider,

and evolution of the briefly self-sustaining glider, at the turn of

the century led to progressive advances in power and knowledge.

This has been directed to refining the classic Wright Brothers'

approach.Aircraft design is still fundamentally as the Wrights

adumbrated it, with wings, body, tails, moving or flapping

controls, landing gear and so forth.The Wright biplane was a

powered glider, and all subsequent aircraft, including the

supersonic jets of the nineteen-fifties are also powered gliders.

Only one fundamentally different flying principle has so far been

adopted with varying degrees of success.It is the rotating wing

aircraft that has led to the jet lifters and vertical pushers,

coleopters, ducted fans and lift induction turbine propulsion

systems.

But during these decades there was always the possibility

of making efforts to discover the nature of gravity from cosmic

or quantum theory, investigation and observation, with a view

to discerning the physical properties of aviation's enemy.

-2-

It has seemed to Aviation Studies that for some time

insufficient attention has been directed to this kind of research.

If it were successful such developments would change the

concept of sustentation, and confer upon a vehicle qualities

that woul now be regarded as the ultimate in aviation.

This report summarizes in simple form the work that has

been done and is being done in the new field of electrogravitics.

It also outlines the various possible lines of research into the

nature and constituent matter of gravity, and how it has changed

from Newton to Einstein to the modern Hlavaty concept of

gravity as an electromagnetic force that may be controlled like

a light wave.

The report also contains an outline of opinions on the

feasibility of different electrogravitics systems and there is

reference to some of the barycentric control and electrostatic

rigs in operation.

Also included is a list of references to electrogravitics in

successive Aviation Reports since a drive was started by

Aviation Studies (International) Limited to suggest to aviation

business eighteen months ago that the rewards of success are

too far-reaching to be overlooked, especially in view of the

hopeful judgement of the most authoritative voice in micro-

physics.Also listed are some relevant patents on electrostatics

and electrostatic generators in the United States, United Kingdom

and France.

Gravity Research Group

---------------------

25 February 1956

-3-

DISCUSSION

Electrogravitics might be described as a synthesis of

electrostatic energy used for propulsion - either vertical propulsion

or horizontal or both - and gravitics, or dynamic counterbary, in

which energy is also used to set up a local gravitational force

independent of the earth's.

Electrostatic energy for propulsion has been predicted as a

possible means of propulsion in space when the thrust from a neutron

motor or ion motor would be sufficient in a dragless environment

to produce astronomical velocities.But the ion motor is not

strictly a part of the science of electrogravitics, since barycentric

control in an electrogravitics systems is envisaged for a vehicle

operating within the earth's environment and it is not seen

initially for space application.Probably large scale space opera-

tions would have to await the full development of electrogravitics

to enable large pieces of equipment to be moved out of the region

of the earth's strongest gravity effects.So, though electrostatic

motors were thought of in 1925, electrogravitics had its birth after

the War, when Townsend Brown sought to improve on the various

proposals that then existed for electrostatic motors sufficiently to

produce some visible manifestation of sustained motion.Whereas

earlier electrostatic tests were essentially pure research

Brown's rigs were aimed from the outset at producing a flying

article.As a private venture he produced evidence of motion using

condensers in a couple of saucers suspended by arms rotating

round a central tower with input running down the arms.The

massive-k situation was summarized subsequently in a report,

Project Winterhaven, in 1952.Using the data some conclusions

were arrived at that might be expected from ten or more years of

-4-

intensive development - similar to that, for instance, applied to

the turbine engine.Using a number of assumptions as to the

nature of gravity, the report postulated a saucer as the basis of

a possible interceptor with Mach 3 capability.Creation of a

local gravitational system would confer upon the fighter the

sharp-edged changes of direction typical of motion in space.

The essence of electrogravitics thrust is the use of a very

strong positive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative

on the other.The core of the motor is a condenser and the

ability of the condenser to hold its charge (the k-number) is the

yardstick of performance.With air as 1, current dielectrical

materials can yield 6 and use of <STRONG>barium</STRONG> aluminate can raise

this considerably, <STRONG>barium</STRONG> titanium oxide (a baked 
ceramic) can

offer 6,000 and there is promise of 30,000, which would be

sufficient for supersonic speed.

The original Brown rig produced 30 fps on a voltage of

around 50,000 and a small amount of current in the

milliamp range.There was no detailed explanation of gravity

in Project Winterhaven, but it was assumed that particle

dualism in the subatomic structure of gravity would coincide

in its effect with the issuing stream of electrons from the

electrostatic energy source to produce counterbary.The Brown

work probably remains a realistic approach to the practical

realization of electrostatic propulsion and sustentation.What-

ever may be discovered by the Gravity Research Foundation of

New Boston a complete understanding and synthetic reproduction

of gravity is not essential for limited success.The electro-

gravitics saucer can perform the function of a classic lifting

surface - it produces a pushing effect on the under surface and

a suction effect on the upper, but, unlike an airfoil, it does not

require a flow of air to produce the effect.

-5-

First attempts at electrogravitics are unlikely to produce

counterbary, but may lead to development of an electrostatic

VTOL vehicle.Even in its development form this might be an

advance on the molecular heat engine in its capabilities.But

hopes in the new science depend on an understanding of the

source and matter of gravity.It is fortuitous that lift can be

produced in the traditional fashion and if an understanding of

gravity remains beyond full practical control, electrostatic lift

might be an adjunct of some significance to modern thrust

producers.Research into electrostatics could prove beneficial

to turbine development, and heat engines in general, in view of

the usable electron potential round the periphery of any flame.

Materials for electrogravitics and especially the development

of commercial quantities of high-k material is another dividend

to be obtained from electrostatic research even if it produces no

counterbary.This is a line of development that Aviation Studies'

Gravity Research Group is following.

One of the interesting aspects of electrogravitics is that a

breakthrough in almost any part of the broad front of general

research on the intranuclear processes may be translated into

a meaningful advance towards the feasibility of electrogravitics

systems.This demands constant monitoring in the most

likely areas of the physics of high energy sub-nuclear particles.

It is difficult to be overoptimistic about the prospects of gaining

so complete a grasp of gravity while the world's physicists are

still engaged in a study of fundamental particles - that is to say

those that cannot be broken down any more.Fundamental particles

are still being discovered - the most recent was the Segre-

Chamberlain-Wiegand attachment ot the bevatron, which was

used to isolate the missing anti-proton, which must - or should

be presumed to - exist according to Dirac's theory of the electron.

-6-

Much of the accepted mathematics of particles would be wrong

if the anti-proton was proved to be non-existent.Earlier

Eddington has listed the fundamental particles as:-

e The charge of an electron.

m the mass of an electron.

M the mass of a proton.

h Planck's contant

c The velocity of light.

G The constant of gravitation, and

L The cosmological constant

It is generally held that no one of these can be inferred from

the others.But electrons may well disappear from among the

fundamental particles, though, as Russell says, it is likely that

e and m will survive.The constants are much more established

than the interpretation of them and are among the most solid of

achievements in modern physics.

* * *

Gravity may be defined as a small scale departure from

Euclidean space in the general theory of relativity.The

gravitational constant is one of four dimensionless constants:

first, the mass relation of the nucleon and electron.Second is

e^2/hc, third, the Compton wavelength of the proton, and fourth

is the gravitational constant, which is the ratio of the electrostatic

-7-

to the gravitational attraction between the electron and the

proton.

One of the stumbling blocks in electrogravitics is the

absence of any satisfacotry theory linking these four dimension-

less quantities.Of the four, moreover, gravity is decidedly the

most complex, since any explanation would have to satisfy both

cosmic and quantum relations more acceptably and intelligibly even

than in the unified field theory.A gravitational constant of

around 10^-30 has emerged from quantum research and this has

been used as a tool for finding theories that could link the two

relations.This work is now in full progress, and developments

have to be watched for the aviation angle.Hitherto Dirac,

Eddington, Jordan and others have produced differences in theory

that are too wide to be accepted as consistent.It means therefore

that (i) without a cosmological basis, and (ii) with an imprecise

quantum basis and (iii) a vague hypothesis on the interaction,

much remains still to be discovered.Indeed some say that a

single interacting theory to link up the dimensionless constants

is one of three major unresolved basic problems of physics.

The other two main problems are the extension of quantum theory

and a more detailed knowledge of the fundamental particles.

All this is some distance from Newton, who saw gravity as

a force acting on a body from a distance, leading to the tendency

of bodies to accelerate towards each other.He allied this

assumption with Euclidean geometry, and time was assumed as

uniform and acted independently of space.Bodies and particles

in space normally moved uniformly in straight lines according

to Newton, and to account for the way they sometimes do not do

so, he used the idea of a force of gravity acting at a distance,

in which particles of matter cause in others an acceleration

proportional to their mass, and inversely proportional to the

-8-

square of the distance between them.

But Einstein showed how the principle of least action, or

the so-called cosmic laziness means that particles, on the

contrary, follow the easiest path along geodesic lines and as a

result they get readily absorbed into space-time.So was born

non-linear physics.The classic example of non-linear physics

is the experiment in bombarding a screen with two slits.When

both slits are open particles going through are not the sum of

the two individually but follows a non-linear equation.This

leads on to wave-particle dualism and that in turn to the

Heisenberg uncertainty principle in which an increase in accuracy

in measurement of one physical quantity means decreasing

accuracy in measuring the other.If time is measured accurately

energy calculations will be in error; the more accurate the

position of a particle is established the less certain the velocity

will be; and so on.This basic principle of the acausality of

microphysics affects the study of gravity in the special and

general theories of relativity.Lack of pictoral image in the

quantum physics of this interrelationship is a difficulty at the

outset for those whose minds remain obstinately Euclidean.

In the special theory of relativity, space-time is seen only

as an undefined interval which can be defined in any way that is

convenient and the Newtonian idea of persistent particles in

motion to explain gravity cannot be accepted.It must be seen

rather as a synthesis of forces in a four dimensional continuum,

three to establish the position and one the time.The general

theory of relativity that followed a decade later was a

geometrical explanation of gravitation in which bodies take the

geodesic path through space-time.In turn this means that

instead of the idea of a force acting at a distance it is assumed

that space, time, radiation and particles are linked and

variations in them from gravity are due rather to the nature of

space.

-9-

Thus gravity of a body such as the earth, instead of pulling

object towards it as Newton postulated, is adjusting the

characteristics of space and, it may be inferred, the quantum

mechanics of space in the vicinity of the gravitational force.

Electrogravitics aims at correcting this adjustment to put

matter, so to speak, 'at rest'.

* * *

One of the difficulties in 1954 and 1955 was to get aviation

to take electrogravitics seriously.The name alone was enough

to put people off.However, in the trade much progress has

been made and now most major companies in the United States

are interested in counterbary.Groups are being organised to

study electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena.Most of

industry's leaders have made some reference to it.Douglas

has now stated that it has counterbary on its work agenda but

does not expect results yet awhile.Hiller has referred to new

forms of flying platform, Glenn Martin say gravity control could

be achieved in six years, but they add that it would entail a

Manhattan District type of effort to bring it about.Sikorsky,

one of the pioneers, more or less agrees with the Douglas verdict

and says that gravity is tangible and formidable, but there must

be a physical carrier for this immense trans-spatial force.This

implies that where a physical manifestation exists, a physical

device and be developed for creating a similar force moving in

the opposite direction to cancel it.Clarke Electronics state

thay have a rig, and add that in their view the source of

gravity's force will be understood sooner than some people

think.General Electric is working on the use of electronic rigs

designed to make adjustments to gravity - this line of attack

has the advantage of using rigs already in existence for other

defence work.Bell also has an experimental rig intended, as

-10-

the company puts it, to cancel out gravity, and Lawrence Bell

has said he is convinced that practical hardware will emerge

from current programs.Grover Leoning is certain that what

he referred to as an electro-magnetic contra-gravity mechanism

will be developed for practical use.Convair is extensively

committed to the work with several rigs.Lear Inc., autopilot

and electronic engineers have a division of the company working

on gravity research and so also has the Sperry division of

Sperry-Rand.This list embraces most of the U.S. aircraft

industry.The remainder, Curtiss-Wright, Lockheed, Boeing

and North American have not yet declared themselves, but all

these four are known to be in various stages of study with and

without rigs.

In addition, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is

working on gravity, the Gravity Research Foundation of New

Boston, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the

CalTech Radiation Laboratory, Princeton University and the

University of North Carolina are all active in gravity.Glenn

L. Martin is setting up a Research Institute for Advanced Study

which has a small staff working on gravity research with the

unified field theory and this group is committed to extensive

programs of applied research.Many others are also known to

be studying gravity, some are known also to be planning

a general expansion in this field, such as the proposed

Institute for Pure Physics at the University of North Carolina.

A certain amount of work is also going on in Europe.One

of the French nationalized constructors and one company outside

the nationalized elements have been making preliminary studies,

and a little company money has in one case actually been

committed.Some work is also going on in Britain where rigs

are now in existence.Most of it is private tenure work, such

-11-

as that being done by Ed Hull, a colleague of Townsend Brown

who, as much as anybody, introduced Europe to electrogravitics.

Aviation Studies' Gravity Research Group is doing some work,

mainly on k studies, and is sponsoring dielectric investigations.

One Swedish company and two Canadian companies have

been making studies, and quite recently the Germans have

woken up to the possibilities.Several of the companies have

started digging out some of the early German papers on wave

physics.They are almost certain to plan a gravitics program.

Curiously enough the Germans during the war paid no attention

to electrogravitics.This is one line of advance that they did

not pioneer in any way and is still basically a U.S. creation.

Townsend Brown in electrogravitics is the equivalent of Frank

Whittle in gas turbines.This German overlooking of

electrostatics is even more surprising when it is remembered

how astonishingly advanced and prescient the Germans were in

nuclear research.(The modern theory of making thermonuclear

weapons without plutonium fission initiators returns to the original

German idea that was dismissed, even ridiculed.The Germans

never went very far with fission, indeed they doubted that this

chain would ever be made to work.)The German air industry,

still in the embryo stage, has included electrogravitics among

the subjects it intends to examine when establishing the policy

that the individual companies will adopt after the present early

stage of foreign licence has enabled industry to get abreast

of the other countries in aircraft development.

* * *

It is impossible to read through this summary of the

widening efforts being made to understand the nature of matter

of gravity without sharing the hope that many groups now have,

of major theoretical breakthroughs occurring before very long.

-12-

Experience in nucleonics has shown that when attempts to win

knowledge on this scale are made, advances are soon seen.

There are a number of elements in industry, and some

managements, who see gravity as a problem for later genera-

tions.Many see nothing in it all and they might be right.But as

said earlier, if Dr. Vaclav Hlavaty thinks gravity is

potentially controllable that surely should be justification

enough, and indeed inspiration, for physicists to apply their

minds and for management to take a risk.Hlavaty is the only

man who thinks he can see a way of doing the mathematics to

demonstrate Einstein's unified field theory - something that

Einstein himself said was beyond him.Relativity and the unified

field theory go to the root of electrogravitics and the shifts

in thinking, the hopes and fears, and a measure of progress is

to be obtained only in the last resort from men of this stature.

Major theoretical breakthroughs to discover the sources

of gravity will be made by the most advanced intellects using

the most advanced research tools.Aviation's role is therefore

to impress upon physicists of this calibre with the urgency of

the matter and to aid them with statistical and peripheral

investigations that will help to clarify the background to the

central mathematics and physical puzzles.Aviation could also

assist by recruiting some of these men as advisers.Convair has

taken the initiative with its recently established panel of advisers

on nuclear projects, which include Dr. Edward Teller of the

University of California.At the same time much can be done in

development of laboratory rigs, condenser research and dielectric

development, which do not require anything like the same

cerebral capacity to get results and make a practical contribution.

As gravity is likely to be linked with the new particles, only

the highest powered particle accelerators are likely to be of use

-13-

in further fundamental knowledge.The country with the biggest

tools of this kind is in the best position to examine the

characteristics of the particles and from these countries the

greatest advances seem most likely.

Though the United States has the biggest of the bevatrons -

the Berkeley bevatron is 6.2 bev - the Russians have a 10 bev

accelerator in construction which, when it is completed, will

be the world's largest.At Brookhaven a 25 bev instrument is

in development which, in turn, will be the biggest.Other

countries without comparable facilities are of course at a

great disadvantage from the outset in the contest to discover the

explanations of gravity.Electrogravitics, moreover, unfortunately

competes with nuclear studies for its facilities.The clearest

thinking brains are bound to be attracted to locations where the

most extensive laboratory equipment exists.So, one way and

another, results are most likely to come from the major

countries with the biggest undertakings.Thus the nuclear

facilities have a direct bearing on the scope for electrogravitics

work.

The OEEC report in January made the following points:-

The U.S. has six to eight entirely different types of reactor in

operation and many more under construction.Europe has now

two different types in service.

The U.S. has about 30 research reactors plus four in Britain,

two in France.

The U.S. has two nuclear-powered marine engines.Europe has

none, but the U.K. is building one.

Isotope separation plants for the enrichment of uranium in

the U.S. are roughly 11 times larger than the European

plant in Britain.

Europe's only heavy water plant (in Norway) produces somewhat

less than one-twentieth of American output.

In 1955 the number of technicians employed in nuclear energy

work in the U.S. was about 15,000; there are about 5,000 in

Britain, 1,800 in France, and about 1,000 in the rest of

Europe.But the working party says that pessimistic conclusions

should not be drawn from these comparisons.European nuclear

energy effort is evenly divided at the moment, but some

countries have notable achievements to their credit and important

developments in prospect.The main reason for optimism is

that, taken as a whole, &quot;Europe's present nuclear effort falls

very far short of its industrial potential&quot;.

Though gravity research, such as there has been of it,

has been unclassified, new principles and information gained

from the nuclear research facilities that have a vehicle application

is expected to be withheld.

The heart of the problem to understanding gravity is likely

to prove to be the way in which the very high energy sub-nuclear

particles convert something, whatever it is, continuously and

automatically into the tremendous nuclear and electromagnetic

forces.Once this key is understood, attention can later be

directed to finding laboratory means of duplicating the process

and reversing its force lines in some local environment and

returning the energy to itself to produce counterbary.Looking

beyond it seems possible that gravitation will be shown to be a

part of the universal electro-magnetic processes and controlled

-15-

in the same way as a light wave or radio wave.This is a synthesis

of the Einstein and Hlavaty concepts.Hence it follows that though

in its initial form the mechanical processes for countering

gravity may initially be massive to deal with the massive forces

involved, eventually this could be expected to form some central

power generation unit.Barycentric control in some required

quantity could be passed over a distance by a form of radio

wave.The prime energy source to energise the waves would

of course be nuclear in its origins.

It is difficult to say which lines of detailed development

being processed in the immediate future is more likely to yield

significant results.Perhaps the three most promising are:

first, the new attempt by the team of men led by Chamberlain

working with the Berkeley bevatron to find the anti-neutron,

and to identify more of the characteristics of the anti-proton*

and each of the string of high energy particles that have been

discovered during recent operations at 6.2 bev.

A second line of approach is the United States National

Bureau of Standards program to pin down with greater accuracy

the acceleration values of gravity.The presently accepted figure

___________________________________________________________

*The reaction is as follows:protons are accelerated to 6.2 bev,

and directed at a target of copper.When the proton projectile

hits a neutron in one of the copper atoms the following emerge:

the two original particles (the projectile and the struck neutron)

and a new pair of particles, a proton and anti-proton.The

anti-proton continues briefly until it hits another proton, then

both disappear and decay into mesons.

___________________________________________________________

-16-

of 32.174 feet per second per second is known to be not

comprehensive, though it has been sufficiently accurte

for the limited needs of industry hitherto.The NBS program

aims at re-determining the strength of gravity to within one

part of a million. The present method thas been to hold a ball

16 feet up and chart the elapsed time of descent with electronic

measuring equipment.The new program is based on the old, but

with this exceptional degree of accuracy it is naturally immensely

more difficult and is expected to take 3 years.

A third promising line is the new technique of measuring

high energy particles in motion that was started by the

University of California last year.This involves passing

cosmic rays through a chamber containing a mixture of gas,

alcohol and water vapour.This creates charged atoms, or

positive ions, by knocking electrons off the gas molecules.A

sudden expansion of the chamber results in a condensation of

water droplets along the track which can be plotted on a

photographic plate.This method makes it easier to assess the

energy of particles and to distinguish one from the other.It

also helps to establish the characteristics of the different

types of particles.The relationship between these high energy

particles, and their origin, and characteristics, have a bearing

on electrogravitics in general.

So much of what has to be discovered as a necessary

preliminary to gravity is of no practical use by itself.There is

no conceivable use, for instance, for the anti-proton, yet its

discovery even at a cost of $9-million is essential to check the

mathematics of the fundamental components of matter.Similarly

it is necessary to check that all the nuclear ghosts that have been

postulated theoretically do in fact exist.It is not, moreover,

sufficient, as in the past, only to observe the particles by

-17-

radiation counters.In each instance a mechanical maze has to

be devised and attached to a particle accelerator to trap only

the particle concerned.Each discovery becomes a wedge for

a deeper probe of the nucleus.Many of the particles of very high

energy have only a fleeting existence and collisions that give

rise to them from bevatron

-- 

ZE [email protected] +351 53 22244ZarSoft Corporation

&quot;Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't go 
away.&quot;

Philip K. Dick

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When in 9th grade, high school 1953 and going through the DeVry 
Electronics Course, I just had to build my own Geiger Counter for the 
Science Fair.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube

On 2/12/2019 8:38 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_gravity_control_propulsion_research
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism
>
> http://www.rexresearch.com/hooper/hooper1.htm
>
> https://www.wired.com/1998/03/antigravity/
>
> When we look back in History at the negative ionization phenomenon 
> which dates back to the old Edison DC grid energizing problems with 
> corona out cropping before a current began in the transmission line. 
> Avalanche phenomenon.
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_discharge
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_avalanche
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge Please pay particular 
> attention to the difference in Positive Ionization and the Negative 
> Ionization.   The Ion Wind and avalanche phenomenon is only present in 
> the Negative plasma.
>
> See C33 attached
>
> See DC Ion attached
>
> See Cage attached
>
> 2.1.3.1 Negative DC Corona Processes
> When the stressed conductor is at a negative potential, electron 
> avalanches are
> initiated at the cathode and develop in a continuously decreasing 
> field towards the
> anode. Free electrons which, can move much faster than ions in an 
> applied field, are
> thus concentrated at the tip of the avalanche. A concentration of 
> positive ions thus
> forms in the region of the gap between the cathode and the boundary 
> surface So [4,
> 67]. This is seen in figure 2.6.
> \
> \
> \ ,
> I' () '--____ -=:..
> Figure 2.6: Electron Avalanche at the Cathode [4, pg 68]
> As can be seen from figure 2.6 free electrons continue to migrate 
> across the gap.
> Beyond the surface So the free electrons quickly attach themselves to 
> the oxygen
> molecules to form negative ions, which due to their low drift velocity 
> accumulate in
> the gap beyond So. Once the development of the first electron 
> avalanche has been
> completed there are two ion space charges in the gap as shown in 
> figure 2.7.
> E
> E
> I
> J
> ,
> \ , \ -
> ~"-~ +---- \. . \; - - ~
> .. _;': : -- :1-:.',:::-
> I
> I
> I
> ED '---_ _ ---'---=:::... I
> Figure 2.7: Space Charge Following Completion of the First Avalanche 
> [4, pg 68]
> l3
>
> This page is an introduction  to the charge separation that occurs in 
> the micro vortex and possible connection to the AG phenomenon.
>
>
> This was the meeting at Wright Patterson AFB that kicked off the 
> Research into Anti-gravity in 1956.
>
> ELECTROGRAVITIC SYSTEMS
>
> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>
> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>
> TL
>
> 565
>
> A9
>
> Bar Code: 3 1401 00034 5879
>
> Due dates omitted.
>
> Shield with Logo:
>
> AF WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES
>
> TECHNICAL LIBRARY
>
> Wright-Patterson
>
> Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
>
> Inner Cover:
>
> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>
> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>
> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>
> Prepared by
>
> Gravity Research Group
>
> Aviation Studies (International) Limited, London
>
> 29-31 Cheval Place. Knightsbridge
>
> LONDON S.W. 7 England
>
> Report GRG 013/56 February 1956
>
> TL 565 A9
>
> CONTENTS
>
> Page
>
> Introductory Notes...............1
>
> Discussion.......................3
>
> Conclusions.....................18
>
> APPENDIX
>
> I - Aviation Report extracts....21
>
> I - Electrostatic Patents.......33
>
> * * *
>
> PROPERTY OF USAF
>
> -1-
>
> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>
> An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic
>
> counterbary and barycentric control
>
> It has been accepted as axiomatic that the way to offset the
>
> effects of gravity is to use a lifting surface and considerable
>
> molecular energy to produce a continously applied force that,
>
> for a limited period of time, can remain greater than the effects
>
> of gravitational attraction.The original invention of the glider,
>
> and evolution of the briefly self-sustaining glider, at the turn of
>
> the century led to progressive advances in power and knowledge.
>
> This has been directed to refining the classic Wright Brothers'
>
> approach.Aircraft design is still fundamentally as the Wrights
>
> adumbrated it, with wings, body, tails, moving or flapping
>
> controls, landing gear and so forth.The Wright biplane was a
>
> powered glider, and all subsequent aircraft, including the
>
> supersonic jets of the nineteen-fifties are also powered gliders.
>
> Only one fundamentally different flying principle has so far been
>
> adopted with varying degrees of success.It is the rotating wing
>
> aircraft that has led to the jet lifters and vertical pushers,
>
> coleopters, ducted fans and lift induction turbine propulsion
>
> systems.
>
> But during these decades there was always the possibility
>
> of making efforts to discover the nature of gravity from cosmic
>
> or quantum theory, investigation and observation, with a view
>
> to discerning the physical properties of aviation's enemy.
>
> -2-
>
> It has seemed to Aviation Studies that for some time
>
> insufficient attention has been directed to this kind of research.
>
> If it were successful such developments would change the
>
> concept of sustentation, and confer upon a vehicle qualities
>
> that woul now be regarded as the ultimate in aviation.
>
> This report summarizes in simple form the work that has
>
> been done and is being done in the new field of electrogravitics.
>
> It also outlines the various possible lines of research into the
>
> nature and constituent matter of gravity, and how it has changed
>
> from Newton to Einstein to the modern Hlavaty concept of
>
> gravity as an electromagnetic force that may be controlled like
>
> a light wave.
>
> The report also contains an outline of opinions on the
>
> feasibility of different electrogravitics systems and there is
>
> reference to some of the barycentric control and electrostatic
>
> rigs in operation.
>
> Also included is a list of references to electrogravitics in
>
> successive Aviation Reports since a drive was started by
>
> Aviation Studies (International) Limited to suggest to aviation
>
> business eighteen months ago that the rewards of success are
>
> too far-reaching to be overlooked, especially in view of the
>
> hopeful judgement of the most authoritative voice in micro-
>
> physics.Also listed are some relevant patents on electrostatics
>
> and electrostatic generators in the United States, United Kingdom
>
> and France.
>
> Gravity Research Group
>
> ---------------------
>
> 25 February 1956
>
> -3-
>
> DISCUSSION
>
> Electrogravitics might be described as a synthesis of
>
> electrostatic energy used for propulsion - either vertical propulsion
>
> or horizontal or both - and gravitics, or dynamic counterbary, in
>
> which energy is also used to set up a local gravitational force
>
> independent of the earth's.
>
> Electrostatic energy for propulsion has been predicted as a
>
> possible means of propulsion in space when the thrust from a neutron
>
> motor or ion motor would be sufficient in a dragless environment
>
> to produce astronomical velocities.But the ion motor is not
>
> strictly a part of the science of electrogravitics, since barycentric
>
> control in an electrogravitics systems is envisaged for a vehicle
>
> operating within the earth's environment and it is not seen
>
> initially for space application.Probably large scale space opera-
>
> tions would have to await the full development of electrogravitics
>
> to enable large pieces of equipment to be moved out of the region
>
> of the earth's strongest gravity effects.So, though electrostatic
>
> motors were thought of in 1925, electrogravitics had its birth after
>
> the War, when Townsend Brown sought to improve on the various
>
> proposals that then existed for electrostatic motors sufficiently to
>
> produce some visible manifestation of sustained motion.Whereas
>
> earlier electrostatic tests were essentially pure research
>
> Brown's rigs were aimed from the outset at producing a flying
>
> article.As a private venture he produced evidence of motion using
>
> condensers in a couple of saucers suspended by arms rotating
>
> round a central tower with input running down the arms.The
>
> massive-k situation was summarized subsequently in a report,
>
> Project Winterhaven, in 1952.Using the data some conclusions
>
> were arrived at that might be expected from ten or more years of
>
> -4-
>
> intensive development - similar to that, for instance, applied to
>
> the turbine engine.Using a number of assumptions as to the
>
> nature of gravity, the report postulated a saucer as the basis of
>
> a possible interceptor with Mach 3 capability.Creation of a
>
> local gravitational system would confer upon the fighter the
>
> sharp-edged changes of direction typical of motion in space.
>
> The essence of electrogravitics thrust is the use of a very
>
> strong positive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative
>
> on the other.The core of the motor is a condenser and the
>
> ability of the condenser to hold its charge (the k-number) is the
>
> yardstick of performance.With air as 1, current dielectrical
>
> materials can yield 6 and use of <STRONG>barium</STRONG> aluminate can 
> raise
>
> this considerably, <STRONG>barium</STRONG> titanium oxide (a baked 
> ceramic) can
>
> offer 6,000 and there is promise of 30,000, which would be
>
> sufficient for supersonic speed.
>
> The original Brown rig produced 30 fps on a voltage of
>
> around 50,000 and a small amount of current in the
>
> milliamp range.There was no detailed explanation of gravity
>
> in Project Winterhaven, but it was assumed that particle
>
> dualism in the subatomic structure of gravity would coincide
>
> in its effect with the issuing stream of electrons from the
>
> electrostatic energy source to produce counterbary.The Brown
>
> work probably remains a realistic approach to the practical
>
> realization of electrostatic propulsion and sustentation.What-
>
> ever may be discovered by the Gravity Research Foundation of
>
> New Boston a complete understanding and synthetic reproduction
>
> of gravity is not essential for limited success.The electro-
>
> gravitics saucer can perform the function of a classic lifting
>
> surface - it produces a pushing effect on the under surface and
>
> a suction effect on the upper, but, unlike an airfoil, it does not
>
> require a flow of air to produce the effect.
>
> -5-
>
> First attempts at electrogravitics are unlikely to produce
>
> counterbary, but may lead to development of an electrostatic
>
> VTOL vehicle.Even in its development form this might be an
>
> advance on the molecular heat engine in its capabilities.But
>
> hopes in the new science depend on an understanding of the
>
> source and matter of gravity.It is fortuitous that lift can be
>
> produced in the traditional fashion and if an understanding of
>
> gravity remains beyond full practical control, electrostatic lift
>
> might be an adjunct of some significance to modern thrust
>
> producers.Research into electrostatics could prove beneficial
>
> to turbine development, and heat engines in general, in view of
>
> the usable electron potential round the periphery of any flame.
>
> Materials for electrogravitics and especially the development
>
> of commercial quantities of high-k material is another dividend
>
> to be obtained from electrostatic research even if it produces no
>
> counterbary.This is a line of development that Aviation Studies'
>
> Gravity Research Group is following.
>
> One of the interesting aspects of electrogravitics is that a
>
> breakthrough in almost any part of the broad front of general
>
> research on the intranuclear processes may be translated into
>
> a meaningful advance towards the feasibility of electrogravitics
>
> systems.This demands constant monitoring in the most
>
> likely areas of the physics of high energy sub-nuclear particles.
>
> It is difficult to be overoptimistic about the prospects of gaining
>
> so complete a grasp of gravity while the world's physicists are
>
> still engaged in a study of fundamental particles - that is to say
>
> those that cannot be broken down any more.Fundamental particles
>
> are still being discovered - the most recent was the Segre-
>
> Chamberlain-Wiegand attachment ot the bevatron, which was
>
> used to isolate the missing anti-proton, which must - or should
>
> be presumed to - exist according to Dirac's theory of the electron.
>
> -6-
>
> Much of the accepted mathematics of particles would be wrong
>
> if the anti-proton was proved to be non-existent.Earlier
>
> Eddington has listed the fundamental particles as:-
>
> e The charge of an electron.
>
> m the mass of an electron.
>
> M the mass of a proton.
>
> h Planck's contant
>
> c The velocity of light.
>
> G The constant of gravitation, and
>
> L The cosmological constant
>
> It is generally held that no one of these can be inferred from
>
> the others.But electrons may well disappear from among the
>
> fundamental particles, though, as Russell says, it is likely that
>
> e and m will survive.The constants are much more established
>
> than the interpretation of them and are among the most solid of
>
> achievements in modern physics.
>
> * * *
>
> Gravity may be defined as a small scale departure from
>
> Euclidean space in the general theory of relativity.The
>
> gravitational constant is one of four dimensionless constants:
>
> first, the mass relation of the nucleon and electron.Second is
>
> e^2/hc, third, the Compton wavelength of the proton, and fourth
>
> is the gravitational constant, which is the ratio of the electrostatic
>
> -7-
>
> to the gravitational attraction between the electron and the
>
> proton.
>
> One of the stumbling blocks in electrogravitics is the
>
> absence of any satisfacotry theory linking these four dimension-
>
> less quantities.Of the four, moreover, gravity is decidedly the
>
> most complex, since any explanation would have to satisfy both
>
> cosmic and quantum relations more acceptably and intelligibly even
>
> than in the unified field theory.A gravitational constant of
>
> around 10^-30 has emerged from quantum research and this has
>
> been used as a tool for finding theories that could link the two
>
> relations.This work is now in full progress, and developments
>
> have to be watched for the aviation angle.Hitherto Dirac,
>
> Eddington, Jordan and others have produced differences in theory
>
> that are too wide to be accepted as consistent.It means therefore
>
> that (i) without a cosmological basis, and (ii) with an imprecise
>
> quantum basis and (iii) a vague hypothesis on the interaction,
>
> much remains still to be discovered.Indeed some say that a
>
> single interacting theory to link up the dimensionless constants
>
> is one of three major unresolved basic problems of physics.
>
> The other two main problems are the extension of quantum theory
>
> and a more detailed knowledge of the fundamental particles.
>
> All this is some distance from Newton, who saw gravity as
>
> a force acting on a body from a distance, leading to the tendency
>
> of bodies to accelerate towards each other.He allied this
>
> assumption with Euclidean geometry, and time was assumed as
>
> uniform and acted independently of space.Bodies and particles
>
> in space normally moved uniformly in straight lines according
>
> to Newton, and to account for the way they sometimes do not do
>
> so, he used the idea of a force of gravity acting at a distance,
>
> in which particles of matter cause in others an acceleration
>
> proportional to their mass, and inversely proportional to the
>
> -8-
>
> square of the distance between them.
>
> But Einstein showed how the principle of least action, or
>
> the so-called cosmic laziness means that particles, on the
>
> contrary, follow the easiest path along geodesic lines and as a
>
> result they get readily absorbed into space-time.So was born
>
> non-linear physics.The classic example of non-linear physics
>
> is the experiment in bombarding a screen with two slits.When
>
> both slits are open particles going through are not the sum of
>
> the two individually but follows a non-linear equation.This
>
> leads on to wave-particle dualism and that in turn to the
>
> Heisenberg uncertainty principle in which an increase in accuracy
>
> in measurement of one physical quantity means decreasing
>
> accuracy in measuring the other.If time is measured accurately
>
> energy calculations will be in error; the more accurate the
>
> position of a particle is established the less certain the velocity
>
> will be; and so on.This basic principle of the acausality of
>
> microphysics affects the study of gravity in the special and
>
> general theories of relativity.Lack of pictoral image in the
>
> quantum physics of this interrelationship is a difficulty at the
>
> outset for those whose minds remain obstinately Euclidean.
>
> In the special theory of relativity, space-time is seen only
>
> as an undefined interval which can be defined in any way that is
>
> convenient and the Newtonian idea of persistent particles in
>
> motion to explain gravity cannot be accepted.It must be seen
>
> rather as a synthesis of forces in a four dimensional continuum,
>
> three to establish the position and one the time.The general
>
> theory of relativity that followed a decade later was a
>
> geometrical explanation of gravitation in which bodies take the
>
> geodesic path through space-time.In turn this means that
>
> instead of the idea of a force acting at a distance it is assumed
>
> that space, time, radiation and particles are linked and
>
> variations in them from gravity are due rather to the nature of
>
> space.
>
> -9-
>
> Thus gravity of a body such as the earth, instead of pulling
>
> object towards it as Newton postulated, is adjusting the
>
> characteristics of space and, it may be inferred, the quantum
>
> mechanics of space in the vicinity of the gravitational force.
>
> Electrogravitics aims at correcting this adjustment to put
>
> matter, so to speak, 'at rest'.
>
> * * *
>
> One of the difficulties in 1954 and 1955 was to get aviation
>
> to take electrogravitics seriously.The name alone was enough
>
> to put people off.However, in the trade much progress has
>
> been made and now most major companies in the United States
>
> are interested in counterbary.Groups are being organised to
>
> study electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena.Most of
>
> industry's leaders have made some reference to it.Douglas
>
> has now stated that it has counterbary on its work agenda but
>
> does not expect results yet awhile.Hiller has referred to new
>
> forms of flying platform, Glenn Martin say gravity control could
>
> be achieved in six years, but they add that it would entail a
>
> Manhattan District type of effort to bring it about.Sikorsky,
>
> one of the pioneers, more or less agrees with the Douglas verdict
>
> and says that gravity is tangible and formidable, but there must
>
> be a physical carrier for this immense trans-spatial force.This
>
> implies that where a physical manifestation exists, a physical
>
> device and be developed for creating a similar force moving in
>
> the opposite direction to cancel it.Clarke Electronics state
>
> thay have a rig, and add that in their view the source of
>
> gravity's force will be understood sooner than some people
>
> think.General Electric is working on the use of electronic rigs
>
> designed to make adjustments to gravity - this line of attack
>
> has the advantage of using rigs already in existence for other
>
> defence work.Bell also has an experimental rig intended, as
>
> -10-
>
> the company puts it, to cancel out gravity, and Lawrence Bell
>
> has said he is convinced that practical hardware will emerge
>
> from current programs.Grover Leoning is certain that what
>
> he referred to as an electro-magnetic contra-gravity mechanism
>
> will be developed for practical use.Convair is extensively
>
> committed to the work with several rigs.Lear Inc., autopilot
>
> and electronic engineers have a division of the company working
>
> on gravity research and so also has the Sperry division of
>
> Sperry-Rand.This list embraces most of the U.S. aircraft
>
> industry.The remainder, Curtiss-Wright, Lockheed, Boeing
>
> and North American have not yet declared themselves, but all
>
> these four are known to be in various stages of study with and
>
> without rigs.
>
> In addition, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is
>
> working on gravity, the Gravity Research Foundation of New
>
> Boston, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the
>
> CalTech Radiation Laboratory, Princeton University and the
>
> University of North Carolina are all active in gravity.Glenn
>
> L. Martin is setting up a Research Institute for Advanced Study
>
> which has a small staff working on gravity research with the
>
> unified field theory and this group is committed to extensive
>
> programs of applied research.Many others are also known to
>
> be studying gravity, some are known also to be planning
>
> a general expansion in this field, such as the proposed
>
> Institute for Pure Physics at the University of North Carolina.
>
> A certain amount of work is also going on in Europe.One
>
> of the French nationalized constructors and one company outside
>
> the nationalized elements have been making preliminary studies,
>
> and a little company money has in one case actually been
>
> committed.Some work is also going on in Britain where rigs
>
> are now in existence.Most of it is private tenure work, such
>
> -11-
>
> as that being done by Ed Hull, a colleague of Townsend Brown
>
> who, as much as anybody, introduced Europe to electrogravitics.
>
> Aviation Studies' Gravity Research Group is doing some work,
>
> mainly on k studies, and is sponsoring dielectric investigations.
>
> One Swedish company and two Canadian companies have
>
> been making studies, and quite recently the Germans have
>
> woken up to the possibilities.Several of the companies have
>
> started digging out some of the early German papers on wave
>
> physics.They are almost certain to plan a gravitics program.
>
> Curiously enough the Germans during the war paid no attention
>
> to electrogravitics.This is one line of advance that they did
>
> not pioneer in any way and is still basically a U.S. creation.
>
> Townsend Brown in electrogravitics is the equivalent of Frank
>
> Whittle in gas turbines.This German overlooking of
>
> electrostatics is even more surprising when it is remembered
>
> how astonishingly advanced and prescient the Germans were in
>
> nuclear research.(The modern theory of making thermonuclear
>
> weapons without plutonium fission initiators returns to the original
>
> German idea that was dismissed, even ridiculed.The Germans
>
> never went very far with fission, indeed they doubted that this
>
> chain would ever be made to work.)The German air industry,
>
> still in the embryo stage, has included electrogravitics among
>
> the subjects it intends to examine when establishing the policy
>
> that the individual companies will adopt after the present early
>
> stage of foreign licence has enabled industry to get abreast
>
> of the other countries in aircraft development.
>
> * * *
>
> It is impossible to read through this summary of the
>
> widening efforts being made to understand the nature of matter
>
> of gravity without sharing the hope that many groups now have,
>
> of major theoretical breakthroughs occurring before very long.
>
> -12-
>
> Experience in nucleonics has shown that when attempts to win
>
> knowledge on this scale are made, advances are soon seen.
>
> There are a number of elements in industry, and some
>
> managements, who see gravity as a problem for later genera-
>
> tions.Many see nothing in it all and they might be right.But as
>
> said earlier, if Dr. Vaclav Hlavaty thinks gravity is
>
> potentially controllable that surely should be justification
>
> enough, and indeed inspiration, for physicists to apply their
>
> minds and for management to take a risk.Hlavaty is the only
>
> man who thinks he can see a way of doing the mathematics to
>
> demonstrate Einstein's unified field theory - something that
>
> Einstein himself said was beyond him.Relativity and the unified
>
> field theory go to the root of electrogravitics and the shifts
>
> in thinking, the hopes and fears, and a measure of progress is
>
> to be obtained only in the last resort from men of this stature.
>
> Major theoretical breakthroughs to discover the sources
>
> of gravity will be made by the most advanced intellects using
>
> the most advanced research tools.Aviation's role is therefore
>
> to impress upon physicists of this calibre with the urgency of
>
> the matter and to aid them with statistical and peripheral
>
> investigations that will help to clarify the background to the
>
> central mathematics and physical puzzles.Aviation could also
>
> assist by recruiting some of these men as advisers.Convair has
>
> taken the initiative with its recently established panel of advisers
>
> on nuclear projects, which include Dr. Edward Teller of the
>
> University of California.At the same time much can be done in
>
> development of laboratory rigs, condenser research and dielectric
>
> development, which do not require anything like the same
>
> cerebral capacity to get results and make a practical contribution.
>
> As gravity is likely to be linked with the new particles, only
>
> the highest powered particle accelerators are likely to be of use
>
> -13-
>
> in further fundamental knowledge.The country with the biggest
>
> tools of this kind is in the best position to examine the
>
> characteristics of the particles and from these countries the
>
> greatest advances seem most likely.
>
> Though the United States has the biggest of the bevatrons -
>
> the Berkeley bevatron is 6.2 bev - the Russians have a 10 bev
>
> accelerator in construction which, when it is completed, will
>
> be the world's largest.At Brookhaven a 25 bev instrument is
>
> in development which, in turn, will be the biggest.Other
>
> countries without comparable facilities are of course at a
>
> great disadvantage from the outset in the contest to discover the
>
> explanations of gravity.Electrogravitics, moreover, unfortunately
>
> competes with nuclear studies for its facilities.The clearest
>
> thinking brains are bound to be attracted to locations where the
>
> most extensive laboratory equipment exists.So, one way and
>
> another, results are most likely to come from the major
>
> countries with the biggest undertakings.Thus the nuclear
>
> facilities have a direct bearing on the scope for electrogravitics
>
> work.
>
> The OEEC report in January made the following points:-
>
> The U.S. has six to eight entirely different types of reactor in
>
> operation and many more under construction.Europe has now
>
> two different types in service.
>
> The U.S. has about 30 research reactors plus four in Britain,
>
> two in France.
>
> The U.S. has two nuclear-powered marine engines.Europe has
>
> none, but the U.K. is building one.
>
> Isotope separation plants for the enrichment of uranium in
>
> the U.S. are roughly 11 times larger than the European
>
> plant in Britain.
>
> Europe's only heavy water plant (in Norway) produces somewhat
>
> less than one-twentieth of American output.
>
> In 1955 the number of technicians employed in nuclear energy
>
> work in the U.S. was about 15,000; there are about 5,000 in
>
> Britain, 1,800 in France, and about 1,000 in the rest of
>
> Europe.But the working party says that pessimistic conclusions
>
> should not be drawn from these comparisons.European nuclear
>
> energy effort is evenly divided at the moment, but some
>
> countries have notable achievements to their credit and important
>
> developments in prospect.The main reason for optimism is
>
> that, taken as a whole, &quot;Europe's present nuclear effort falls
>
> very far short of its industrial potential&quot;.
>
> Though gravity research, such as there has been of it,
>
> has been unclassified, new principles and information gained
>
> from the nuclear research facilities that have a vehicle application
>
> is expected to be withheld.
>
> The heart of the problem to understanding gravity is likely
>
> to prove to be the way in which the very high energy sub-nuclear
>
> particles convert something, whatever it is, continuously and
>
> automatically into the tremendous nuclear and electromagnetic
>
> forces.Once this key is understood, attention can later be
>
> directed to finding laboratory means of duplicating the process
>
> and reversing its force lines in some local environment and
>
> returning the energy to itself to produce counterbary.Looking
>
> beyond it seems possible that gravitation will be shown to be a
>
> part of the universal electro-magnetic processes and controlled
>
> -15-
>
> in the same way as a light wave or radio wave.This is a synthesis
>
> of the Einstein and Hlavaty concepts.Hence it follows that though
>
> in its initial form the mechanical processes for countering
>
> gravity may initially be massive to deal with the massive forces
>
> involved, eventually this could be expected to form some central
>
> power generation unit.Barycentric control in some required
>
> quantity could be passed over a distance by a form of radio
>
> wave.The prime energy source to energise the waves would
>
> of course be nuclear in its origins.
>
> It is difficult to say which lines of detailed development
>
> being processed in the immediate future is more likely to yield
>
> significant results.Perhaps the three most promising are:
>
> first, the new attempt by the team of men led by Chamberlain
>
> working with the Berkeley bevatron to find the anti-neutron,
>
> and to identify more of the characteristics of the anti-proton*
>
> and each of the string of high energy particles that have been
>
> discovered during recent operations at 6.2 bev.
>
> A second line of approach is the United States National
>
> Bureau of Standards program to pin down with greater accuracy
>
> the acceleration values of gravity.The presently accepted figure
>
> ___________________________________________________________
>
> *The reaction is as follows:protons are accelerated to 6.2 bev,
>
> and directed at a target of copper.When the proton projectile
>
> hits a neutron in one of the copper atoms the following emerge:
>
> the two original particles (the projectile and the struck neutron)
>
> and a new pair of particles, a proton and anti-proton.The
>
> anti-proton continues briefly until it hits another proton, then
>
> both disappear and decay into mesons.
>
> ___________________________________________________________
>
> -16-
>
> of 32.174 feet per second per second is known to be not
>
> comprehensive, though it has been sufficiently accurte
>
> for the limited needs of industry hitherto.The NBS program
>
> aims at re-determining the strength of gravity to within one
>
> part of a million. The present method thas been to hold a ball
>
> 16 feet up and chart the elapsed time of descent with electronic
>
> measuring equipment.The new program is based on the old, but
>
> with this exceptional degree of accuracy it is naturally immensely
>
> more difficult and is expected to take 3 years.
>
> A third promising line is the new technique of measuring
>
> high energy particles in motion that was started by the
>
> University of California last year.This involves passing
>
> cosmic rays through a chamber containing a mixture of gas,
>
> alcohol and water vapour.This creates charged atoms, or
>
> positive ions, by knocking electrons off the gas molecules.A
>
> sudden expansion of the chamber results in a condensation of
>
> water droplets along the track which can be plotted on a
>
> photographic plate.This method makes it easier to assess the
>
> energy of particles and to distinguish one from the other.It
>
> also helps to establish the characteristics of the different
>
> types of particles.The relationship between these high energy
>
> particles, and their origin, and characteristics, have a bearing
>
> on electrogravitics in general.
>
> So much of what has to be discovered as a necessary
>
> preliminary to gravity is of no practical use by itself.There is
>
> no conceivable use, for instance, for the anti-proton, yet its
>
> discovery even at a cost of $9-million is essential to check the
>
> mathematics of the fundamental components of matter.Similarly
>
> it is necessary to check that all the nuclear ghosts that have been
>
> postulated theoretically do in fact exist.It is not, moreover,
>
> sufficient, as in the past, only to observe the particles by
>
> -17-
>
> radiation counters.In each instance a mechanical maze has to
>
> be devised and attached to a particle accelerator to trap only
>
> the particle concerned.Each discovery becomes a wedge for
>
> a deeper probe of the nucleus.Many of the particles of very high
>
> energy have only a fleeting existence and collisions that give
>
> rise to them from bevatron
>
> -- 
>
> ZE [email protected] +351 53 22244ZarSoft Corporation
>
> &quot;Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't go 
> away.&quot;
>
> Philip K. Dick
>
> </PRE>
>
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History of Electro-Gravity Research: 
http://electrogravityphysics.com/gravity-papers/ m Thanks to Ole for 
this excellent review of the AG Research over 200 years.

On 2/12/2019 8:44 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> When in 9th grade, high school 1953 and going through the DeVry 
> Electronics Course, I just had to build my own Geiger Counter for the 
> Science Fair.
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube
>
> On 2/12/2019 8:38 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_gravity_control_propulsion_research
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism
>>
>> http://www.rexresearch.com/hooper/hooper1.htm
>>
>> https://www.wired.com/1998/03/antigravity/
>>
>> When we look back in History at the negative ionization phenomenon 
>> which dates back to the old Edison DC grid energizing problems with 
>> corona out cropping before a current began in the transmission line. 
>> Avalanche phenomenon.
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_discharge
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_avalanche
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge Please pay 
>> particular attention to the difference in Positive Ionization and the 
>> Negative Ionization.   The Ion Wind and avalanche phenomenon is only 
>> present in the Negative plasma.
>>
>> See C33 attached
>>
>> See DC Ion attached
>>
>> See Cage attached
>>
>> 2.1.3.1 Negative DC Corona Processes
>> When the stressed conductor is at a negative potential, electron 
>> avalanches are
>> initiated at the cathode and develop in a continuously decreasing 
>> field towards the
>> anode. Free electrons which, can move much faster than ions in an 
>> applied field, are
>> thus concentrated at the tip of the avalanche. A concentration of 
>> positive ions thus
>> forms in the region of the gap between the cathode and the boundary 
>> surface So [4,
>> 67]. This is seen in figure 2.6.
>> \
>> \
>> \ ,
>> I' () '--____ -=:..
>> Figure 2.6: Electron Avalanche at the Cathode [4, pg 68]
>> As can be seen from figure 2.6 free electrons continue to migrate 
>> across the gap.
>> Beyond the surface So the free electrons quickly attach themselves to 
>> the oxygen
>> molecules to form negative ions, which due to their low drift 
>> velocity accumulate in
>> the gap beyond So. Once the development of the first electron 
>> avalanche has been
>> completed there are two ion space charges in the gap as shown in 
>> figure 2.7.
>> E
>> E
>> I
>> J
>> ,
>> \ , \ -
>> ~"-~ +---- \. . \; - - ~
>> .. _;': : -- :1-:.',:::-
>> I
>> I
>> I
>> ED '---_ _ ---'---=:::... I
>> Figure 2.7: Space Charge Following Completion of the First Avalanche 
>> [4, pg 68]
>> l3
>>
>> This page is an introduction  to the charge separation that occurs in 
>> the micro vortex and possible connection to the AG phenomenon.
>>
>>
>> This was the meeting at Wright Patterson AFB that kicked off the 
>> Research into Anti-gravity in 1956.
>>
>> ELECTROGRAVITIC SYSTEMS
>>
>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>
>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>
>> TL
>>
>> 565
>>
>> A9
>>
>> Bar Code: 3 1401 00034 5879
>>
>> Due dates omitted.
>>
>> Shield with Logo:
>>
>> AF WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES
>>
>> TECHNICAL LIBRARY
>>
>> Wright-Patterson
>>
>> Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
>>
>> Inner Cover:
>>
>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>
>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>
>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>
>> Prepared by
>>
>> Gravity Research Group
>>
>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited, London
>>
>> 29-31 Cheval Place. Knightsbridge
>>
>> LONDON S.W. 7 England
>>
>> Report GRG 013/56 February 1956
>>
>> TL 565 A9
>>
>> CONTENTS
>>
>> Page
>>
>> Introductory Notes...............1
>>
>> Discussion.......................3
>>
>> Conclusions.....................18
>>
>> APPENDIX
>>
>> I - Aviation Report extracts....21
>>
>> I - Electrostatic Patents.......33
>>
>> * * *
>>
>> PROPERTY OF USAF
>>
>> -1-
>>
>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>
>> An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic
>>
>> counterbary and barycentric control
>>
>> It has been accepted as axiomatic that the way to offset the
>>
>> effects of gravity is to use a lifting surface and considerable
>>
>> molecular energy to produce a continously applied force that,
>>
>> for a limited period of time, can remain greater than the effects
>>
>> of gravitational attraction.The original invention of the glider,
>>
>> and evolution of the briefly self-sustaining glider, at the turn of
>>
>> the century led to progressive advances in power and knowledge.
>>
>> This has been directed to refining the classic Wright Brothers'
>>
>> approach.Aircraft design is still fundamentally as the Wrights
>>
>> adumbrated it, with wings, body, tails, moving or flapping
>>
>> controls, landing gear and so forth.The Wright biplane was a
>>
>> powered glider, and all subsequent aircraft, including the
>>
>> supersonic jets of the nineteen-fifties are also powered gliders.
>>
>> Only one fundamentally different flying principle has so far been
>>
>> adopted with varying degrees of success.It is the rotating wing
>>
>> aircraft that has led to the jet lifters and vertical pushers,
>>
>> coleopters, ducted fans and lift induction turbine propulsion
>>
>> systems.
>>
>> But during these decades there was always the possibility
>>
>> of making efforts to discover the nature of gravity from cosmic
>>
>> or quantum theory, investigation and observation, with a view
>>
>> to discerning the physical properties of aviation's enemy.
>>
>> -2-
>>
>> It has seemed to Aviation Studies that for some time
>>
>> insufficient attention has been directed to this kind of research.
>>
>> If it were successful such developments would change the
>>
>> concept of sustentation, and confer upon a vehicle qualities
>>
>> that woul now be regarded as the ultimate in aviation.
>>
>> This report summarizes in simple form the work that has
>>
>> been done and is being done in the new field of electrogravitics.
>>
>> It also outlines the various possible lines of research into the
>>
>> nature and constituent matter of gravity, and how it has changed
>>
>> from Newton to Einstein to the modern Hlavaty concept of
>>
>> gravity as an electromagnetic force that may be controlled like
>>
>> a light wave.
>>
>> The report also contains an outline of opinions on the
>>
>> feasibility of different electrogravitics systems and there is
>>
>> reference to some of the barycentric control and electrostatic
>>
>> rigs in operation.
>>
>> Also included is a list of references to electrogravitics in
>>
>> successive Aviation Reports since a drive was started by
>>
>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited to suggest to aviation
>>
>> business eighteen months ago that the rewards of success are
>>
>> too far-reaching to be overlooked, especially in view of the
>>
>> hopeful judgement of the most authoritative voice in micro-
>>
>> physics.Also listed are some relevant patents on electrostatics
>>
>> and electrostatic generators in the United States, United Kingdom
>>
>> and France.
>>
>> Gravity Research Group
>>
>> ---------------------
>>
>> 25 February 1956
>>
>> -3-
>>
>> DISCUSSION
>>
>> Electrogravitics might be described as a synthesis of
>>
>> electrostatic energy used for propulsion - either vertical propulsion
>>
>> or horizontal or both - and gravitics, or dynamic counterbary, in
>>
>> which energy is also used to set up a local gravitational force
>>
>> independent of the earth's.
>>
>> Electrostatic energy for propulsion has been predicted as a
>>
>> possible means of propulsion in space when the thrust from a neutron
>>
>> motor or ion motor would be sufficient in a dragless environment
>>
>> to produce astronomical velocities.But the ion motor is not
>>
>> strictly a part of the science of electrogravitics, since barycentric
>>
>> control in an electrogravitics systems is envisaged for a vehicle
>>
>> operating within the earth's environment and it is not seen
>>
>> initially for space application.Probably large scale space opera-
>>
>> tions would have to await the full development of electrogravitics
>>
>> to enable large pieces of equipment to be moved out of the region
>>
>> of the earth's strongest gravity effects.So, though electrostatic
>>
>> motors were thought of in 1925, electrogravitics had its birth after
>>
>> the War, when Townsend Brown sought to improve on the various
>>
>> proposals that then existed for electrostatic motors sufficiently to
>>
>> produce some visible manifestation of sustained motion.Whereas
>>
>> earlier electrostatic tests were essentially pure research
>>
>> Brown's rigs were aimed from the outset at producing a flying
>>
>> article.As a private venture he produced evidence of motion using
>>
>> condensers in a couple of saucers suspended by arms rotating
>>
>> round a central tower with input running down the arms.The
>>
>> massive-k situation was summarized subsequently in a report,
>>
>> Project Winterhaven, in 1952.Using the data some conclusions
>>
>> were arrived at that might be expected from ten or more years of
>>
>> -4-
>>
>> intensive development - similar to that, for instance, applied to
>>
>> the turbine engine.Using a number of assumptions as to the
>>
>> nature of gravity, the report postulated a saucer as the basis of
>>
>> a possible interceptor with Mach 3 capability.Creation of a
>>
>> local gravitational system would confer upon the fighter the
>>
>> sharp-edged changes of direction typical of motion in space.
>>
>> The essence of electrogravitics thrust is the use of a very
>>
>> strong positive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative
>>
>> on the other.The core of the motor is a condenser and the
>>
>> ability of the condenser to hold its charge (the k-number) is the
>>
>> yardstick of performance.With air as 1, current dielectrical
>>
>> materials can yield 6 and use of <STRONG>barium</STRONG> aluminate 
>> can raise
>>
>> this considerably, <STRONG>barium</STRONG> titanium oxide (a baked 
>> ceramic) can
>>
>> offer 6,000 and there is promise of 30,000, which would be
>>
>> sufficient for supersonic speed.
>>
>> The original Brown rig produced 30 fps on a voltage of
>>
>> around 50,000 and a small amount of current in the
>>
>> milliamp range.There was no detailed explanation of gravity
>>
>> in Project Winterhaven, but it was assumed that particle
>>
>> dualism in the subatomic structure of gravity would coincide
>>
>> in its effect with the issuing stream of electrons from the
>>
>> electrostatic energy source to produce counterbary.The Brown
>>
>> work probably remains a realistic approach to the practical
>>
>> realization of electrostatic propulsion and sustentation.What-
>>
>> ever may be discovered by the Gravity Research Foundation of
>>
>> New Boston a complete understanding and synthetic reproduction
>>
>> of gravity is not essential for limited success.The electro-
>>
>> gravitics saucer can perform the function of a classic lifting
>>
>> surface - it produces a pushing effect on the under surface and
>>
>> a suction effect on the upper, but, unlike an airfoil, it does not
>>
>> require a flow of air to produce the effect.
>>
>> -5-
>>
>> First attempts at electrogravitics are unlikely to produce
>>
>> counterbary, but may lead to development of an electrostatic
>>
>> VTOL vehicle.Even in its development form this might be an
>>
>> advance on the molecular heat engine in its capabilities.But
>>
>> hopes in the new science depend on an understanding of the
>>
>> source and matter of gravity.It is fortuitous that lift can be
>>
>> produced in the traditional fashion and if an understanding of
>>
>> gravity remains beyond full practical control, electrostatic lift
>>
>> might be an adjunct of some significance to modern thrust
>>
>> producers.Research into electrostatics could prove beneficial
>>
>> to turbine development, and heat engines in general, in view of
>>
>> the usable electron potential round the periphery of any flame.
>>
>> Materials for electrogravitics and especially the development
>>
>> of commercial quantities of high-k material is another dividend
>>
>> to be obtained from electrostatic research even if it produces no
>>
>> counterbary.This is a line of development that Aviation Studies'
>>
>> Gravity Research Group is following.
>>
>> One of the interesting aspects of electrogravitics is that a
>>
>> breakthrough in almost any part of the broad front of general
>>
>> research on the intranuclear processes may be translated into
>>
>> a meaningful advance towards the feasibility of electrogravitics
>>
>> systems.This demands constant monitoring in the most
>>
>> likely areas of the physics of high energy sub-nuclear particles.
>>
>> It is difficult to be overoptimistic about the prospects of gaining
>>
>> so complete a grasp of gravity while the world's physicists are
>>
>> still engaged in a study of fundamental particles - that is to say
>>
>> those that cannot be broken down any more.Fundamental particles
>>
>> are still being discovered - the most recent was the Segre-
>>
>> Chamberlain-Wiegand attachment ot the bevatron, which was
>>
>> used to isolate the missing anti-proton, which must - or should
>>
>> be presumed to - exist according to Dirac's theory of the electron.
>>
>> -6-
>>
>> Much of the accepted mathematics of particles would be wrong
>>
>> if the anti-proton was proved to be non-existent.Earlier
>>
>> Eddington has listed the fundamental particles as:-
>>
>> e The charge of an electron.
>>
>> m the mass of an electron.
>>
>> M the mass of a proton.
>>
>> h Planck's contant
>>
>> c The velocity of light.
>>
>> G The constant of gravitation, and
>>
>> L The cosmological constant
>>
>> It is generally held that no one of these can be inferred from
>>
>> the others.But electrons may well disappear from among the
>>
>> fundamental particles, though, as Russell says, it is likely that
>>
>> e and m will survive.The constants are much more established
>>
>> than the interpretation of them and are among the most solid of
>>
>> achievements in modern physics.
>>
>> * * *
>>
>> Gravity may be defined as a small scale departure from
>>
>> Euclidean space in the general theory of relativity.The
>>
>> gravitational constant is one of four dimensionless constants:
>>
>> first, the mass relation of the nucleon and electron.Second is
>>
>> e^2/hc, third, the Compton wavelength of the proton, and fourth
>>
>> is the gravitational constant, which is the ratio of the electrostatic
>>
>> -7-
>>
>> to the gravitational attraction between the electron and the
>>
>> proton.
>>
>> One of the stumbling blocks in electrogravitics is the
>>
>> absence of any satisfacotry theory linking these four dimension-
>>
>> less quantities.Of the four, moreover, gravity is decidedly the
>>
>> most complex, since any explanation would have to satisfy both
>>
>> cosmic and quantum relations more acceptably and intelligibly even
>>
>> than in the unified field theory.A gravitational constant of
>>
>> around 10^-30 has emerged from quantum research and this has
>>
>> been used as a tool for finding theories that could link the two
>>
>> relations.This work is now in full progress, and developments
>>
>> have to be watched for the aviation angle.Hitherto Dirac,
>>
>> Eddington, Jordan and others have produced differences in theory
>>
>> that are too wide to be accepted as consistent.It means therefore
>>
>> that (i) without a cosmological basis, and (ii) with an imprecise
>>
>> quantum basis and (iii) a vague hypothesis on the interaction,
>>
>> much remains still to be discovered.Indeed some say that a
>>
>> single interacting theory to link up the dimensionless constants
>>
>> is one of three major unresolved basic problems of physics.
>>
>> The other two main problems are the extension of quantum theory
>>
>> and a more detailed knowledge of the fundamental particles.
>>
>> All this is some distance from Newton, who saw gravity as
>>
>> a force acting on a body from a distance, leading to the tendency
>>
>> of bodies to accelerate towards each other.He allied this
>>
>> assumption with Euclidean geometry, and time was assumed as
>>
>> uniform and acted independently of space.Bodies and particles
>>
>> in space normally moved uniformly in straight lines according
>>
>> to Newton, and to account for the way they sometimes do not do
>>
>> so, he used the idea of a force of gravity acting at a distance,
>>
>> in which particles of matter cause in others an acceleration
>>
>> proportional to their mass, and inversely proportional to the
>>
>> -8-
>>
>> square of the distance between them.
>>
>> But Einstein showed how the principle of least action, or
>>
>> the so-called cosmic laziness means that particles, on the
>>
>> contrary, follow the easiest path along geodesic lines and as a
>>
>> result they get readily absorbed into space-time.So was born
>>
>> non-linear physics.The classic example of non-linear physics
>>
>> is the experiment in bombarding a screen with two slits.When
>>
>> both slits are open particles going through are not the sum of
>>
>> the two individually but follows a non-linear equation.This
>>
>> leads on to wave-particle dualism and that in turn to the
>>
>> Heisenberg uncertainty principle in which an increase in accuracy
>>
>> in measurement of one physical quantity means decreasing
>>
>> accuracy in measuring the other.If time is measured accurately
>>
>> energy calculations will be in error; the more accurate the
>>
>> position of a particle is established the less certain the velocity
>>
>> will be; and so on.This basic principle of the acausality of
>>
>> microphysics affects the study of gravity in the special and
>>
>> general theories of relativity.Lack of pictoral image in the
>>
>> quantum physics of this interrelationship is a difficulty at the
>>
>> outset for those whose minds remain obstinately Euclidean.
>>
>> In the special theory of relativity, space-time is seen only
>>
>> as an undefined interval which can be defined in any way that is
>>
>> convenient and the Newtonian idea of persistent particles in
>>
>> motion to explain gravity cannot be accepted.It must be seen
>>
>> rather as a synthesis of forces in a four dimensional continuum,
>>
>> three to establish the position and one the time.The general
>>
>> theory of relativity that followed a decade later was a
>>
>> geometrical explanation of gravitation in which bodies take the
>>
>> geodesic path through space-time.In turn this means that
>>
>> instead of the idea of a force acting at a distance it is assumed
>>
>> that space, time, radiation and particles are linked and
>>
>> variations in them from gravity are due rather to the nature of
>>
>> space.
>>
>> -9-
>>
>> Thus gravity of a body such as the earth, instead of pulling
>>
>> object towards it as Newton postulated, is adjusting the
>>
>> characteristics of space and, it may be inferred, the quantum
>>
>> mechanics of space in the vicinity of the gravitational force.
>>
>> Electrogravitics aims at correcting this adjustment to put
>>
>> matter, so to speak, 'at rest'.
>>
>> * * *
>>
>> One of the difficulties in 1954 and 1955 was to get aviation
>>
>> to take electrogravitics seriously.The name alone was enough
>>
>> to put people off.However, in the trade much progress has
>>
>> been made and now most major companies in the United States
>>
>> are interested in counterbary.Groups are being organised to
>>
>> study electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena.Most of
>>
>> industry's leaders have made some reference to it.Douglas
>>
>> has now stated that it has counterbary on its work agenda but
>>
>> does not expect results yet awhile.Hiller has referred to new
>>
>> forms of flying platform, Glenn Martin say gravity control could
>>
>> be achieved in six years, but they add that it would entail a
>>
>> Manhattan District type of effort to bring it about.Sikorsky,
>>
>> one of the pioneers, more or less agrees with the Douglas verdict
>>
>> and says that gravity is tangible and formidable, but there must
>>
>> be a physical carrier for this immense trans-spatial force.This
>>
>> implies that where a physical manifestation exists, a physical
>>
>> device and be developed for creating a similar force moving in
>>
>> the opposite direction to cancel it.Clarke Electronics state
>>
>> thay have a rig, and add that in their view the source of
>>
>> gravity's force will be understood sooner than some people
>>
>> think.General Electric is working on the use of electronic rigs
>>
>> designed to make adjustments to gravity - this line of attack
>>
>> has the advantage of using rigs already in existence for other
>>
>> defence work.Bell also has an experimental rig intended, as
>>
>> -10-
>>
>> the company puts it, to cancel out gravity, and Lawrence Bell
>>
>> has said he is convinced that practical hardware will emerge
>>
>> from current programs.Grover Leoning is certain that what
>>
>> he referred to as an electro-magnetic contra-gravity mechanism
>>
>> will be developed for practical use.Convair is extensively
>>
>> committed to the work with several rigs.Lear Inc., autopilot
>>
>> and electronic engineers have a division of the company working
>>
>> on gravity research and so also has the Sperry division of
>>
>> Sperry-Rand.This list embraces most of the U.S. aircraft
>>
>> industry.The remainder, Curtiss-Wright, Lockheed, Boeing
>>
>> and North American have not yet declared themselves, but all
>>
>> these four are known to be in various stages of study with and
>>
>> without rigs.
>>
>> In addition, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is
>>
>> working on gravity, the Gravity Research Foundation of New
>>
>> Boston, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the
>>
>> CalTech Radiation Laboratory, Princeton University and the
>>
>> University of North Carolina are all active in gravity.Glenn
>>
>> L. Martin is setting up a Research Institute for Advanced Study
>>
>> which has a small staff working on gravity research with the
>>
>> unified field theory and this group is committed to extensive
>>
>> programs of applied research.Many others are also known to
>>
>> be studying gravity, some are known also to be planning
>>
>> a general expansion in this field, such as the proposed
>>
>> Institute for Pure Physics at the University of North Carolina.
>>
>> A certain amount of work is also going on in Europe.One
>>
>> of the French nationalized constructors and one company outside
>>
>> the nationalized elements have been making preliminary studies,
>>
>> and a little company money has in one case actually been
>>
>> committed.Some work is also going on in Britain where rigs
>>
>> are now in existence.Most of it is private tenure work, such
>>
>> -11-
>>
>> as that being done by Ed Hull, a colleague of Townsend Brown
>>
>> who, as much as anybody, introduced Europe to electrogravitics.
>>
>> Aviation Studies' Gravity Research Group is doing some work,
>>
>> mainly on k studies, and is sponsoring dielectric investigations.
>>
>> One Swedish company and two Canadian companies have
>>
>> been making studies, and quite recently the Germans have
>>
>> woken up to the possibilities.Several of the companies have
>>
>> started digging out some of the early German papers on wave
>>
>> physics.They are almost certain to plan a gravitics program.
>>
>> Curiously enough the Germans during the war paid no attention
>>
>> to electrogravitics.This is one line of advance that they did
>>
>> not pioneer in any way and is still basically a U.S. creation.
>>
>> Townsend Brown in electrogravitics is the equivalent of Frank
>>
>> Whittle in gas turbines.This German overlooking of
>>
>> electrostatics is even more surprising when it is remembered
>>
>> how astonishingly advanced and prescient the Germans were in
>>
>> nuclear research.(The modern theory of making thermonuclear
>>
>> weapons without plutonium fission initiators returns to the original
>>
>> German idea that was dismissed, even ridiculed.The Germans
>>
>> never went very far with fission, indeed they doubted that this
>>
>> chain would ever be made to work.)The German air industry,
>>
>> still in the embryo stage, has included electrogravitics among
>>
>> the subjects it intends to examine when establishing the policy
>>
>> that the individual companies will adopt after the present early
>>
>> stage of foreign licence has enabled industry to get abreast
>>
>> of the other countries in aircraft development.
>>
>> * * *
>>
>> It is impossible to read through this summary of the
>>
>> widening efforts being made to understand the nature of matter
>>
>> of gravity without sharing the hope that many groups now have,
>>
>> of major theoretical breakthroughs occurring before very long.
>>
>> -12-
>>
>> Experience in nucleonics has shown that when attempts to win
>>
>> knowledge on this scale are made, advances are soon seen.
>>
>> There are a number of elements in industry, and some
>>
>> managements, who see gravity as a problem for later genera-
>>
>> tions.Many see nothing in it all and they might be right.But as
>>
>> said earlier, if Dr. Vaclav Hlavaty thinks gravity is
>>
>> potentially controllable that surely should be justification
>>
>> enough, and indeed inspiration, for physicists to apply their
>>
>> minds and for management to take a risk.Hlavaty is the only
>>
>> man who thinks he can see a way of doing the mathematics to
>>
>> demonstrate Einstein's unified field theory - something that
>>
>> Einstein himself said was beyond him.Relativity and the unified
>>
>> field theory go to the root of electrogravitics and the shifts
>>
>> in thinking, the hopes and fears, and a measure of progress is
>>
>> to be obtained only in the last resort from men of this stature.
>>
>> Major theoretical breakthroughs to discover the sources
>>
>> of gravity will be made by the most advanced intellects using
>>
>> the most advanced research tools.Aviation's role is therefore
>>
>> to impress upon physicists of this calibre with the urgency of
>>
>> the matter and to aid them with statistical and peripheral
>>
>> investigations that will help to clarify the background to the
>>
>> central mathematics and physical puzzles.Aviation could also
>>
>> assist by recruiting some of these men as advisers.Convair has
>>
>> taken the initiative with its recently established panel of advisers
>>
>> on nuclear projects, which include Dr. Edward Teller of the
>>
>> University of California.At the same time much can be done in
>>
>> development of laboratory rigs, condenser research and dielectric
>>
>> development, which do not require anything like the same
>>
>> cerebral capacity to get results and make a practical contribution.
>>
>> As gravity is likely to be linked with the new particles, only
>>
>> the highest powered particle accelerators are likely to be of use
>>
>> -13-
>>
>> in further fundamental knowledge.The country with the biggest
>>
>> tools of this kind is in the best position to examine the
>>
>> characteristics of the particles and from these countries the
>>
>> greatest advances seem most likely.
>>
>> Though the United States has the biggest of the bevatrons -
>>
>> the Berkeley bevatron is 6.2 bev - the Russians have a 10 bev
>>
>> accelerator in construction which, when it is completed, will
>>
>> be the world's largest.At Brookhaven a 25 bev instrument is
>>
>> in development which, in turn, will be the biggest.Other
>>
>> countries without comparable facilities are of course at a
>>
>> great disadvantage from the outset in the contest to discover the
>>
>> explanations of gravity.Electrogravitics, moreover, unfortunately
>>
>> competes with nuclear studies for its facilities.The clearest
>>
>> thinking brains are bound to be attracted to locations where the
>>
>> most extensive laboratory equipment exists.So, one way and
>>
>> another, results are most likely to come from the major
>>
>> countries with the biggest undertakings.Thus the nuclear
>>
>> facilities have a direct bearing on the scope for electrogravitics
>>
>> work.
>>
>> The OEEC report in January made the following points:-
>>
>> The U.S. has six to eight entirely different types of reactor in
>>
>> operation and many more under construction.Europe has now
>>
>> two different types in service.
>>
>> The U.S. has about 30 research reactors plus four in Britain,
>>
>> two in France.
>>
>> The U.S. has two nuclear-powered marine engines.Europe has
>>
>> none, but the U.K. is building one.
>>
>> Isotope separation plants for the enrichment of uranium in
>>
>> the U.S. are roughly 11 times larger than the European
>>
>> plant in Britain.
>>
>> Europe's only heavy water plant (in Norway) produces somewhat
>>
>> less than one-twentieth of American output.
>>
>> In 1955 the number of technicians employed in nuclear energy
>>
>> work in the U.S. was about 15,000; there are about 5,000 in
>>
>> Britain, 1,800 in France, and about 1,000 in the rest of
>>
>> Europe.But the working party says that pessimistic conclusions
>>
>> should not be drawn from these comparisons.European nuclear
>>
>> energy effort is evenly divided at the moment, but some
>>
>> countries have notable achievements to their credit and important
>>
>> developments in prospect.The main reason for optimism is
>>
>> that, taken as a whole, &quot;Europe's present nuclear effort falls
>>
>> very far short of its industrial potential&quot;.
>>
>> Though gravity research, such as there has been of it,
>>
>> has been unclassified, new principles and information gained
>>
>> from the nuclear research facilities that have a vehicle application
>>
>> is expected to be withheld.
>>
>> The heart of the problem to understanding gravity is likely
>>
>> to prove to be the way in which the very high energy sub-nuclear
>>
>> particles convert something, whatever it is, continuously and
>>
>> automatically into the tremendous nuclear and electromagnetic
>>
>> forces.Once this key is understood, attention can later be
>>
>> directed to finding laboratory means of duplicating the process
>>
>> and reversing its force lines in some local environment and
>>
>> returning the energy to itself to produce counterbary.Looking
>>
>> beyond it seems possible that gravitation will be shown to be a
>>
>> part of the universal electro-magnetic processes and controlled
>>
>> -15-
>>
>> in the same way as a light wave or radio wave.This is a synthesis
>>
>> of the Einstein and Hlavaty concepts.Hence it follows that though
>>
>> in its initial form the mechanical processes for countering
>>
>> gravity may initially be massive to deal with the massive forces
>>
>> involved, eventually this could be expected to form some central
>>
>> power generation unit.Barycentric control in some required
>>
>> quantity could be passed over a distance by a form of radio
>>
>> wave.The prime energy source to energise the waves would
>>
>> of course be nuclear in its origins.
>>
>> It is difficult to say which lines of detailed development
>>
>> being processed in the immediate future is more likely to yield
>>
>> significant results.Perhaps the three most promising are:
>>
>> first, the new attempt by the team of men led by Chamberlain
>>
>> working with the Berkeley bevatron to find the anti-neutron,
>>
>> and to identify more of the characteristics of the anti-proton*
>>
>> and each of the string of high energy particles that have been
>>
>> discovered during recent operations at 6.2 bev.
>>
>> A second line of approach is the United States National
>>
>> Bureau of Standards program to pin down with greater accuracy
>>
>> the acceleration values of gravity.The presently accepted figure
>>
>> ___________________________________________________________
>>
>> *The reaction is as follows:protons are accelerated to 6.2 bev,
>>
>> and directed at a target of copper.When the proton projectile
>>
>> hits a neutron in one of the copper atoms the following emerge:
>>
>> the two original particles (the projectile and the struck neutron)
>>
>> and a new pair of particles, a proton and anti-proton.The
>>
>> anti-proton continues briefly until it hits another proton, then
>>
>> both disappear and decay into mesons.
>>
>> ___________________________________________________________
>>
>> -16-
>>
>> of 32.174 feet per second per second is known to be not
>>
>> comprehensive, though it has been sufficiently accurte
>>
>> for the limited needs of industry hitherto.The NBS program
>>
>> aims at re-determining the strength of gravity to within one
>>
>> part of a million. The present method thas been to hold a ball
>>
>> 16 feet up and chart the elapsed time of descent with electronic
>>
>> measuring equipment.The new program is based on the old, but
>>
>> with this exceptional degree of accuracy it is naturally immensely
>>
>> more difficult and is expected to take 3 years.
>>
>> A third promising line is the new technique of measuring
>>
>> high energy particles in motion that was started by the
>>
>> University of California last year.This involves passing
>>
>> cosmic rays through a chamber containing a mixture of gas,
>>
>> alcohol and water vapour.This creates charged atoms, or
>>
>> positive ions, by knocking electrons off the gas molecules.A
>>
>> sudden expansion of the chamber results in a condensation of
>>
>> water droplets along the track which can be plotted on a
>>
>> photographic plate.This method makes it easier to assess the
>>
>> energy of particles and to distinguish one from the other.It
>>
>> also helps to establish the characteristics of the different
>>
>> types of particles.The relationship between these high energy
>>
>> particles, and their origin, and characteristics, have a bearing
>>
>> on electrogravitics in general.
>>
>> So much of what has to be discovered as a necessary
>>
>> preliminary to gravity is of no practical use by itself.There is
>>
>> no conceivable use, for instance, for the anti-proton, yet its
>>
>> discovery even at a cost of $9-million is essential to check the
>>
>> mathematics of the fundamental components of matter.Similarly
>>
>> it is necessary to check that all the nuclear ghosts that have been
>>
>> postulated theoretically do in fact exist.It is not, moreover,
>>
>> sufficient, as in the past, only to observe the particles by
>>
>> -17-
>>
>> radiation counters.In each instance a mechanical maze has to
>>
>> be devised and attached to a particle accelerator to trap only
>>
>> the particle concerned.Each discovery becomes a wedge for
>>
>> a deeper probe of the nucleus.Many of the particles of very high
>>
>> energy have only a fleeting existence and collisions that give
>>
>> rise to them from bevatron
>>
>> -- 
>>
>> ZE [email protected] +351 53 22244ZarSoft Corporation
>>
>> &quot;Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't 
>> go away.&quot;
>>
>> Philip K. Dick
>>
>> </PRE>
>>
>> <HR> <center>
>>
>> [ <A HREF="/dnhome.html">HOME</A> ] -
>>
>> [ <A HREF="/help/dnhelp_index.html">HELP</A> ] -
>>
>> [ <A HREF="/dncontacts.html"<BR>CONTACTS</A> ] -
>>
>> [ <A HREF="/forms/dnquery.html">SEARCH</A> ]
>>
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>>
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>>
>> </HTML>
>>

I strongly support the idea of the Dielectric field as stated by Hooper. 
Hooper was also a believer in that there are two types of induced 
electrical fields, just like Maxwell and Feynman. Hooper says there is 
an electrostatic electric field as well as the motional and transformer 
type electric field. He also says the motional electric field (the 
dielectric field) has unique properties and that it is not shieldable.

On 2/12/2019 8:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> History of Electro-Gravity Research: 
> http://electrogravityphysics.com/gravity-papers/ m Thanks to Ole for 
> this excellent review of the AG Research over 200 years.
>
> On 2/12/2019 8:44 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> When in 9th grade, high school 1953 and going through the DeVry 
>> Electronics Course, I just had to build my own Geiger Counter for the 
>> Science Fair.
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube
>>
>> On 2/12/2019 8:38 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>
>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_gravity_control_propulsion_research
>>>
>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism
>>>
>>> http://www.rexresearch.com/hooper/hooper1.htm
>>>
>>> https://www.wired.com/1998/03/antigravity/
>>>
>>> When we look back in History at the negative ionization phenomenon 
>>> which dates back to the old Edison DC grid energizing problems with 
>>> corona out cropping before a current began in the transmission line. 
>>> Avalanche phenomenon.
>>>
>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_discharge
>>>
>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_avalanche
>>>
>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge Please pay 
>>> particular attention to the difference in Positive Ionization and 
>>> the Negative Ionization.   The Ion Wind and avalanche phenomenon is 
>>> only present in the Negative plasma.
>>>
>>> See C33 attached
>>>
>>> See DC Ion attached
>>>
>>> See Cage attached
>>>
>>> 2.1.3.1 Negative DC Corona Processes
>>> When the stressed conductor is at a negative potential, electron 
>>> avalanches are
>>> initiated at the cathode and develop in a continuously decreasing 
>>> field towards the
>>> anode. Free electrons which, can move much faster than ions in an 
>>> applied field, are
>>> thus concentrated at the tip of the avalanche. A concentration of 
>>> positive ions thus
>>> forms in the region of the gap between the cathode and the boundary 
>>> surface So [4,
>>> 67]. This is seen in figure 2.6.
>>> \
>>> \
>>> \ ,
>>> I' () '--____ -=:..
>>> Figure 2.6: Electron Avalanche at the Cathode [4, pg 68]
>>> As can be seen from figure 2.6 free electrons continue to migrate 
>>> across the gap.
>>> Beyond the surface So the free electrons quickly attach themselves 
>>> to the oxygen
>>> molecules to form negative ions, which due to their low drift 
>>> velocity accumulate in
>>> the gap beyond So. Once the development of the first electron 
>>> avalanche has been
>>> completed there are two ion space charges in the gap as shown in 
>>> figure 2.7.
>>> E
>>> E
>>> I
>>> J
>>> ,
>>> \ , \ -
>>> ~"-~ +---- \. . \; - - ~
>>> .. _;': : -- :1-:.',:::-
>>> I
>>> I
>>> I
>>> ED '---_ _ ---'---=:::... I
>>> Figure 2.7: Space Charge Following Completion of the First Avalanche 
>>> [4, pg 68]
>>> l3
>>>
>>> This page is an introduction  to the charge separation that occurs 
>>> in the micro vortex and possible connection to the AG phenomenon.
>>>
>>>
>>> This was the meeting at Wright Patterson AFB that kicked off the 
>>> Research into Anti-gravity in 1956.
>>>
>>> ELECTROGRAVITIC SYSTEMS
>>>
>>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>>
>>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>>
>>> TL
>>>
>>> 565
>>>
>>> A9
>>>
>>> Bar Code: 3 1401 00034 5879
>>>
>>> Due dates omitted.
>>>
>>> Shield with Logo:
>>>
>>> AF WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES
>>>
>>> TECHNICAL LIBRARY
>>>
>>> Wright-Patterson
>>>
>>> Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
>>>
>>> Inner Cover:
>>>
>>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>>
>>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>>
>>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>>
>>> Prepared by
>>>
>>> Gravity Research Group
>>>
>>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited, London
>>>
>>> 29-31 Cheval Place. Knightsbridge
>>>
>>> LONDON S.W. 7 England
>>>
>>> Report GRG 013/56 February 1956
>>>
>>> TL 565 A9
>>>
>>> CONTENTS
>>>
>>> Page
>>>
>>> Introductory Notes...............1
>>>
>>> Discussion.......................3
>>>
>>> Conclusions.....................18
>>>
>>> APPENDIX
>>>
>>> I - Aviation Report extracts....21
>>>
>>> I - Electrostatic Patents.......33
>>>
>>> * * *
>>>
>>> PROPERTY OF USAF
>>>
>>> -1-
>>>
>>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>>
>>> An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic
>>>
>>> counterbary and barycentric control
>>>
>>> It has been accepted as axiomatic that the way to offset the
>>>
>>> effects of gravity is to use a lifting surface and considerable
>>>
>>> molecular energy to produce a continously applied force that,
>>>
>>> for a limited period of time, can remain greater than the effects
>>>
>>> of gravitational attraction.The original invention of the glider,
>>>
>>> and evolution of the briefly self-sustaining glider, at the turn of
>>>
>>> the century led to progressive advances in power and knowledge.
>>>
>>> This has been directed to refining the classic Wright Brothers'
>>>
>>> approach.Aircraft design is still fundamentally as the Wrights
>>>
>>> adumbrated it, with wings, body, tails, moving or flapping
>>>
>>> controls, landing gear and so forth.The Wright biplane was a
>>>
>>> powered glider, and all subsequent aircraft, including the
>>>
>>> supersonic jets of the nineteen-fifties are also powered gliders.
>>>
>>> Only one fundamentally different flying principle has so far been
>>>
>>> adopted with varying degrees of success.It is the rotating wing
>>>
>>> aircraft that has led to the jet lifters and vertical pushers,
>>>
>>> coleopters, ducted fans and lift induction turbine propulsion
>>>
>>> systems.
>>>
>>> But during these decades there was always the possibility
>>>
>>> of making efforts to discover the nature of gravity from cosmic
>>>
>>> or quantum theory, investigation and observation, with a view
>>>
>>> to discerning the physical properties of aviation's enemy.
>>>
>>> -2-
>>>
>>> It has seemed to Aviation Studies that for some time
>>>
>>> insufficient attention has been directed to this kind of research.
>>>
>>> If it were successful such developments would change the
>>>
>>> concept of sustentation, and confer upon a vehicle qualities
>>>
>>> that woul now be regarded as the ultimate in aviation.
>>>
>>> This report summarizes in simple form the work that has
>>>
>>> been done and is being done in the new field of electrogravitics.
>>>
>>> It also outlines the various possible lines of research into the
>>>
>>> nature and constituent matter of gravity, and how it has changed
>>>
>>> from Newton to Einstein to the modern Hlavaty concept of
>>>
>>> gravity as an electromagnetic force that may be controlled like
>>>
>>> a light wave.
>>>
>>> The report also contains an outline of opinions on the
>>>
>>> feasibility of different electrogravitics systems and there is
>>>
>>> reference to some of the barycentric control and electrostatic
>>>
>>> rigs in operation.
>>>
>>> Also included is a list of references to electrogravitics in
>>>
>>> successive Aviation Reports since a drive was started by
>>>
>>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited to suggest to aviation
>>>
>>> business eighteen months ago that the rewards of success are
>>>
>>> too far-reaching to be overlooked, especially in view of the
>>>
>>> hopeful judgement of the most authoritative voice in micro-
>>>
>>> physics.Also listed are some relevant patents on electrostatics
>>>
>>> and electrostatic generators in the United States, United Kingdom
>>>
>>> and France.
>>>
>>> Gravity Research Group
>>>
>>> ---------------------
>>>
>>> 25 February 1956
>>>
>>> -3-
>>>
>>> DISCUSSION
>>>
>>> Electrogravitics might be described as a synthesis of
>>>
>>> electrostatic energy used for propulsion - either vertical propulsion
>>>
>>> or horizontal or both - and gravitics, or dynamic counterbary, in
>>>
>>> which energy is also used to set up a local gravitational force
>>>
>>> independent of the earth's.
>>>
>>> Electrostatic energy for propulsion has been predicted as a
>>>
>>> possible means of propulsion in space when the thrust from a neutron
>>>
>>> motor or ion motor would be sufficient in a dragless environment
>>>
>>> to produce astronomical velocities.But the ion motor is not
>>>
>>> strictly a part of the science of electrogravitics, since barycentric
>>>
>>> control in an electrogravitics systems is envisaged for a vehicle
>>>
>>> operating within the earth's environment and it is not seen
>>>
>>> initially for space application.Probably large scale space opera-
>>>
>>> tions would have to await the full development of electrogravitics
>>>
>>> to enable large pieces of equipment to be moved out of the region
>>>
>>> of the earth's strongest gravity effects.So, though electrostatic
>>>
>>> motors were thought of in 1925, electrogravitics had its birth after
>>>
>>> the War, when Townsend Brown sought to improve on the various
>>>
>>> proposals that then existed for electrostatic motors sufficiently to
>>>
>>> produce some visible manifestation of sustained motion.Whereas
>>>
>>> earlier electrostatic tests were essentially pure research
>>>
>>> Brown's rigs were aimed from the outset at producing a flying
>>>
>>> article.As a private venture he produced evidence of motion using
>>>
>>> condensers in a couple of saucers suspended by arms rotating
>>>
>>> round a central tower with input running down the arms.The
>>>
>>> massive-k situation was summarized subsequently in a report,
>>>
>>> Project Winterhaven, in 1952.Using the data some conclusions
>>>
>>> were arrived at that might be expected from ten or more years of
>>>
>>> -4-
>>>
>>> intensive development - similar to that, for instance, applied to
>>>
>>> the turbine engine.Using a number of assumptions as to the
>>>
>>> nature of gravity, the report postulated a saucer as the basis of
>>>
>>> a possible interceptor with Mach 3 capability.Creation of a
>>>
>>> local gravitational system would confer upon the fighter the
>>>
>>> sharp-edged changes of direction typical of motion in space.
>>>
>>> The essence of electrogravitics thrust is the use of a very
>>>
>>> strong positive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative
>>>
>>> on the other.The core of the motor is a condenser and the
>>>
>>> ability of the condenser to hold its charge (the k-number) is the
>>>
>>> yardstick of performance.With air as 1, current dielectrical
>>>
>>> materials can yield 6 and use of <STRONG>barium</STRONG> aluminate 
>>> can raise
>>>
>>> this considerably, <STRONG>barium</STRONG> titanium oxide (a baked 
>>> ceramic) can
>>>
>>> offer 6,000 and there is promise of 30,000, which would be
>>>
>>> sufficient for supersonic speed.
>>>
>>> The original Brown rig produced 30 fps on a voltage of
>>>
>>> around 50,000 and a small amount of current in the
>>>
>>> milliamp range.There was no detailed explanation of gravity
>>>
>>> in Project Winterhaven, but it was assumed that particle
>>>
>>> dualism in the subatomic structure of gravity would coincide
>>>
>>> in its effect with the issuing stream of electrons from the
>>>
>>> electrostatic energy source to produce counterbary.The Brown
>>>
>>> work probably remains a realistic approach to the practical
>>>
>>> realization of electrostatic propulsion and sustentation.What-
>>>
>>> ever may be discovered by the Gravity Research Foundation of
>>>
>>> New Boston a complete understanding and synthetic reproduction
>>>
>>> of gravity is not essential for limited success.The electro-
>>>
>>> gravitics saucer can perform the function of a classic lifting
>>>
>>> surface - it produces a pushing effect on the under surface and
>>>
>>> a suction effect on the upper, but, unlike an airfoil, it does not
>>>
>>> require a flow of air to produce the effect.
>>>
>>> -5-
>>>
>>> First attempts at electrogravitics are unlikely to produce
>>>
>>> counterbary, but may lead to development of an electrostatic
>>>
>>> VTOL vehicle.Even in its development form this might be an
>>>
>>> advance on the molecular heat engine in its capabilities.But
>>>
>>> hopes in the new science depend on an understanding of the
>>>
>>> source and matter of gravity.It is fortuitous that lift can be
>>>
>>> produced in the traditional fashion and if an understanding of
>>>
>>> gravity remains beyond full practical control, electrostatic lift
>>>
>>> might be an adjunct of some significance to modern thrust
>>>
>>> producers.Research into electrostatics could prove beneficial
>>>
>>> to turbine development, and heat engines in general, in view of
>>>
>>> the usable electron potential round the periphery of any flame.
>>>
>>> Materials for electrogravitics and especially the development
>>>
>>> of commercial quantities of high-k material is another dividend
>>>
>>> to be obtained from electrostatic research even if it produces no
>>>
>>> counterbary.This is a line of development that Aviation Studies'
>>>
>>> Gravity Research Group is following.
>>>
>>> One of the interesting aspects of electrogravitics is that a
>>>
>>> breakthrough in almost any part of the broad front of general
>>>
>>> research on the intranuclear processes may be translated into
>>>
>>> a meaningful advance towards the feasibility of electrogravitics
>>>
>>> systems.This demands constant monitoring in the most
>>>
>>> likely areas of the physics of high energy sub-nuclear particles.
>>>
>>> It is difficult to be overoptimistic about the prospects of gaining
>>>
>>> so complete a grasp of gravity while the world's physicists are
>>>
>>> still engaged in a study of fundamental particles - that is to say
>>>
>>> those that cannot be broken down any more.Fundamental particles
>>>
>>> are still being discovered - the most recent was the Segre-
>>>
>>> Chamberlain-Wiegand attachment ot the bevatron, which was
>>>
>>> used to isolate the missing anti-proton, which must - or should
>>>
>>> be presumed to - exist according to Dirac's theory of the electron.
>>>
>>> -6-
>>>
>>> Much of the accepted mathematics of particles would be wrong
>>>
>>> if the anti-proton was proved to be non-existent.Earlier
>>>
>>> Eddington has listed the fundamental particles as:-
>>>
>>> e The charge of an electron.
>>>
>>> m the mass of an electron.
>>>
>>> M the mass of a proton.
>>>
>>> h Planck's contant
>>>
>>> c The velocity of light.
>>>
>>> G The constant of gravitation, and
>>>
>>> L The cosmological constant
>>>
>>> It is generally held that no one of these can be inferred from
>>>
>>> the others.But electrons may well disappear from among the
>>>
>>> fundamental particles, though, as Russell says, it is likely that
>>>
>>> e and m will survive.The constants are much more established
>>>
>>> than the interpretation of them and are among the most solid of
>>>
>>> achievements in modern physics.
>>>
>>> * * *
>>>
>>> Gravity may be defined as a small scale departure from
>>>
>>> Euclidean space in the general theory of relativity.The
>>>
>>> gravitational constant is one of four dimensionless constants:
>>>
>>> first, the mass relation of the nucleon and electron.Second is
>>>
>>> e^2/hc, third, the Compton wavelength of the proton, and fourth
>>>
>>> is the gravitational constant, which is the ratio of the electrostatic
>>>
>>> -7-
>>>
>>> to the gravitational attraction between the electron and the
>>>
>>> proton.
>>>
>>> One of the stumbling blocks in electrogravitics is the
>>>
>>> absence of any satisfacotry theory linking these four dimension-
>>>
>>> less quantities.Of the four, moreover, gravity is decidedly the
>>>
>>> most complex, since any explanation would have to satisfy both
>>>
>>> cosmic and quantum relations more acceptably and intelligibly even
>>>
>>> than in the unified field theory.A gravitational constant of
>>>
>>> around 10^-30 has emerged from quantum research and this has
>>>
>>> been used as a tool for finding theories that could link the two
>>>
>>> relations.This work is now in full progress, and developments
>>>
>>> have to be watched for the aviation angle.Hitherto Dirac,
>>>
>>> Eddington, Jordan and others have produced differences in theory
>>>
>>> that are too wide to be accepted as consistent.It means therefore
>>>
>>> that (i) without a cosmological basis, and (ii) with an imprecise
>>>
>>> quantum basis and (iii) a vague hypothesis on the interaction,
>>>
>>> much remains still to be discovered.Indeed some say that a
>>>
>>> single interacting theory to link up the dimensionless constants
>>>
>>> is one of three major unresolved basic problems of physics.
>>>
>>> The other two main problems are the extension of quantum theory
>>>
>>> and a more detailed knowledge of the fundamental particles.
>>>
>>> All this is some distance from Newton, who saw gravity as
>>>
>>> a force acting on a body from a distance, leading to the tendency
>>>
>>> of bodies to accelerate towards each other.He allied this
>>>
>>> assumption with Euclidean geometry, and time was assumed as
>>>
>>> uniform and acted independently of space.Bodies and particles
>>>
>>> in space normally moved uniformly in straight lines according
>>>
>>> to Newton, and to account for the way they sometimes do not do
>>>
>>> so, he used the idea of a force of gravity acting at a distance,
>>>
>>> in which particles of matter cause in others an acceleration
>>>
>>> proportional to their mass, and inversely proportional to the
>>>
>>> -8-
>>>
>>> square of the distance between them.
>>>
>>> But Einstein showed how the principle of least action, or
>>>
>>> the so-called cosmic laziness means that particles, on the
>>>
>>> contrary, follow the easiest path along geodesic lines and as a
>>>
>>> result they get readily absorbed into space-time.So was born
>>>
>>> non-linear physics.The classic example of non-linear physics
>>>
>>> is the experiment in bombarding a screen with two slits.When
>>>
>>> both slits are open particles going through are not the sum of
>>>
>>> the two individually but follows a non-linear equation.This
>>>
>>> leads on to wave-particle dualism and that in turn to the
>>>
>>> Heisenberg uncertainty principle in which an increase in accuracy
>>>
>>> in measurement of one physical quantity means decreasing
>>>
>>> accuracy in measuring the other.If time is measured accurately
>>>
>>> energy calculations will be in error; the more accurate the
>>>
>>> position of a particle is established the less certain the velocity
>>>
>>> will be; and so on.This basic principle of the acausality of
>>>
>>> microphysics affects the study of gravity in the special and
>>>
>>> general theories of relativity.Lack of pictoral image in the
>>>
>>> quantum physics of this interrelationship is a difficulty at the
>>>
>>> outset for those whose minds remain obstinately Euclidean.
>>>
>>> In the special theory of relativity, space-time is seen only
>>>
>>> as an undefined interval which can be defined in any way that is
>>>
>>> convenient and the Newtonian idea of persistent particles in
>>>
>>> motion to explain gravity cannot be accepted.It must be seen
>>>
>>> rather as a synthesis of forces in a four dimensional continuum,
>>>
>>> three to establish the position and one the time.The general
>>>
>>> theory of relativity that followed a decade later was a
>>>
>>> geometrical explanation of gravitation in which bodies take the
>>>
>>> geodesic path through space-time.In turn this means that
>>>
>>> instead of the idea of a force acting at a distance it is assumed
>>>
>>> that space, time, radiation and particles are linked and
>>>
>>> variations in them from gravity are due rather to the nature of
>>>
>>> space.
>>>
>>> -9-
>>>
>>> Thus gravity of a body such as the earth, instead of pulling
>>>
>>> object towards it as Newton postulated, is adjusting the
>>>
>>> characteristics of space and, it may be inferred, the quantum
>>>
>>> mechanics of space in the vicinity of the gravitational force.
>>>
>>> Electrogravitics aims at correcting this adjustment to put
>>>
>>> matter, so to speak, 'at rest'.
>>>
>>> * * *
>>>
>>> One of the difficulties in 1954 and 1955 was to get aviation
>>>
>>> to take electrogravitics seriously.The name alone was enough
>>>
>>> to put people off.However, in the trade much progress has
>>>
>>> been made and now most major companies in the United States
>>>
>>> are interested in counterbary.Groups are being organised to
>>>
>>> study electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena.Most of
>>>
>>> industry's leaders have made some reference to it.Douglas
>>>
>>> has now stated that it has counterbary on its work agenda but
>>>
>>> does not expect results yet awhile.Hiller has referred to new
>>>
>>> forms of flying platform, Glenn Martin say gravity control could
>>>
>>> be achieved in six years, but they add that it would entail a
>>>
>>> Manhattan District type of effort to bring it about.Sikorsky,
>>>
>>> one of the pioneers, more or less agrees with the Douglas verdict
>>>
>>> and says that gravity is tangible and formidable, but there must
>>>
>>> be a physical carrier for this immense trans-spatial force.This
>>>
>>> implies that where a physical manifestation exists, a physical
>>>
>>> device and be developed for creating a similar force moving in
>>>
>>> the opposite direction to cancel it.Clarke Electronics state
>>>
>>> thay have a rig, and add that in their view the source of
>>>
>>> gravity's force will be understood sooner than some people
>>>
>>> think.General Electric is working on the use of electronic rigs
>>>
>>> designed to make adjustments to gravity - this line of attack
>>>
>>> has the advantage of using rigs already in existence for other
>>>
>>> defence work.Bell also has an experimental rig intended, as
>>>
>>> -10-
>>>
>>> the company puts it, to cancel out gravity, and Lawrence Bell
>>>
>>> has said he is convinced that practical hardware will emerge
>>>
>>> from current programs.Grover Leoning is certain that what
>>>
>>> he referred to as an electro-magnetic contra-gravity mechanism
>>>
>>> will be developed for practical use.Convair is extensively
>>>
>>> committed to the work with several rigs.Lear Inc., autopilot
>>>
>>> and electronic engineers have a division of the company working
>>>
>>> on gravity research and so also has the Sperry division of
>>>
>>> Sperry-Rand.This list embraces most of the U.S. aircraft
>>>
>>> industry.The remainder, Curtiss-Wright, Lockheed, Boeing
>>>
>>> and North American have not yet declared themselves, but all
>>>
>>> these four are known to be in various stages of study with and
>>>
>>> without rigs.
>>>
>>> In addition, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is
>>>
>>> working on gravity, the Gravity Research Foundation of New
>>>
>>> Boston, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the
>>>
>>> CalTech Radiation Laboratory, Princeton University and the
>>>
>>> University of North Carolina are all active in gravity.Glenn
>>>
>>> L. Martin is setting up a Research Institute for Advanced Study
>>>
>>> which has a small staff working on gravity research with the
>>>
>>> unified field theory and this group is committed to extensive
>>>
>>> programs of applied research.Many others are also known to
>>>
>>> be studying gravity, some are known also to be planning
>>>
>>> a general expansion in this field, such as the proposed
>>>
>>> Institute for Pure Physics at the University of North Carolina.
>>>
>>> A certain amount of work is also going on in Europe.One
>>>
>>> of the French nationalized constructors and one company outside
>>>
>>> the nationalized elements have been making preliminary studies,
>>>
>>> and a little company money has in one case actually been
>>>
>>> committed.Some work is also going on in Britain where rigs
>>>
>>> are now in existence.Most of it is private tenure work, such
>>>
>>> -11-
>>>
>>> as that being done by Ed Hull, a colleague of Townsend Brown
>>>
>>> who, as much as anybody, introduced Europe to electrogravitics.
>>>
>>> Aviation Studies' Gravity Research Group is doing some work,
>>>
>>> mainly on k studies, and is sponsoring dielectric investigations.
>>>
>>> One Swedish company and two Canadian companies have
>>>
>>> been making studies, and quite recently the Germans have
>>>
>>> woken up to the possibilities.Several of the companies have
>>>
>>> started digging out some of the early German papers on wave
>>>
>>> physics.They are almost certain to plan a gravitics program.
>>>
>>> Curiously enough the Germans during the war paid no attention
>>>
>>> to electrogravitics.This is one line of advance that they did
>>>
>>> not pioneer in any way and is still basically a U.S. creation.
>>>
>>> Townsend Brown in electrogravitics is the equivalent of Frank
>>>
>>> Whittle in gas turbines.This German overlooking of
>>>
>>> electrostatics is even more surprising when it is remembered
>>>
>>> how astonishingly advanced and prescient the Germans were in
>>>
>>> nuclear research.(The modern theory of making thermonuclear
>>>
>>> weapons without plutonium fission initiators returns to the original
>>>
>>> German idea that was dismissed, even ridiculed.The Germans
>>>
>>> never went very far with fission, indeed they doubted that this
>>>
>>> chain would ever be made to work.)The German air industry,
>>>
>>> still in the embryo stage, has included electrogravitics among
>>>
>>> the subjects it intends to examine when establishing the policy
>>>
>>> that the individual companies will adopt after the present early
>>>
>>> stage of foreign licence has enabled industry to get abreast
>>>
>>> of the other countries in aircraft development.
>>>
>>> * * *
>>>
>>> It is impossible to read through this summary of the
>>>
>>> widening efforts being made to understand the nature of matter
>>>
>>> of gravity without sharing the hope that many groups now have,
>>>
>>> of major theoretical breakthroughs occurring before very long.
>>>
>>> -12-
>>>
>>> Experience in nucleonics has shown that when attempts to win
>>>
>>> knowledge on this scale are made, advances are soon seen.
>>>
>>> There are a number of elements in industry, and some
>>>
>>> managements, who see gravity as a problem for later genera-
>>>
>>> tions.Many see nothing in it all and they might be right.But as
>>>
>>> said earlier, if Dr. Vaclav Hlavaty thinks gravity is
>>>
>>> potentially controllable that surely should be justification
>>>
>>> enough, and indeed inspiration, for physicists to apply their
>>>
>>> minds and for management to take a risk.Hlavaty is the only
>>>
>>> man who thinks he can see a way of doing the mathematics to
>>>
>>> demonstrate Einstein's unified field theory - something that
>>>
>>> Einstein himself said was beyond him.Relativity and the unified
>>>
>>> field theory go to the root of electrogravitics and the shifts
>>>
>>> in thinking, the hopes and fears, and a measure of progress is
>>>
>>> to be obtained only in the last resort from men of this stature.
>>>
>>> Major theoretical breakthroughs to discover the sources
>>>
>>> of gravity will be made by the most advanced intellects using
>>>
>>> the most advanced research tools.Aviation's role is therefore
>>>
>>> to impress upon physicists of this calibre with the urgency of
>>>
>>> the matter and to aid them with statistical and peripheral
>>>
>>> investigations that will help to clarify the background to the
>>>
>>> central mathematics and physical puzzles.Aviation could also
>>>
>>> assist by recruiting some of these men as advisers.Convair has
>>>
>>> taken the initiative with its recently established panel of advisers
>>>
>>> on nuclear projects, which include Dr. Edward Teller of the
>>>
>>> University of California.At the same time much can be done in
>>>
>>> development of laboratory rigs, condenser research and dielectric
>>>
>>> development, which do not require anything like the same
>>>
>>> cerebral capacity to get results and make a practical contribution.
>>>
>>> As gravity is likely to be linked with the new particles, only
>>>
>>> the highest powered particle accelerators are likely to be of use
>>>
>>> -13-
>>>
>>> in further fundamental knowledge.The country with the biggest
>>>
>>> tools of this kind is in the best position to examine the
>>>
>>> characteristics of the particles and from these countries the
>>>
>>> greatest advances seem most likely.
>>>
>>> Though the United States has the biggest of the bevatrons -
>>>
>>> the Berkeley bevatron is 6.2 bev - the Russians have a 10 bev
>>>
>>> accelerator in construction which, when it is completed, will
>>>
>>> be the world's largest.At Brookhaven a 25 bev instrument is
>>>
>>> in development which, in turn, will be the biggest.Other
>>>
>>> countries without comparable facilities are of course at a
>>>
>>> great disadvantage from the outset in the contest to discover the
>>>
>>> explanations of gravity.Electrogravitics, moreover, unfortunately
>>>
>>> competes with nuclear studies for its facilities.The clearest
>>>
>>> thinking brains are bound to be attracted to locations where the
>>>
>>> most extensive laboratory equipment exists.So, one way and
>>>
>>> another, results are most likely to come from the major
>>>
>>> countries with the biggest undertakings.Thus the nuclear
>>>
>>> facilities have a direct bearing on the scope for electrogravitics
>>>
>>> work.
>>>
>>> The OEEC report in January made the following points:-
>>>
>>> The U.S. has six to eight entirely different types of reactor in
>>>
>>> operation and many more under construction.Europe has now
>>>
>>> two different types in service.
>>>
>>> The U.S. has about 30 research reactors plus four in Britain,
>>>
>>> two in France.
>>>
>>> The U.S. has two nuclear-powered marine engines.Europe has
>>>
>>> none, but the U.K. is building one.
>>>
>>> Isotope separation plants for the enrichment of uranium in
>>>
>>> the U.S. are roughly 11 times larger than the European
>>>
>>> plant in Britain.
>>>
>>> Europe's only heavy water plant (in Norway) produces somewhat
>>>
>>> less than one-twentieth of American output.
>>>
>>> In 1955 the number of technicians employed in nuclear energy
>>>
>>> work in the U.S. was about 15,000; there are about 5,000 in
>>>
>>> Britain, 1,800 in France, and about 1,000 in the rest of
>>>
>>> Europe.But the working party says that pessimistic conclusions
>>>
>>> should not be drawn from these comparisons.European nuclear
>>>
>>> energy effort is evenly divided at the moment, but some
>>>
>>> countries have notable achievements to their credit and important
>>>
>>> developments in prospect.The main reason for optimism is
>>>
>>> that, taken as a whole, &quot;Europe's present nuclear effort falls
>>>
>>> very far short of its industrial potential&quot;.
>>>
>>> Though gravity research, such as there has been of it,
>>>
>>> has been unclassified, new principles and information gained
>>>
>>> from the nuclear research facilities that have a vehicle application
>>>
>>> is expected to be withheld.
>>>
>>> The heart of the problem to understanding gravity is likely
>>>
>>> to prove to be the way in which the very high energy sub-nuclear
>>>
>>> particles convert something, whatever it is, continuously and
>>>
>>> automatically into the tremendous nuclear and electromagnetic
>>>
>>> forces.Once this key is understood, attention can later be
>>>
>>> directed to finding laboratory means of duplicating the process
>>>
>>> and reversing its force lines in some local environment and
>>>
>>> returning the energy to itself to produce counterbary.Looking
>>>
>>> beyond it seems possible that gravitation will be shown to be a
>>>
>>> part of the universal electro-magnetic processes and controlled
>>>
>>> -15-
>>>
>>> in the same way as a light wave or radio wave.This is a synthesis
>>>
>>> of the Einstein and Hlavaty concepts.Hence it follows that though
>>>
>>> in its initial form the mechanical processes for countering
>>>
>>> gravity may initially be massive to deal with the massive forces
>>>
>>> involved, eventually this could be expected to form some central
>>>
>>> power generation unit.Barycentric control in some required
>>>
>>> quantity could be passed over a distance by a form of radio
>>>
>>> wave.The prime energy source to energise the waves would
>>>
>>> of course be nuclear in its origins.
>>>
>>> It is difficult to say which lines of detailed development
>>>
>>> being processed in the immediate future is more likely to yield
>>>
>>> significant results.Perhaps the three most promising are:
>>>
>>> first, the new attempt by the team of men led by Chamberlain
>>>
>>> working with the Berkeley bevatron to find the anti-neutron,
>>>
>>> and to identify more of the characteristics of the anti-proton*
>>>
>>> and each of the string of high energy particles that have been
>>>
>>> discovered during recent operations at 6.2 bev.
>>>
>>> A second line of approach is the United States National
>>>
>>> Bureau of Standards program to pin down with greater accuracy
>>>
>>> the acceleration values of gravity.The presently accepted figure
>>>
>>> ___________________________________________________________
>>>
>>> *The reaction is as follows:protons are accelerated to 6.2 bev,
>>>
>>> and directed at a target of copper.When the proton projectile
>>>
>>> hits a neutron in one of the copper atoms the following emerge:
>>>
>>> the two original particles (the projectile and the struck neutron)
>>>
>>> and a new pair of particles, a proton and anti-proton.The
>>>
>>> anti-proton continues briefly until it hits another proton, then
>>>
>>> both disappear and decay into mesons.
>>>
>>> ___________________________________________________________
>>>
>>> -16-
>>>
>>> of 32.174 feet per second per second is known to be not
>>>
>>> comprehensive, though it has been sufficiently accurte
>>>
>>> for the limited needs of industry hitherto.The NBS program
>>>
>>> aims at re-determining the strength of gravity to within one
>>>
>>> part of a million. The present method thas been to hold a ball
>>>
>>> 16 feet up and chart the elapsed time of descent with electronic
>>>
>>> measuring equipment.The new program is based on the old, but
>>>
>>> with this exceptional degree of accuracy it is naturally immensely
>>>
>>> more difficult and is expected to take 3 years.
>>>
>>> A third promising line is the new technique of measuring
>>>
>>> high energy particles in motion that was started by the
>>>
>>> University of California last year.This involves passing
>>>
>>> cosmic rays through a chamber containing a mixture of gas,
>>>
>>> alcohol and water vapour.This creates charged atoms, or
>>>
>>> positive ions, by knocking electrons off the gas molecules.A
>>>
>>> sudden expansion of the chamber results in a condensation of
>>>
>>> water droplets along the track which can be plotted on a
>>>
>>> photographic plate.This method makes it easier to assess the
>>>
>>> energy of particles and to distinguish one from the other.It
>>>
>>> also helps to establish the characteristics of the different
>>>
>>> types of particles.The relationship between these high energy
>>>
>>> particles, and their origin, and characteristics, have a bearing
>>>
>>> on electrogravitics in general.
>>>
>>> So much of what has to be discovered as a necessary
>>>
>>> preliminary to gravity is of no practical use by itself.There is
>>>
>>> no conceivable use, for instance, for the anti-proton, yet its
>>>
>>> discovery even at a cost of $9-million is essential to check the
>>>
>>> mathematics of the fundamental components of matter.Similarly
>>>
>>> it is necessary to check that all the nuclear ghosts that have been
>>>
>>> postulated theoretically do in fact exist.It is not, moreover,
>>>
>>> sufficient, as in the past, only to observe the particles by
>>>
>>> -17-
>>>
>>> radiation counters.In each instance a mechanical maze has to
>>>
>>> be devised and attached to a particle accelerator to trap only
>>>
>>> the particle concerned.Each discovery becomes a wedge for
>>>
>>> a deeper probe of the nucleus.Many of the particles of very high
>>>
>>> energy have only a fleeting existence and collisions that give
>>>
>>> rise to them from bevatron
>>>
>>> -- 
>>>
>>> ZE [email protected] +351 53 22244ZarSoft Corporation
>>>
>>> &quot;Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't 
>>> go away.&quot;
>>>
>>> Philip K. Dick
>>>
>>> </PRE>
>>>
>>> <HR> <center>
>>>
>>> [ <A HREF="/dnhome.html">HOME</A> ] -
>>>
>>> [ <A HREF="/help/dnhelp_index.html">HELP</A> ] -
>>>
>>> [ <A HREF="/dncontacts.html"<BR>CONTACTS</A> ] -
>>>
>>> [ <A HREF="/forms/dnquery.html">SEARCH</A> ]
>>>
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>>>
>>> </BODY>
>>>
>>> </HTML>
>>>

Sometimes we have to go to the Mr. Peabody, Way Back Machine and review 
our thinking. Back to basics. CHARGE

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboelectric_effect

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_induction

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/estatics/isop.cfm

https://byjus.com/physics/einsteins-explaination/

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zilvl9tS0Og&feature=youtu.be Remember in 
9th grade science class you were taught that charge was friction 
stripping of electrons from the air??

See attached Felici

http://www.webring.org/l/rd?ring=teslaring;id=1;url=http%3A%2F%2Fu2%2Elege%2Enet%2Fnewebmasters%2Ecom__freeenergy%2Fexternal_links_from_theverylastpageoftheinternet%2Ecom%2Fhighvoltage%2FHVgenerator%2FHVgenerator%2Ehtm

On 2/12/2019 8:54 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> I strongly support the idea of the Dielectric field as stated by 
> Hooper. Hooper was also a believer in that there are two types of 
> induced electrical fields, just like Maxwell and Feynman. Hooper says 
> there is an electrostatic electric field as well as the motional and 
> transformer type electric field. He also says the motional electric 
> field (the dielectric field) has unique properties and that it is not 
> shieldable.
>
> On 2/12/2019 8:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> History of Electro-Gravity Research: 
>> http://electrogravityphysics.com/gravity-papers/ m Thanks to Ole for 
>> this excellent review of the AG Research over 200 years.
>>
>> On 2/12/2019 8:44 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>
>>> When in 9th grade, high school 1953 and going through the DeVry 
>>> Electronics Course, I just had to build my own Geiger Counter for 
>>> the Science Fair.
>>>
>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube
>>>
>>> On 2/12/2019 8:38 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_gravity_control_propulsion_research
>>>>
>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism
>>>>
>>>> http://www.rexresearch.com/hooper/hooper1.htm
>>>>
>>>> https://www.wired.com/1998/03/antigravity/
>>>>
>>>> When we look back in History at the negative ionization phenomenon 
>>>> which dates back to the old Edison DC grid energizing problems with 
>>>> corona out cropping before a current began in the transmission 
>>>> line. Avalanche phenomenon.
>>>>
>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_discharge
>>>>
>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_avalanche
>>>>
>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge Please pay 
>>>> particular attention to the difference in Positive Ionization and 
>>>> the Negative Ionization.   The Ion Wind and avalanche phenomenon is 
>>>> only present in the Negative plasma.
>>>>
>>>> See C33 attached
>>>>
>>>> See DC Ion attached
>>>>
>>>> See Cage attached
>>>>
>>>> 2.1.3.1 Negative DC Corona Processes
>>>> When the stressed conductor is at a negative potential, electron 
>>>> avalanches are
>>>> initiated at the cathode and develop in a continuously decreasing 
>>>> field towards the
>>>> anode. Free electrons which, can move much faster than ions in an 
>>>> applied field, are
>>>> thus concentrated at the tip of the avalanche. A concentration of 
>>>> positive ions thus
>>>> forms in the region of the gap between the cathode and the boundary 
>>>> surface So [4,
>>>> 67]. This is seen in figure 2.6.
>>>> \
>>>> \
>>>> \ ,
>>>> I' () '--____ -=:..
>>>> Figure 2.6: Electron Avalanche at the Cathode [4, pg 68]
>>>> As can be seen from figure 2.6 free electrons continue to migrate 
>>>> across the gap.
>>>> Beyond the surface So the free electrons quickly attach themselves 
>>>> to the oxygen
>>>> molecules to form negative ions, which due to their low drift 
>>>> velocity accumulate in
>>>> the gap beyond So. Once the development of the first electron 
>>>> avalanche has been
>>>> completed there are two ion space charges in the gap as shown in 
>>>> figure 2.7.
>>>> E
>>>> E
>>>> I
>>>> J
>>>> ,
>>>> \ , \ -
>>>> ~"-~ +---- \. . \; - - ~
>>>> .. _;': : -- :1-:.',:::-
>>>> I
>>>> I
>>>> I
>>>> ED '---_ _ ---'---=:::... I
>>>> Figure 2.7: Space Charge Following Completion of the First 
>>>> Avalanche [4, pg 68]
>>>> l3
>>>>
>>>> This page is an introduction  to the charge separation that occurs 
>>>> in the micro vortex and possible connection to the AG phenomenon.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> This was the meeting at Wright Patterson AFB that kicked off the 
>>>> Research into Anti-gravity in 1956.
>>>>
>>>> ELECTROGRAVITIC SYSTEMS
>>>>
>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>>>
>>>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>>>
>>>> TL
>>>>
>>>> 565
>>>>
>>>> A9
>>>>
>>>> Bar Code: 3 1401 00034 5879
>>>>
>>>> Due dates omitted.
>>>>
>>>> Shield with Logo:
>>>>
>>>> AF WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES
>>>>
>>>> TECHNICAL LIBRARY
>>>>
>>>> Wright-Patterson
>>>>
>>>> Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
>>>>
>>>> Inner Cover:
>>>>
>>>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>>>
>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>>>
>>>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>>>
>>>> Prepared by
>>>>
>>>> Gravity Research Group
>>>>
>>>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited, London
>>>>
>>>> 29-31 Cheval Place. Knightsbridge
>>>>
>>>> LONDON S.W. 7 England
>>>>
>>>> Report GRG 013/56 February 1956
>>>>
>>>> TL 565 A9
>>>>
>>>> CONTENTS
>>>>
>>>> Page
>>>>
>>>> Introductory Notes...............1
>>>>
>>>> Discussion.......................3
>>>>
>>>> Conclusions.....................18
>>>>
>>>> APPENDIX
>>>>
>>>> I - Aviation Report extracts....21
>>>>
>>>> I - Electrostatic Patents.......33
>>>>
>>>> * * *
>>>>
>>>> PROPERTY OF USAF
>>>>
>>>> -1-
>>>>
>>>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>>>
>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic
>>>>
>>>> counterbary and barycentric control
>>>>
>>>> It has been accepted as axiomatic that the way to offset the
>>>>
>>>> effects of gravity is to use a lifting surface and considerable
>>>>
>>>> molecular energy to produce a continously applied force that,
>>>>
>>>> for a limited period of time, can remain greater than the effects
>>>>
>>>> of gravitational attraction.The original invention of the glider,
>>>>
>>>> and evolution of the briefly self-sustaining glider, at the turn of
>>>>
>>>> the century led to progressive advances in power and knowledge.
>>>>
>>>> This has been directed to refining the classic Wright Brothers'
>>>>
>>>> approach.Aircraft design is still fundamentally as the Wrights
>>>>
>>>> adumbrated it, with wings, body, tails, moving or flapping
>>>>
>>>> controls, landing gear and so forth.The Wright biplane was a
>>>>
>>>> powered glider, and all subsequent aircraft, including the
>>>>
>>>> supersonic jets of the nineteen-fifties are also powered gliders.
>>>>
>>>> Only one fundamentally different flying principle has so far been
>>>>
>>>> adopted with varying degrees of success.It is the rotating wing
>>>>
>>>> aircraft that has led to the jet lifters and vertical pushers,
>>>>
>>>> coleopters, ducted fans and lift induction turbine propulsion
>>>>
>>>> systems.
>>>>
>>>> But during these decades there was always the possibility
>>>>
>>>> of making efforts to discover the nature of gravity from cosmic
>>>>
>>>> or quantum theory, investigation and observation, with a view
>>>>
>>>> to discerning the physical properties of aviation's enemy.
>>>>
>>>> -2-
>>>>
>>>> It has seemed to Aviation Studies that for some time
>>>>
>>>> insufficient attention has been directed to this kind of research.
>>>>
>>>> If it were successful such developments would change the
>>>>
>>>> concept of sustentation, and confer upon a vehicle qualities
>>>>
>>>> that woul now be regarded as the ultimate in aviation.
>>>>
>>>> This report summarizes in simple form the work that has
>>>>
>>>> been done and is being done in the new field of electrogravitics.
>>>>
>>>> It also outlines the various possible lines of research into the
>>>>
>>>> nature and constituent matter of gravity, and how it has changed
>>>>
>>>> from Newton to Einstein to the modern Hlavaty concept of
>>>>
>>>> gravity as an electromagnetic force that may be controlled like
>>>>
>>>> a light wave.
>>>>
>>>> The report also contains an outline of opinions on the
>>>>
>>>> feasibility of different electrogravitics systems and there is
>>>>
>>>> reference to some of the barycentric control and electrostatic
>>>>
>>>> rigs in operation.
>>>>
>>>> Also included is a list of references to electrogravitics in
>>>>
>>>> successive Aviation Reports since a drive was started by
>>>>
>>>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited to suggest to aviation
>>>>
>>>> business eighteen months ago that the rewards of success are
>>>>
>>>> too far-reaching to be overlooked, especially in view of the
>>>>
>>>> hopeful judgement of the most authoritative voice in micro-
>>>>
>>>> physics.Also listed are some relevant patents on electrostatics
>>>>
>>>> and electrostatic generators in the United States, United Kingdom
>>>>
>>>> and France.
>>>>
>>>> Gravity Research Group
>>>>
>>>> ---------------------
>>>>
>>>> 25 February 1956
>>>>
>>>> -3-
>>>>
>>>> DISCUSSION
>>>>
>>>> Electrogravitics might be described as a synthesis of
>>>>
>>>> electrostatic energy used for propulsion - either vertical propulsion
>>>>
>>>> or horizontal or both - and gravitics, or dynamic counterbary, in
>>>>
>>>> which energy is also used to set up a local gravitational force
>>>>
>>>> independent of the earth's.
>>>>
>>>> Electrostatic energy for propulsion has been predicted as a
>>>>
>>>> possible means of propulsion in space when the thrust from a neutron
>>>>
>>>> motor or ion motor would be sufficient in a dragless environment
>>>>
>>>> to produce astronomical velocities.But the ion motor is not
>>>>
>>>> strictly a part of the science of electrogravitics, since barycentric
>>>>
>>>> control in an electrogravitics systems is envisaged for a vehicle
>>>>
>>>> operating within the earth's environment and it is not seen
>>>>
>>>> initially for space application.Probably large scale space opera-
>>>>
>>>> tions would have to await the full development of electrogravitics
>>>>
>>>> to enable large pieces of equipment to be moved out of the region
>>>>
>>>> of the earth's strongest gravity effects.So, though electrostatic
>>>>
>>>> motors were thought of in 1925, electrogravitics had its birth after
>>>>
>>>> the War, when Townsend Brown sought to improve on the various
>>>>
>>>> proposals that then existed for electrostatic motors sufficiently to
>>>>
>>>> produce some visible manifestation of sustained motion.Whereas
>>>>
>>>> earlier electrostatic tests were essentially pure research
>>>>
>>>> Brown's rigs were aimed from the outset at producing a flying
>>>>
>>>> article.As a private venture he produced evidence of motion using
>>>>
>>>> condensers in a couple of saucers suspended by arms rotating
>>>>
>>>> round a central tower with input running down the arms.The
>>>>
>>>> massive-k situation was summarized subsequently in a report,
>>>>
>>>> Project Winterhaven, in 1952.Using the data some conclusions
>>>>
>>>> were arrived at that might be expected from ten or more years of
>>>>
>>>> -4-
>>>>
>>>> intensive development - similar to that, for instance, applied to
>>>>
>>>> the turbine engine.Using a number of assumptions as to the
>>>>
>>>> nature of gravity, the report postulated a saucer as the basis of
>>>>
>>>> a possible interceptor with Mach 3 capability.Creation of a
>>>>
>>>> local gravitational system would confer upon the fighter the
>>>>
>>>> sharp-edged changes of direction typical of motion in space.
>>>>
>>>> The essence of electrogravitics thrust is the use of a very
>>>>
>>>> strong positive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative
>>>>
>>>> on the other.The core of the motor is a condenser and the
>>>>
>>>> ability of the condenser to hold its charge (the k-number) is the
>>>>
>>>> yardstick of performance.With air as 1, current dielectrical
>>>>
>>>> materials can yield 6 and use of <STRONG>barium</STRONG> aluminate 
>>>> can raise
>>>>
>>>> this considerably, <STRONG>barium</STRONG> titanium oxide (a baked 
>>>> ceramic) can
>>>>
>>>> offer 6,000 and there is promise of 30,000, which would be
>>>>
>>>> sufficient for supersonic speed.
>>>>
>>>> The original Brown rig produced 30 fps on a voltage of
>>>>
>>>> around 50,000 and a small amount of current in the
>>>>
>>>> milliamp range.There was no detailed explanation of gravity
>>>>
>>>> in Project Winterhaven, but it was assumed that particle
>>>>
>>>> dualism in the subatomic structure of gravity would coincide
>>>>
>>>> in its effect with the issuing stream of electrons from the
>>>>
>>>> electrostatic energy source to produce counterbary.The Brown
>>>>
>>>> work probably remains a realistic approach to the practical
>>>>
>>>> realization of electrostatic propulsion and sustentation.What-
>>>>
>>>> ever may be discovered by the Gravity Research Foundation of
>>>>
>>>> New Boston a complete understanding and synthetic reproduction
>>>>
>>>> of gravity is not essential for limited success.The electro-
>>>>
>>>> gravitics saucer can perform the function of a classic lifting
>>>>
>>>> surface - it produces a pushing effect on the under surface and
>>>>
>>>> a suction effect on the upper, but, unlike an airfoil, it does not
>>>>
>>>> require a flow of air to produce the effect.
>>>>
>>>> -5-
>>>>
>>>> First attempts at electrogravitics are unlikely to produce
>>>>
>>>> counterbary, but may lead to development of an electrostatic
>>>>
>>>> VTOL vehicle.Even in its development form this might be an
>>>>
>>>> advance on the molecular heat engine in its capabilities.But
>>>>
>>>> hopes in the new science depend on an understanding of the
>>>>
>>>> source and matter of gravity.It is fortuitous that lift can be
>>>>
>>>> produced in the traditional fashion and if an understanding of
>>>>
>>>> gravity remains beyond full practical control, electrostatic lift
>>>>
>>>> might be an adjunct of some significance to modern thrust
>>>>
>>>> producers.Research into electrostatics could prove beneficial
>>>>
>>>> to turbine development, and heat engines in general, in view of
>>>>
>>>> the usable electron potential round the periphery of any flame.
>>>>
>>>> Materials for electrogravitics and especially the development
>>>>
>>>> of commercial quantities of high-k material is another dividend
>>>>
>>>> to be obtained from electrostatic research even if it produces no
>>>>
>>>> counterbary.This is a line of development that Aviation Studies'
>>>>
>>>> Gravity Research Group is following.
>>>>
>>>> One of the interesting aspects of electrogravitics is that a
>>>>
>>>> breakthrough in almost any part of the broad front of general
>>>>
>>>> research on the intranuclear processes may be translated into
>>>>
>>>> a meaningful advance towards the feasibility of electrogravitics
>>>>
>>>> systems.This demands constant monitoring in the most
>>>>
>>>> likely areas of the physics of high energy sub-nuclear particles.
>>>>
>>>> It is difficult to be overoptimistic about the prospects of gaining
>>>>
>>>> so complete a grasp of gravity while the world's physicists are
>>>>
>>>> still engaged in a study of fundamental particles - that is to say
>>>>
>>>> those that cannot be broken down any more.Fundamental particles
>>>>
>>>> are still being discovered - the most recent was the Segre-
>>>>
>>>> Chamberlain-Wiegand attachment ot the bevatron, which was
>>>>
>>>> used to isolate the missing anti-proton, which must - or should
>>>>
>>>> be presumed to - exist according to Dirac's theory of the electron.
>>>>
>>>> -6-
>>>>
>>>> Much of the accepted mathematics of particles would be wrong
>>>>
>>>> if the anti-proton was proved to be non-existent.Earlier
>>>>
>>>> Eddington has listed the fundamental particles as:-
>>>>
>>>> e The charge of an electron.
>>>>
>>>> m the mass of an electron.
>>>>
>>>> M the mass of a proton.
>>>>
>>>> h Planck's contant
>>>>
>>>> c The velocity of light.
>>>>
>>>> G The constant of gravitation, and
>>>>
>>>> L The cosmological constant
>>>>
>>>> It is generally held that no one of these can be inferred from
>>>>
>>>> the others.But electrons may well disappear from among the
>>>>
>>>> fundamental particles, though, as Russell says, it is likely that
>>>>
>>>> e and m will survive.The constants are much more established
>>>>
>>>> than the interpretation of them and are among the most solid of
>>>>
>>>> achievements in modern physics.
>>>>
>>>> * * *
>>>>
>>>> Gravity may be defined as a small scale departure from
>>>>
>>>> Euclidean space in the general theory of relativity.The
>>>>
>>>> gravitational constant is one of four dimensionless constants:
>>>>
>>>> first, the mass relation of the nucleon and electron.Second is
>>>>
>>>> e^2/hc, third, the Compton wavelength of the proton, and fourth
>>>>
>>>> is the gravitational constant, which is the ratio of the electrostatic
>>>>
>>>> -7-
>>>>
>>>> to the gravitational attraction between the electron and the
>>>>
>>>> proton.
>>>>
>>>> One of the stumbling blocks in electrogravitics is the
>>>>
>>>> absence of any satisfacotry theory linking these four dimension-
>>>>
>>>> less quantities.Of the four, moreover, gravity is decidedly the
>>>>
>>>> most complex, since any explanation would have to satisfy both
>>>>
>>>> cosmic and quantum relations more acceptably and intelligibly even
>>>>
>>>> than in the unified field theory.A gravitational constant of
>>>>
>>>> around 10^-30 has emerged from quantum research and this has
>>>>
>>>> been used as a tool for finding theories that could link the two
>>>>
>>>> relations.This work is now in full progress, and developments
>>>>
>>>> have to be watched for the aviation angle.Hitherto Dirac,
>>>>
>>>> Eddington, Jordan and others have produced differences in theory
>>>>
>>>> that are too wide to be accepted as consistent.It means therefore
>>>>
>>>> that (i) without a cosmological basis, and (ii) with an imprecise
>>>>
>>>> quantum basis and (iii) a vague hypothesis on the interaction,
>>>>
>>>> much remains still to be discovered.Indeed some say that a
>>>>
>>>> single interacting theory to link up the dimensionless constants
>>>>
>>>> is one of three major unresolved basic problems of physics.
>>>>
>>>> The other two main problems are the extension of quantum theory
>>>>
>>>> and a more detailed knowledge of the fundamental particles.
>>>>
>>>> All this is some distance from Newton, who saw gravity as
>>>>
>>>> a force acting on a body from a distance, leading to the tendency
>>>>
>>>> of bodies to accelerate towards each other.He allied this
>>>>
>>>> assumption with Euclidean geometry, and time was assumed as
>>>>
>>>> uniform and acted independently of space.Bodies and particles
>>>>
>>>> in space normally moved uniformly in straight lines according
>>>>
>>>> to Newton, and to account for the way they sometimes do not do
>>>>
>>>> so, he used the idea of a force of gravity acting at a distance,
>>>>
>>>> in which particles of matter cause in others an acceleration
>>>>
>>>> proportional to their mass, and inversely proportional to the
>>>>
>>>> -8-
>>>>
>>>> square of the distance between them.
>>>>
>>>> But Einstein showed how the principle of least action, or
>>>>
>>>> the so-called cosmic laziness means that particles, on the
>>>>
>>>> contrary, follow the easiest path along geodesic lines and as a
>>>>
>>>> result they get readily absorbed into space-time.So was born
>>>>
>>>> non-linear physics.The classic example of non-linear physics
>>>>
>>>> is the experiment in bombarding a screen with two slits.When
>>>>
>>>> both slits are open particles going through are not the sum of
>>>>
>>>> the two individually but follows a non-linear equation.This
>>>>
>>>> leads on to wave-particle dualism and that in turn to the
>>>>
>>>> Heisenberg uncertainty principle in which an increase in accuracy
>>>>
>>>> in measurement of one physical quantity means decreasing
>>>>
>>>> accuracy in measuring the other.If time is measured accurately
>>>>
>>>> energy calculations will be in error; the more accurate the
>>>>
>>>> position of a particle is established the less certain the velocity
>>>>
>>>> will be; and so on.This basic principle of the acausality of
>>>>
>>>> microphysics affects the study of gravity in the special and
>>>>
>>>> general theories of relativity.Lack of pictoral image in the
>>>>
>>>> quantum physics of this interrelationship is a difficulty at the
>>>>
>>>> outset for those whose minds remain obstinately Euclidean.
>>>>
>>>> In the special theory of relativity, space-time is seen only
>>>>
>>>> as an undefined interval which can be defined in any way that is
>>>>
>>>> convenient and the Newtonian idea of persistent particles in
>>>>
>>>> motion to explain gravity cannot be accepted.It must be seen
>>>>
>>>> rather as a synthesis of forces in a four dimensional continuum,
>>>>
>>>> three to establish the position and one the time.The general
>>>>
>>>> theory of relativity that followed a decade later was a
>>>>
>>>> geometrical explanation of gravitation in which bodies take the
>>>>
>>>> geodesic path through space-time.In turn this means that
>>>>
>>>> instead of the idea of a force acting at a distance it is assumed
>>>>
>>>> that space, time, radiation and particles are linked and
>>>>
>>>> variations in them from gravity are due rather to the nature of
>>>>
>>>> space.
>>>>
>>>> -9-
>>>>
>>>> Thus gravity of a body such as the earth, instead of pulling
>>>>
>>>> object towards it as Newton postulated, is adjusting the
>>>>
>>>> characteristics of space and, it may be inferred, the quantum
>>>>
>>>> mechanics of space in the vicinity of the gravitational force.
>>>>
>>>> Electrogravitics aims at correcting this adjustment to put
>>>>
>>>> matter, so to speak, 'at rest'.
>>>>
>>>> * * *
>>>>
>>>> One of the difficulties in 1954 and 1955 was to get aviation
>>>>
>>>> to take electrogravitics seriously.The name alone was enough
>>>>
>>>> to put people off.However, in the trade much progress has
>>>>
>>>> been made and now most major companies in the United States
>>>>
>>>> are interested in counterbary.Groups are being organised to
>>>>
>>>> study electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena.Most of
>>>>
>>>> industry's leaders have made some reference to it.Douglas
>>>>
>>>> has now stated that it has counterbary on its work agenda but
>>>>
>>>> does not expect results yet awhile.Hiller has referred to new
>>>>
>>>> forms of flying platform, Glenn Martin say gravity control could
>>>>
>>>> be achieved in six years, but they add that it would entail a
>>>>
>>>> Manhattan District type of effort to bring it about.Sikorsky,
>>>>
>>>> one of the pioneers, more or less agrees with the Douglas verdict
>>>>
>>>> and says that gravity is tangible and formidable, but there must
>>>>
>>>> be a physical carrier for this immense trans-spatial force.This
>>>>
>>>> implies that where a physical manifestation exists, a physical
>>>>
>>>> device and be developed for creating a similar force moving in
>>>>
>>>> the opposite direction to cancel it.Clarke Electronics state
>>>>
>>>> thay have a rig, and add that in their view the source of
>>>>
>>>> gravity's force will be understood sooner than some people
>>>>
>>>> think.General Electric is working on the use of electronic rigs
>>>>
>>>> designed to make adjustments to gravity - this line of attack
>>>>
>>>> has the advantage of using rigs already in existence for other
>>>>
>>>> defence work.Bell also has an experimental rig intended, as
>>>>
>>>> -10-
>>>>
>>>> the company puts it, to cancel out gravity, and Lawrence Bell
>>>>
>>>> has said he is convinced that practical hardware will emerge
>>>>
>>>> from current programs.Grover Leoning is certain that what
>>>>
>>>> he referred to as an electro-magnetic contra-gravity mechanism
>>>>
>>>> will be developed for practical use.Convair is extensively
>>>>
>>>> committed to the work with several rigs.Lear Inc., autopilot
>>>>
>>>> and electronic engineers have a division of the company working
>>>>
>>>> on gravity research and so also has the Sperry division of
>>>>
>>>> Sperry-Rand.This list embraces most of the U.S. aircraft
>>>>
>>>> industry.The remainder, Curtiss-Wright, Lockheed, Boeing
>>>>
>>>> and North American have not yet declared themselves, but all
>>>>
>>>> these four are known to be in various stages of study with and
>>>>
>>>> without rigs.
>>>>
>>>> In addition, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is
>>>>
>>>> working on gravity, the Gravity Research Foundation of New
>>>>
>>>> Boston, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the
>>>>
>>>> CalTech Radiation Laboratory, Princeton University and the
>>>>
>>>> University of North Carolina are all active in gravity.Glenn
>>>>
>>>> L. Martin is setting up a Research Institute for Advanced Study
>>>>
>>>> which has a small staff working on gravity research with the
>>>>
>>>> unified field theory and this group is committed to extensive
>>>>
>>>> programs of applied research.Many others are also known to
>>>>
>>>> be studying gravity, some are known also to be planning
>>>>
>>>> a general expansion in this field, such as the proposed
>>>>
>>>> Institute for Pure Physics at the University of North Carolina.
>>>>
>>>> A certain amount of work is also going on in Europe.One
>>>>
>>>> of the French nationalized constructors and one company outside
>>>>
>>>> the nationalized elements have been making preliminary studies,
>>>>
>>>> and a little company money has in one case actually been
>>>>
>>>> committed.Some work is also going on in Britain where rigs
>>>>
>>>> are now in existence.Most of it is private tenure work, such
>>>>
>>>> -11-
>>>>
>>>> as that being done by Ed Hull, a colleague of Townsend Brown
>>>>
>>>> who, as much as anybody, introduced Europe to electrogravitics.
>>>>
>>>> Aviation Studies' Gravity Research Group is doing some work,
>>>>
>>>> mainly on k studies, and is sponsoring dielectric investigations.
>>>>
>>>> One Swedish company and two Canadian companies have
>>>>
>>>> been making studies, and quite recently the Germans have
>>>>
>>>> woken up to the possibilities.Several of the companies have
>>>>
>>>> started digging out some of the early German papers on wave
>>>>
>>>> physics.They are almost certain to plan a gravitics program.
>>>>
>>>> Curiously enough the Germans during the war paid no attention
>>>>
>>>> to electrogravitics.This is one line of advance that they did
>>>>
>>>> not pioneer in any way and is still basically a U.S. creation.
>>>>
>>>> Townsend Brown in electrogravitics is the equivalent of Frank
>>>>
>>>> Whittle in gas turbines.This German overlooking of
>>>>
>>>> electrostatics is even more surprising when it is remembered
>>>>
>>>> how astonishingly advanced and prescient the Germans were in
>>>>
>>>> nuclear research.(The modern theory of making thermonuclear
>>>>
>>>> weapons without plutonium fission initiators returns to the original
>>>>
>>>> German idea that was dismissed, even ridiculed.The Germans
>>>>
>>>> never went very far with fission, indeed they doubted that this
>>>>
>>>> chain would ever be made to work.)The German air industry,
>>>>
>>>> still in the embryo stage, has included electrogravitics among
>>>>
>>>> the subjects it intends to examine when establishing the policy
>>>>
>>>> that the individual companies will adopt after the present early
>>>>
>>>> stage of foreign licence has enabled industry to get abreast
>>>>
>>>> of the other countries in aircraft development.
>>>>
>>>> * * *
>>>>
>>>> It is impossible to read through this summary of the
>>>>
>>>> widening efforts being made to understand the nature of matter
>>>>
>>>> of gravity without sharing the hope that many groups now have,
>>>>
>>>> of major theoretical breakthroughs occurring before very long.
>>>>
>>>> -12-
>>>>
>>>> Experience in nucleonics has shown that when attempts to win
>>>>
>>>> knowledge on this scale are made, advances are soon seen.
>>>>
>>>> There are a number of elements in industry, and some
>>>>
>>>> managements, who see gravity as a problem for later genera-
>>>>
>>>> tions.Many see nothing in it all and they might be right.But as
>>>>
>>>> said earlier, if Dr. Vaclav Hlavaty thinks gravity is
>>>>
>>>> potentially controllable that surely should be justification
>>>>
>>>> enough, and indeed inspiration, for physicists to apply their
>>>>
>>>> minds and for management to take a risk.Hlavaty is the only
>>>>
>>>> man who thinks he can see a way of doing the mathematics to
>>>>
>>>> demonstrate Einstein's unified field theory - something that
>>>>
>>>> Einstein himself said was beyond him.Relativity and the unified
>>>>
>>>> field theory go to the root of electrogravitics and the shifts
>>>>
>>>> in thinking, the hopes and fears, and a measure of progress is
>>>>
>>>> to be obtained only in the last resort from men of this stature.
>>>>
>>>> Major theoretical breakthroughs to discover the sources
>>>>
>>>> of gravity will be made by the most advanced intellects using
>>>>
>>>> the most advanced research tools.Aviation's role is therefore
>>>>
>>>> to impress upon physicists of this calibre with the urgency of
>>>>
>>>> the matter and to aid them with statistical and peripheral
>>>>
>>>> investigations that will help to clarify the background to the
>>>>
>>>> central mathematics and physical puzzles.Aviation could also
>>>>
>>>> assist by recruiting some of these men as advisers.Convair has
>>>>
>>>> taken the initiative with its recently established panel of advisers
>>>>
>>>> on nuclear projects, which include Dr. Edward Teller of the
>>>>
>>>> University of California.At the same time much can be done in
>>>>
>>>> development of laboratory rigs, condenser research and dielectric
>>>>
>>>> development, which do not require anything like the same
>>>>
>>>> cerebral capacity to get results and make a practical contribution.
>>>>
>>>> As gravity is likely to be linked with the new particles, only
>>>>
>>>> the highest powered particle accelerators are likely to be of use
>>>>
>>>> -13-
>>>>
>>>> in further fundamental knowledge.The country with the biggest
>>>>
>>>> tools of this kind is in the best position to examine the
>>>>
>>>> characteristics of the particles and from these countries the
>>>>
>>>> greatest advances seem most likely.
>>>>
>>>> Though the United States has the biggest of the bevatrons -
>>>>
>>>> the Berkeley bevatron is 6.2 bev - the Russians have a 10 bev
>>>>
>>>> accelerator in construction which, when it is completed, will
>>>>
>>>> be the world's largest.At Brookhaven a 25 bev instrument is
>>>>
>>>> in development which, in turn, will be the biggest.Other
>>>>
>>>> countries without comparable facilities are of course at a
>>>>
>>>> great disadvantage from the outset in the contest to discover the
>>>>
>>>> explanations of gravity.Electrogravitics, moreover, unfortunately
>>>>
>>>> competes with nuclear studies for its facilities.The clearest
>>>>
>>>> thinking brains are bound to be attracted to locations where the
>>>>
>>>> most extensive laboratory equipment exists.So, one way and
>>>>
>>>> another, results are most likely to come from the major
>>>>
>>>> countries with the biggest undertakings.Thus the nuclear
>>>>
>>>> facilities have a direct bearing on the scope for electrogravitics
>>>>
>>>> work.
>>>>
>>>> The OEEC report in January made the following points:-
>>>>
>>>> The U.S. has six to eight entirely different types of reactor in
>>>>
>>>> operation and many more under construction.Europe has now
>>>>
>>>> two different types in service.
>>>>
>>>> The U.S. has about 30 research reactors plus four in Britain,
>>>>
>>>> two in France.
>>>>
>>>> The U.S. has two nuclear-powered marine engines.Europe has
>>>>
>>>> none, but the U.K. is building one.
>>>>
>>>> Isotope separation plants for the enrichment of uranium in
>>>>
>>>> the U.S. are roughly 11 times larger than the European
>>>>
>>>> plant in Britain.
>>>>
>>>> Europe's only heavy water plant (in Norway) produces somewhat
>>>>
>>>> less than one-twentieth of American output.
>>>>
>>>> In 1955 the number of technicians employed in nuclear energy
>>>>
>>>> work in the U.S. was about 15,000; there are about 5,000 in
>>>>
>>>> Britain, 1,800 in France, and about 1,000 in the rest of
>>>>
>>>> Europe.But the working party says that pessimistic conclusions
>>>>
>>>> should not be drawn from these comparisons.European nuclear
>>>>
>>>> energy effort is evenly divided at the moment, but some
>>>>
>>>> countries have notable achievements to their credit and important
>>>>
>>>> developments in prospect.The main reason for optimism is
>>>>
>>>> that, taken as a whole, &quot;Europe's present nuclear effort falls
>>>>
>>>> very far short of its industrial potential&quot;.
>>>>
>>>> Though gravity research, such as there has been of it,
>>>>
>>>> has been unclassified, new principles and information gained
>>>>
>>>> from the nuclear research facilities that have a vehicle application
>>>>
>>>> is expected to be withheld.
>>>>
>>>> The heart of the problem to understanding gravity is likely
>>>>
>>>> to prove to be the way in which the very high energy sub-nuclear
>>>>
>>>> particles convert something, whatever it is, continuously and
>>>>
>>>> automatically into the tremendous nuclear and electromagnetic
>>>>
>>>> forces.Once this key is understood, attention can later be
>>>>
>>>> directed to finding laboratory means of duplicating the process
>>>>
>>>> and reversing its force lines in some local environment and
>>>>
>>>> returning the energy to itself to produce counterbary.Looking
>>>>
>>>> beyond it seems possible that gravitation will be shown to be a
>>>>
>>>> part of the universal electro-magnetic processes and controlled
>>>>
>>>> -15-
>>>>
>>>> in the same way as a light wave or radio wave.This is a synthesis
>>>>
>>>> of the Einstein and Hlavaty concepts.Hence it follows that though
>>>>
>>>> in its initial form the mechanical processes for countering
>>>>
>>>> gravity may initially be massive to deal with the massive forces
>>>>
>>>> involved, eventually this could be expected to form some central
>>>>
>>>> power generation unit.Barycentric control in some required
>>>>
>>>> quantity could be passed over a distance by a form of radio
>>>>
>>>> wave.The prime energy source to energise the waves would
>>>>
>>>> of course be nuclear in its origins.
>>>>
>>>> It is difficult to say which lines of detailed development
>>>>
>>>> being processed in the immediate future is more likely to yield
>>>>
>>>> significant results.Perhaps the three most promising are:
>>>>
>>>> first, the new attempt by the team of men led by Chamberlain
>>>>
>>>> working with the Berkeley bevatron to find the anti-neutron,
>>>>
>>>> and to identify more of the characteristics of the anti-proton*
>>>>
>>>> and each of the string of high energy particles that have been
>>>>
>>>> discovered during recent operations at 6.2 bev.
>>>>
>>>> A second line of approach is the United States National
>>>>
>>>> Bureau of Standards program to pin down with greater accuracy
>>>>
>>>> the acceleration values of gravity.The presently accepted figure
>>>>
>>>> ___________________________________________________________
>>>>
>>>> *The reaction is as follows:protons are accelerated to 6.2 bev,
>>>>
>>>> and directed at a target of copper.When the proton projectile
>>>>
>>>> hits a neutron in one of the copper atoms the following emerge:
>>>>
>>>> the two original particles (the projectile and the struck neutron)
>>>>
>>>> and a new pair of particles, a proton and anti-proton.The
>>>>
>>>> anti-proton continues briefly until it hits another proton, then
>>>>
>>>> both disappear and decay into mesons.
>>>>
>>>> ___________________________________________________________
>>>>
>>>> -16-
>>>>
>>>> of 32.174 feet per second per second is known to be not
>>>>
>>>> comprehensive, though it has been sufficiently accurte
>>>>
>>>> for the limited needs of industry hitherto.The NBS program
>>>>
>>>> aims at re-determining the strength of gravity to within one
>>>>
>>>> part of a million. The present method thas been to hold a ball
>>>>
>>>> 16 feet up and chart the elapsed time of descent with electronic
>>>>
>>>> measuring equipment.The new program is based on the old, but
>>>>
>>>> with this exceptional degree of accuracy it is naturally immensely
>>>>
>>>> more difficult and is expected to take 3 years.
>>>>
>>>> A third promising line is the new technique of measuring
>>>>
>>>> high energy particles in motion that was started by the
>>>>
>>>> University of California last year.This involves passing
>>>>
>>>> cosmic rays through a chamber containing a mixture of gas,
>>>>
>>>> alcohol and water vapour.This creates charged atoms, or
>>>>
>>>> positive ions, by knocking electrons off the gas molecules.A
>>>>
>>>> sudden expansion of the chamber results in a condensation of
>>>>
>>>> water droplets along the track which can be plotted on a
>>>>
>>>> photographic plate.This method makes it easier to assess the
>>>>
>>>> energy of particles and to distinguish one from the other.It
>>>>
>>>> also helps to establish the characteristics of the different
>>>>
>>>> types of particles.The relationship between these high energy
>>>>
>>>> particles, and their origin, and characteristics, have a bearing
>>>>
>>>> on electrogravitics in general.
>>>>
>>>> So much of what has to be discovered as a necessary
>>>>
>>>> preliminary to gravity is of no practical use by itself.There is
>>>>
>>>> no conceivable use, for instance, for the anti-proton, yet its
>>>>
>>>> discovery even at a cost of $9-million is essential to check the
>>>>
>>>> mathematics of the fundamental components of matter.Similarly
>>>>
>>>> it is necessary to check that all the nuclear ghosts that have been
>>>>
>>>> postulated theoretically do in fact exist.It is not, moreover,
>>>>
>>>> sufficient, as in the past, only to observe the particles by
>>>>
>>>> -17-
>>>>
>>>> radiation counters.In each instance a mechanical maze has to
>>>>
>>>> be devised and attached to a particle accelerator to trap only
>>>>
>>>> the particle concerned.Each discovery becomes a wedge for
>>>>
>>>> a deeper probe of the nucleus.Many of the particles of very high
>>>>
>>>> energy have only a fleeting existence and collisions that give
>>>>
>>>> rise to them from bevatron
>>>>
>>>> -- 
>>>>
>>>> ZE [email protected] +351 53 22244ZarSoft Corporation
>>>>
>>>> &quot;Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't 
>>>> go away.&quot;
>>>>
>>>> Philip K. Dick
>>>>
>>>> </PRE>
>>>>
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http://lyonel.baum.pagesperso-orange.fr/felici2.html

On 2/12/2019 12:34 PM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> Sometimes we have to go to the Mr. Peabody, Way Back Machine and 
> review our thinking. Back to basics. CHARGE
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboelectric_effect
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_induction
>
> https://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/estatics/isop.cfm
>
> https://byjus.com/physics/einsteins-explaination/
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law
>
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zilvl9tS0Og&feature=youtu.be Remember 
> in 9th grade science class you were taught that charge was friction 
> stripping of electrons from the air??
>
> See attached Felici
>
> http://www.webring.org/l/rd?ring=teslaring;id=1;url=http%3A%2F%2Fu2%2Elege%2Enet%2Fnewebmasters%2Ecom__freeenergy%2Fexternal_links_from_theverylastpageoftheinternet%2Ecom%2Fhighvoltage%2FHVgenerator%2FHVgenerator%2Ehtm
>
> On 2/12/2019 8:54 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> I strongly support the idea of the Dielectric field as stated by 
>> Hooper. Hooper was also a believer in that there are two types of 
>> induced electrical fields, just like Maxwell and Feynman. Hooper says 
>> there is an electrostatic electric field as well as the motional and 
>> transformer type electric field. He also says the motional electric 
>> field (the dielectric field) has unique properties and that it is not 
>> shieldable.
>>
>> On 2/12/2019 8:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>
>>> History of Electro-Gravity Research: 
>>> http://electrogravityphysics.com/gravity-papers/ m Thanks to Ole for 
>>> this excellent review of the AG Research over 200 years.
>>>
>>> On 2/12/2019 8:44 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>> When in 9th grade, high school 1953 and going through the DeVry 
>>>> Electronics Course, I just had to build my own Geiger Counter for 
>>>> the Science Fair.
>>>>
>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube
>>>>
>>>> On 2/12/2019 8:38 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_gravity_control_propulsion_research
>>>>>
>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism
>>>>>
>>>>> http://www.rexresearch.com/hooper/hooper1.htm
>>>>>
>>>>> https://www.wired.com/1998/03/antigravity/
>>>>>
>>>>> When we look back in History at the negative ionization phenomenon 
>>>>> which dates back to the old Edison DC grid energizing problems 
>>>>> with corona out cropping before a current began in the 
>>>>> transmission line. Avalanche phenomenon.
>>>>>
>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_discharge
>>>>>
>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_avalanche
>>>>>
>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge Please pay 
>>>>> particular attention to the difference in Positive Ionization and 
>>>>> the Negative Ionization.   The Ion Wind and avalanche phenomenon 
>>>>> is only present in the Negative plasma.
>>>>>
>>>>> See C33 attached
>>>>>
>>>>> See DC Ion attached
>>>>>
>>>>> See Cage attached
>>>>>
>>>>> 2.1.3.1 Negative DC Corona Processes
>>>>> When the stressed conductor is at a negative potential, electron 
>>>>> avalanches are
>>>>> initiated at the cathode and develop in a continuously decreasing 
>>>>> field towards the
>>>>> anode. Free electrons which, can move much faster than ions in an 
>>>>> applied field, are
>>>>> thus concentrated at the tip of the avalanche. A concentration of 
>>>>> positive ions thus
>>>>> forms in the region of the gap between the cathode and the 
>>>>> boundary surface So [4,
>>>>> 67]. This is seen in figure 2.6.
>>>>> \
>>>>> \
>>>>> \ ,
>>>>> I' () '--____ -=:..
>>>>> Figure 2.6: Electron Avalanche at the Cathode [4, pg 68]
>>>>> As can be seen from figure 2.6 free electrons continue to migrate 
>>>>> across the gap.
>>>>> Beyond the surface So the free electrons quickly attach themselves 
>>>>> to the oxygen
>>>>> molecules to form negative ions, which due to their low drift 
>>>>> velocity accumulate in
>>>>> the gap beyond So. Once the development of the first electron 
>>>>> avalanche has been
>>>>> completed there are two ion space charges in the gap as shown in 
>>>>> figure 2.7.
>>>>> E
>>>>> E
>>>>> I
>>>>> J
>>>>> ,
>>>>> \ , \ -
>>>>> ~"-~ +---- \. . \; - - ~
>>>>> .. _;': : -- :1-:.',:::-
>>>>> I
>>>>> I
>>>>> I
>>>>> ED '---_ _ ---'---=:::... I
>>>>> Figure 2.7: Space Charge Following Completion of the First 
>>>>> Avalanche [4, pg 68]
>>>>> l3
>>>>>
>>>>> This page is an introduction  to the charge separation that occurs 
>>>>> in the micro vortex and possible connection to the AG phenomenon.
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> This was the meeting at Wright Patterson AFB that kicked off the 
>>>>> Research into Anti-gravity in 1956.
>>>>>
>>>>> ELECTROGRAVITIC SYSTEMS
>>>>>
>>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>>>>
>>>>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>>>>
>>>>> TL
>>>>>
>>>>> 565
>>>>>
>>>>> A9
>>>>>
>>>>> Bar Code: 3 1401 00034 5879
>>>>>
>>>>> Due dates omitted.
>>>>>
>>>>> Shield with Logo:
>>>>>
>>>>> AF WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES
>>>>>
>>>>> TECHNICAL LIBRARY
>>>>>
>>>>> Wright-Patterson
>>>>>
>>>>> Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
>>>>>
>>>>> Inner Cover:
>>>>>
>>>>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>>>>
>>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>>>>
>>>>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>>>>
>>>>> Prepared by
>>>>>
>>>>> Gravity Research Group
>>>>>
>>>>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited, London
>>>>>
>>>>> 29-31 Cheval Place. Knightsbridge
>>>>>
>>>>> LONDON S.W. 7 England
>>>>>
>>>>> Report GRG 013/56 February 1956
>>>>>
>>>>> TL 565 A9
>>>>>
>>>>> CONTENTS
>>>>>
>>>>> Page
>>>>>
>>>>> Introductory Notes...............1
>>>>>
>>>>> Discussion.......................3
>>>>>
>>>>> Conclusions.....................18
>>>>>
>>>>> APPENDIX
>>>>>
>>>>> I - Aviation Report extracts....21
>>>>>
>>>>> I - Electrostatic Patents.......33
>>>>>
>>>>> * * *
>>>>>
>>>>> PROPERTY OF USAF
>>>>>
>>>>> -1-
>>>>>
>>>>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>>>>
>>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic
>>>>>
>>>>> counterbary and barycentric control
>>>>>
>>>>> It has been accepted as axiomatic that the way to offset the
>>>>>
>>>>> effects of gravity is to use a lifting surface and considerable
>>>>>
>>>>> molecular energy to produce a continously applied force that,
>>>>>
>>>>> for a limited period of time, can remain greater than the effects
>>>>>
>>>>> of gravitational attraction.The original invention of the glider,
>>>>>
>>>>> and evolution of the briefly self-sustaining glider, at the turn of
>>>>>
>>>>> the century led to progressive advances in power and knowledge.
>>>>>
>>>>> This has been directed to refining the classic Wright Brothers'
>>>>>
>>>>> approach.Aircraft design is still fundamentally as the Wrights
>>>>>
>>>>> adumbrated it, with wings, body, tails, moving or flapping
>>>>>
>>>>> controls, landing gear and so forth.The Wright biplane was a
>>>>>
>>>>> powered glider, and all subsequent aircraft, including the
>>>>>
>>>>> supersonic jets of the nineteen-fifties are also powered gliders.
>>>>>
>>>>> Only one fundamentally different flying principle has so far been
>>>>>
>>>>> adopted with varying degrees of success.It is the rotating wing
>>>>>
>>>>> aircraft that has led to the jet lifters and vertical pushers,
>>>>>
>>>>> coleopters, ducted fans and lift induction turbine propulsion
>>>>>
>>>>> systems.
>>>>>
>>>>> But during these decades there was always the possibility
>>>>>
>>>>> of making efforts to discover the nature of gravity from cosmic
>>>>>
>>>>> or quantum theory, investigation and observation, with a view
>>>>>
>>>>> to discerning the physical properties of aviation's enemy.
>>>>>
>>>>> -2-
>>>>>
>>>>> It has seemed to Aviation Studies that for some time
>>>>>
>>>>> insufficient attention has been directed to this kind of research.
>>>>>
>>>>> If it were successful such developments would change the
>>>>>
>>>>> concept of sustentation, and confer upon a vehicle qualities
>>>>>
>>>>> that woul now be regarded as the ultimate in aviation.
>>>>>
>>>>> This report summarizes in simple form the work that has
>>>>>
>>>>> been done and is being done in the new field of electrogravitics.
>>>>>
>>>>> It also outlines the various possible lines of research into the
>>>>>
>>>>> nature and constituent matter of gravity, and how it has changed
>>>>>
>>>>> from Newton to Einstein to the modern Hlavaty concept of
>>>>>
>>>>> gravity as an electromagnetic force that may be controlled like
>>>>>
>>>>> a light wave.
>>>>>
>>>>> The report also contains an outline of opinions on the
>>>>>
>>>>> feasibility of different electrogravitics systems and there is
>>>>>
>>>>> reference to some of the barycentric control and electrostatic
>>>>>
>>>>> rigs in operation.
>>>>>
>>>>> Also included is a list of references to electrogravitics in
>>>>>
>>>>> successive Aviation Reports since a drive was started by
>>>>>
>>>>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited to suggest to aviation
>>>>>
>>>>> business eighteen months ago that the rewards of success are
>>>>>
>>>>> too far-reaching to be overlooked, especially in view of the
>>>>>
>>>>> hopeful judgement of the most authoritative voice in micro-
>>>>>
>>>>> physics.Also listed are some relevant patents on electrostatics
>>>>>
>>>>> and electrostatic generators in the United States, United Kingdom
>>>>>
>>>>> and France.
>>>>>
>>>>> Gravity Research Group
>>>>>
>>>>> ---------------------
>>>>>
>>>>> 25 February 1956
>>>>>
>>>>> -3-
>>>>>
>>>>> DISCUSSION
>>>>>
>>>>> Electrogravitics might be described as a synthesis of
>>>>>
>>>>> electrostatic energy used for propulsion - either vertical propulsion
>>>>>
>>>>> or horizontal or both - and gravitics, or dynamic counterbary, in
>>>>>
>>>>> which energy is also used to set up a local gravitational force
>>>>>
>>>>> independent of the earth's.
>>>>>
>>>>> Electrostatic energy for propulsion has been predicted as a
>>>>>
>>>>> possible means of propulsion in space when the thrust from a neutron
>>>>>
>>>>> motor or ion motor would be sufficient in a dragless environment
>>>>>
>>>>> to produce astronomical velocities.But the ion motor is not
>>>>>
>>>>> strictly a part of the science of electrogravitics, since barycentric
>>>>>
>>>>> control in an electrogravitics systems is envisaged for a vehicle
>>>>>
>>>>> operating within the earth's environment and it is not seen
>>>>>
>>>>> initially for space application.Probably large scale space opera-
>>>>>
>>>>> tions would have to await the full development of electrogravitics
>>>>>
>>>>> to enable large pieces of equipment to be moved out of the region
>>>>>
>>>>> of the earth's strongest gravity effects.So, though electrostatic
>>>>>
>>>>> motors were thought of in 1925, electrogravitics had its birth after
>>>>>
>>>>> the War, when Townsend Brown sought to improve on the various
>>>>>
>>>>> proposals that then existed for electrostatic motors sufficiently to
>>>>>
>>>>> produce some visible manifestation of sustained motion.Whereas
>>>>>
>>>>> earlier electrostatic tests were essentially pure research
>>>>>
>>>>> Brown's rigs were aimed from the outset at producing a flying
>>>>>
>>>>> article.As a private venture he produced evidence of motion using
>>>>>
>>>>> condensers in a couple of saucers suspended by arms rotating
>>>>>
>>>>> round a central tower with input running down the arms.The
>>>>>
>>>>> massive-k situation was summarized subsequently in a report,
>>>>>
>>>>> Project Winterhaven, in 1952.Using the data some conclusions
>>>>>
>>>>> were arrived at that might be expected from ten or more years of
>>>>>
>>>>> -4-
>>>>>
>>>>> intensive development - similar to that, for instance, applied to
>>>>>
>>>>> the turbine engine.Using a number of assumptions as to the
>>>>>
>>>>> nature of gravity, the report postulated a saucer as the basis of
>>>>>
>>>>> a possible interceptor with Mach 3 capability.Creation of a
>>>>>
>>>>> local gravitational system would confer upon the fighter the
>>>>>
>>>>> sharp-edged changes of direction typical of motion in space.
>>>>>
>>>>> The essence of electrogravitics thrust is the use of a very
>>>>>
>>>>> strong positive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative
>>>>>
>>>>> on the other.The core of the motor is a condenser and the
>>>>>
>>>>> ability of the condenser to hold its charge (the k-number) is the
>>>>>
>>>>> yardstick of performance.With air as 1, current dielectrical
>>>>>
>>>>> materials can yield 6 and use of <STRONG>barium</STRONG> aluminate 
>>>>> can raise
>>>>>
>>>>> this considerably, <STRONG>barium</STRONG> titanium oxide (a baked 
>>>>> ceramic) can
>>>>>
>>>>> offer 6,000 and there is promise of 30,000, which would be
>>>>>
>>>>> sufficient for supersonic speed.
>>>>>
>>>>> The original Brown rig produced 30 fps on a voltage of
>>>>>
>>>>> around 50,000 and a small amount of current in the
>>>>>
>>>>> milliamp range.There was no detailed explanation of gravity
>>>>>
>>>>> in Project Winterhaven, but it was assumed that particle
>>>>>
>>>>> dualism in the subatomic structure of gravity would coincide
>>>>>
>>>>> in its effect with the issuing stream of electrons from the
>>>>>
>>>>> electrostatic energy source to produce counterbary.The Brown
>>>>>
>>>>> work probably remains a realistic approach to the practical
>>>>>
>>>>> realization of electrostatic propulsion and sustentation.What-
>>>>>
>>>>> ever may be discovered by the Gravity Research Foundation of
>>>>>
>>>>> New Boston a complete understanding and synthetic reproduction
>>>>>
>>>>> of gravity is not essential for limited success.The electro-
>>>>>
>>>>> gravitics saucer can perform the function of a classic lifting
>>>>>
>>>>> surface - it produces a pushing effect on the under surface and
>>>>>
>>>>> a suction effect on the upper, but, unlike an airfoil, it does not
>>>>>
>>>>> require a flow of air to produce the effect.
>>>>>
>>>>> -5-
>>>>>
>>>>> First attempts at electrogravitics are unlikely to produce
>>>>>
>>>>> counterbary, but may lead to development of an electrostatic
>>>>>
>>>>> VTOL vehicle.Even in its development form this might be an
>>>>>
>>>>> advance on the molecular heat engine in its capabilities.But
>>>>>
>>>>> hopes in the new science depend on an understanding of the
>>>>>
>>>>> source and matter of gravity.It is fortuitous that lift can be
>>>>>
>>>>> produced in the traditional fashion and if an understanding of
>>>>>
>>>>> gravity remains beyond full practical control, electrostatic lift
>>>>>
>>>>> might be an adjunct of some significance to modern thrust
>>>>>
>>>>> producers.Research into electrostatics could prove beneficial
>>>>>
>>>>> to turbine development, and heat engines in general, in view of
>>>>>
>>>>> the usable electron potential round the periphery of any flame.
>>>>>
>>>>> Materials for electrogravitics and especially the development
>>>>>
>>>>> of commercial quantities of high-k material is another dividend
>>>>>
>>>>> to be obtained from electrostatic research even if it produces no
>>>>>
>>>>> counterbary.This is a line of development that Aviation Studies'
>>>>>
>>>>> Gravity Research Group is following.
>>>>>
>>>>> One of the interesting aspects of electrogravitics is that a
>>>>>
>>>>> breakthrough in almost any part of the broad front of general
>>>>>
>>>>> research on the intranuclear processes may be translated into
>>>>>
>>>>> a meaningful advance towards the feasibility of electrogravitics
>>>>>
>>>>> systems.This demands constant monitoring in the most
>>>>>
>>>>> likely areas of the physics of high energy sub-nuclear particles.
>>>>>
>>>>> It is difficult to be overoptimistic about the prospects of gaining
>>>>>
>>>>> so complete a grasp of gravity while the world's physicists are
>>>>>
>>>>> still engaged in a study of fundamental particles - that is to say
>>>>>
>>>>> those that cannot be broken down any more.Fundamental particles
>>>>>
>>>>> are still being discovered - the most recent was the Segre-
>>>>>
>>>>> Chamberlain-Wiegand attachment ot the bevatron, which was
>>>>>
>>>>> used to isolate the missing anti-proton, which must - or should
>>>>>
>>>>> be presumed to - exist according to Dirac's theory of the electron.
>>>>>
>>>>> -6-
>>>>>
>>>>> Much of the accepted mathematics of particles would be wrong
>>>>>
>>>>> if the anti-proton was proved to be non-existent.Earlier
>>>>>
>>>>> Eddington has listed the fundamental particles as:-
>>>>>
>>>>> e The charge of an electron.
>>>>>
>>>>> m the mass of an electron.
>>>>>
>>>>> M the mass of a proton.
>>>>>
>>>>> h Planck's contant
>>>>>
>>>>> c The velocity of light.
>>>>>
>>>>> G The constant of gravitation, and
>>>>>
>>>>> L The cosmological constant
>>>>>
>>>>> It is generally held that no one of these can be inferred from
>>>>>
>>>>> the others.But electrons may well disappear from among the
>>>>>
>>>>> fundamental particles, though, as Russell says, it is likely that
>>>>>
>>>>> e and m will survive.The constants are much more established
>>>>>
>>>>> than the interpretation of them and are among the most solid of
>>>>>
>>>>> achievements in modern physics.
>>>>>
>>>>> * * *
>>>>>
>>>>> Gravity may be defined as a small scale departure from
>>>>>
>>>>> Euclidean space in the general theory of relativity.The
>>>>>
>>>>> gravitational constant is one of four dimensionless constants:
>>>>>
>>>>> first, the mass relation of the nucleon and electron.Second is
>>>>>
>>>>> e^2/hc, third, the Compton wavelength of the proton, and fourth
>>>>>
>>>>> is the gravitational constant, which is the ratio of the electrostatic
>>>>>
>>>>> -7-
>>>>>
>>>>> to the gravitational attraction between the electron and the
>>>>>
>>>>> proton.
>>>>>
>>>>> One of the stumbling blocks in electrogravitics is the
>>>>>
>>>>> absence of any satisfacotry theory linking these four dimension-
>>>>>
>>>>> less quantities.Of the four, moreover, gravity is decidedly the
>>>>>
>>>>> most complex, since any explanation would have to satisfy both
>>>>>
>>>>> cosmic and quantum relations more acceptably and intelligibly even
>>>>>
>>>>> than in the unified field theory.A gravitational constant of
>>>>>
>>>>> around 10^-30 has emerged from quantum research and this has
>>>>>
>>>>> been used as a tool for finding theories that could link the two
>>>>>
>>>>> relations.This work is now in full progress, and developments
>>>>>
>>>>> have to be watched for the aviation angle.Hitherto Dirac,
>>>>>
>>>>> Eddington, Jordan and others have produced differences in theory
>>>>>
>>>>> that are too wide to be accepted as consistent.It means therefore
>>>>>
>>>>> that (i) without a cosmological basis, and (ii) with an imprecise
>>>>>
>>>>> quantum basis and (iii) a vague hypothesis on the interaction,
>>>>>
>>>>> much remains still to be discovered.Indeed some say that a
>>>>>
>>>>> single interacting theory to link up the dimensionless constants
>>>>>
>>>>> is one of three major unresolved basic problems of physics.
>>>>>
>>>>> The other two main problems are the extension of quantum theory
>>>>>
>>>>> and a more detailed knowledge of the fundamental particles.
>>>>>
>>>>> All this is some distance from Newton, who saw gravity as
>>>>>
>>>>> a force acting on a body from a distance, leading to the tendency
>>>>>
>>>>> of bodies to accelerate towards each other.He allied this
>>>>>
>>>>> assumption with Euclidean geometry, and time was assumed as
>>>>>
>>>>> uniform and acted independently of space.Bodies and particles
>>>>>
>>>>> in space normally moved uniformly in straight lines according
>>>>>
>>>>> to Newton, and to account for the way they sometimes do not do
>>>>>
>>>>> so, he used the idea of a force of gravity acting at a distance,
>>>>>
>>>>> in which particles of matter cause in others an acceleration
>>>>>
>>>>> proportional to their mass, and inversely proportional to the
>>>>>
>>>>> -8-
>>>>>
>>>>> square of the distance between them.
>>>>>
>>>>> But Einstein showed how the principle of least action, or
>>>>>
>>>>> the so-called cosmic laziness means that particles, on the
>>>>>
>>>>> contrary, follow the easiest path along geodesic lines and as a
>>>>>
>>>>> result they get readily absorbed into space-time.So was born
>>>>>
>>>>> non-linear physics.The classic example of non-linear physics
>>>>>
>>>>> is the experiment in bombarding a screen with two slits.When
>>>>>
>>>>> both slits are open particles going through are not the sum of
>>>>>
>>>>> the two individually but follows a non-linear equation.This
>>>>>
>>>>> leads on to wave-particle dualism and that in turn to the
>>>>>
>>>>> Heisenberg uncertainty principle in which an increase in accuracy
>>>>>
>>>>> in measurement of one physical quantity means decreasing
>>>>>
>>>>> accuracy in measuring the other.If time is measured accurately
>>>>>
>>>>> energy calculations will be in error; the more accurate the
>>>>>
>>>>> position of a particle is established the less certain the velocity
>>>>>
>>>>> will be; and so on.This basic principle of the acausality of
>>>>>
>>>>> microphysics affects the study of gravity in the special and
>>>>>
>>>>> general theories of relativity.Lack of pictoral image in the
>>>>>
>>>>> quantum physics of this interrelationship is a difficulty at the
>>>>>
>>>>> outset for those whose minds remain obstinately Euclidean.
>>>>>
>>>>> In the special theory of relativity, space-time is seen only
>>>>>
>>>>> as an undefined interval which can be defined in any way that is
>>>>>
>>>>> convenient and the Newtonian idea of persistent particles in
>>>>>
>>>>> motion to explain gravity cannot be accepted.It must be seen
>>>>>
>>>>> rather as a synthesis of forces in a four dimensional continuum,
>>>>>
>>>>> three to establish the position and one the time.The general
>>>>>
>>>>> theory of relativity that followed a decade later was a
>>>>>
>>>>> geometrical explanation of gravitation in which bodies take the
>>>>>
>>>>> geodesic path through space-time.In turn this means that
>>>>>
>>>>> instead of the idea of a force acting at a distance it is assumed
>>>>>
>>>>> that space, time, radiation and particles are linked and
>>>>>
>>>>> variations in them from gravity are due rather to the nature of
>>>>>
>>>>> space.
>>>>>
>>>>> -9-
>>>>>
>>>>> Thus gravity of a body such as the earth, instead of pulling
>>>>>
>>>>> object towards it as Newton postulated, is adjusting the
>>>>>
>>>>> characteristics of space and, it may be inferred, the quantum
>>>>>
>>>>> mechanics of space in the vicinity of the gravitational force.
>>>>>
>>>>> Electrogravitics aims at correcting this adjustment to put
>>>>>
>>>>> matter, so to speak, 'at rest'.
>>>>>
>>>>> * * *
>>>>>
>>>>> One of the difficulties in 1954 and 1955 was to get aviation
>>>>>
>>>>> to take electrogravitics seriously.The name alone was enough
>>>>>
>>>>> to put people off.However, in the trade much progress has
>>>>>
>>>>> been made and now most major companies in the United States
>>>>>
>>>>> are interested in counterbary.Groups are being organised to
>>>>>
>>>>> study electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena.Most of
>>>>>
>>>>> industry's leaders have made some reference to it.Douglas
>>>>>
>>>>> has now stated that it has counterbary on its work agenda but
>>>>>
>>>>> does not expect results yet awhile.Hiller has referred to new
>>>>>
>>>>> forms of flying platform, Glenn Martin say gravity control could
>>>>>
>>>>> be achieved in six years, but they add that it would entail a
>>>>>
>>>>> Manhattan District type of effort to bring it about.Sikorsky,
>>>>>
>>>>> one of the pioneers, more or less agrees with the Douglas verdict
>>>>>
>>>>> and says that gravity is tangible and formidable, but there must
>>>>>
>>>>> be a physical carrier for this immense trans-spatial force.This
>>>>>
>>>>> implies that where a physical manifestation exists, a physical
>>>>>
>>>>> device and be developed for creating a similar force moving in
>>>>>
>>>>> the opposite direction to cancel it.Clarke Electronics state
>>>>>
>>>>> thay have a rig, and add that in their view the source of
>>>>>
>>>>> gravity's force will be understood sooner than some people
>>>>>
>>>>> think.General Electric is working on the use of electronic rigs
>>>>>
>>>>> designed to make adjustments to gravity - this line of attack
>>>>>
>>>>> has the advantage of using rigs already in existence for other
>>>>>
>>>>> defence work.Bell also has an experimental rig intended, as
>>>>>
>>>>> -10-
>>>>>
>>>>> the company puts it, to cancel out gravity, and Lawrence Bell
>>>>>
>>>>> has said he is convinced that practical hardware will emerge
>>>>>
>>>>> from current programs.Grover Leoning is certain that what
>>>>>
>>>>> he referred to as an electro-magnetic contra-gravity mechanism
>>>>>
>>>>> will be developed for practical use.Convair is extensively
>>>>>
>>>>> committed to the work with several rigs.Lear Inc., autopilot
>>>>>
>>>>> and electronic engineers have a division of the company working
>>>>>
>>>>> on gravity research and so also has the Sperry division of
>>>>>
>>>>> Sperry-Rand.This list embraces most of the U.S. aircraft
>>>>>
>>>>> industry.The remainder, Curtiss-Wright, Lockheed, Boeing
>>>>>
>>>>> and North American have not yet declared themselves, but all
>>>>>
>>>>> these four are known to be in various stages of study with and
>>>>>
>>>>> without rigs.
>>>>>
>>>>> In addition, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is
>>>>>
>>>>> working on gravity, the Gravity Research Foundation of New
>>>>>
>>>>> Boston, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the
>>>>>
>>>>> CalTech Radiation Laboratory, Princeton University and the
>>>>>
>>>>> University of North Carolina are all active in gravity.Glenn
>>>>>
>>>>> L. Martin is setting up a Research Institute for Advanced Study
>>>>>
>>>>> which has a small staff working on gravity research with the
>>>>>
>>>>> unified field theory and this group is committed to extensive
>>>>>
>>>>> programs of applied research.Many others are also known to
>>>>>
>>>>> be studying gravity, some are known also to be planning
>>>>>
>>>>> a general expansion in this field, such as the proposed
>>>>>
>>>>> Institute for Pure Physics at the University of North Carolina.
>>>>>
>>>>> A certain amount of work is also going on in Europe.One
>>>>>
>>>>> of the French nationalized constructors and one company outside
>>>>>
>>>>> the nationalized elements have been making preliminary studies,
>>>>>
>>>>> and a little company money has in one case actually been
>>>>>
>>>>> committed.Some work is also going on in Britain where rigs
>>>>>
>>>>> are now in existence.Most of it is private tenure work, such
>>>>>
>>>>> -11-
>>>>>
>>>>> as that being done by Ed Hull, a colleague of Townsend Brown
>>>>>
>>>>> who, as much as anybody, introduced Europe to electrogravitics.
>>>>>
>>>>> Aviation Studies' Gravity Research Group is doing some work,
>>>>>
>>>>> mainly on k studies, and is sponsoring dielectric investigations.
>>>>>
>>>>> One Swedish company and two Canadian companies have
>>>>>
>>>>> been making studies, and quite recently the Germans have
>>>>>
>>>>> woken up to the possibilities.Several of the companies have
>>>>>
>>>>> started digging out some of the early German papers on wave
>>>>>
>>>>> physics.They are almost certain to plan a gravitics program.
>>>>>
>>>>> Curiously enough the Germans during the war paid no attention
>>>>>
>>>>> to electrogravitics.This is one line of advance that they did
>>>>>
>>>>> not pioneer in any way and is still basically a U.S. creation.
>>>>>
>>>>> Townsend Brown in electrogravitics is the equivalent of Frank
>>>>>
>>>>> Whittle in gas turbines.This German overlooking of
>>>>>
>>>>> electrostatics is even more surprising when it is remembered
>>>>>
>>>>> how astonishingly advanced and prescient the Germans were in
>>>>>
>>>>> nuclear research.(The modern theory of making thermonuclear
>>>>>
>>>>> weapons without plutonium fission initiators returns to the original
>>>>>
>>>>> German idea that was dismissed, even ridiculed.The Germans
>>>>>
>>>>> never went very far with fission, indeed they doubted that this
>>>>>
>>>>> chain would ever be made to work.)The German air industry,
>>>>>
>>>>> still in the embryo stage, has included electrogravitics among
>>>>>
>>>>> the subjects it intends to examine when establishing the policy
>>>>>
>>>>> that the individual companies will adopt after the present early
>>>>>
>>>>> stage of foreign licence has enabled industry to get abreast
>>>>>
>>>>> of the other countries in aircraft development.
>>>>>
>>>>> * * *
>>>>>
>>>>> It is impossible to read through this summary of the
>>>>>
>>>>> widening efforts being made to understand the nature of matter
>>>>>
>>>>> of gravity without sharing the hope that many groups now have,
>>>>>
>>>>> of major theoretical breakthroughs occurring before very long.
>>>>>
>>>>> -12-
>>>>>
>>>>> Experience in nucleonics has shown that when attempts to win
>>>>>
>>>>> knowledge on this scale are made, advances are soon seen.
>>>>>
>>>>> There are a number of elements in industry, and some
>>>>>
>>>>> managements, who see gravity as a problem for later genera-
>>>>>
>>>>> tions.Many see nothing in it all and they might be right.But as
>>>>>
>>>>> said earlier, if Dr. Vaclav Hlavaty thinks gravity is
>>>>>
>>>>> potentially controllable that surely should be justification
>>>>>
>>>>> enough, and indeed inspiration, for physicists to apply their
>>>>>
>>>>> minds and for management to take a risk.Hlavaty is the only
>>>>>
>>>>> man who thinks he can see a way of doing the mathematics to
>>>>>
>>>>> demonstrate Einstein's unified field theory - something that
>>>>>
>>>>> Einstein himself said was beyond him.Relativity and the unified
>>>>>
>>>>> field theory go to the root of electrogravitics and the shifts
>>>>>
>>>>> in thinking, the hopes and fears, and a measure of progress is
>>>>>
>>>>> to be obtained only in the last resort from men of this stature.
>>>>>
>>>>> Major theoretical breakthroughs to discover the sources
>>>>>
>>>>> of gravity will be made by the most advanced intellects using
>>>>>
>>>>> the most advanced research tools.Aviation's role is therefore
>>>>>
>>>>> to impress upon physicists of this calibre with the urgency of
>>>>>
>>>>> the matter and to aid them with statistical and peripheral
>>>>>
>>>>> investigations that will help to clarify the background to the
>>>>>
>>>>> central mathematics and physical puzzles.Aviation could also
>>>>>
>>>>> assist by recruiting some of these men as advisers.Convair has
>>>>>
>>>>> taken the initiative with its recently established panel of advisers
>>>>>
>>>>> on nuclear projects, which include Dr. Edward Teller of the
>>>>>
>>>>> University of California.At the same time much can be done in
>>>>>
>>>>> development of laboratory rigs, condenser research and dielectric
>>>>>
>>>>> development, which do not require anything like the same
>>>>>
>>>>> cerebral capacity to get results and make a practical contribution.
>>>>>
>>>>> As gravity is likely to be linked with the new particles, only
>>>>>
>>>>> the highest powered particle accelerators are likely to be of use
>>>>>
>>>>> -13-
>>>>>
>>>>> in further fundamental knowledge.The country with the biggest
>>>>>
>>>>> tools of this kind is in the best position to examine the
>>>>>
>>>>> characteristics of the particles and from these countries the
>>>>>
>>>>> greatest advances seem most likely.
>>>>>
>>>>> Though the United States has the biggest of the bevatrons -
>>>>>
>>>>> the Berkeley bevatron is 6.2 bev - the Russians have a 10 bev
>>>>>
>>>>> accelerator in construction which, when it is completed, will
>>>>>
>>>>> be the world's largest.At Brookhaven a 25 bev instrument is
>>>>>
>>>>> in development which, in turn, will be the biggest.Other
>>>>>
>>>>> countries without comparable facilities are of course at a
>>>>>
>>>>> great disadvantage from the outset in the contest to discover the
>>>>>
>>>>> explanations of gravity.Electrogravitics, moreover, unfortunately
>>>>>
>>>>> competes with nuclear studies for its facilities.The clearest
>>>>>
>>>>> thinking brains are bound to be attracted to locations where the
>>>>>
>>>>> most extensive laboratory equipment exists.So, one way and
>>>>>
>>>>> another, results are most likely to come from the major
>>>>>
>>>>> countries with the biggest undertakings.Thus the nuclear
>>>>>
>>>>> facilities have a direct bearing on the scope for electrogravitics
>>>>>
>>>>> work.
>>>>>
>>>>> The OEEC report in January made the following points:-
>>>>>
>>>>> The U.S. has six to eight entirely different types of reactor in
>>>>>
>>>>> operation and many more under construction.Europe has now
>>>>>
>>>>> two different types in service.
>>>>>
>>>>> The U.S. has about 30 research reactors plus four in Britain,
>>>>>
>>>>> two in France.
>>>>>
>>>>> The U.S. has two nuclear-powered marine engines.Europe has
>>>>>
>>>>> none, but the U.K. is building one.
>>>>>
>>>>> Isotope separation plants for the enrichment of uranium in
>>>>>
>>>>> the U.S. are roughly 11 times larger than the European
>>>>>
>>>>> plant in Britain.
>>>>>
>>>>> Europe's only heavy water plant (in Norway) produces somewhat
>>>>>
>>>>> less than one-twentieth of American output.
>>>>>
>>>>> In 1955 the number of technicians employed in nuclear energy
>>>>>
>>>>> work in the U.S. was about 15,000; there are about 5,000 in
>>>>>
>>>>> Britain, 1,800 in France, and about 1,000 in the rest of
>>>>>
>>>>> Europe.But the working party says that pessimistic conclusions
>>>>>
>>>>> should not be drawn from these comparisons.European nuclear
>>>>>
>>>>> energy effort is evenly divided at the moment, but some
>>>>>
>>>>> countries have notable achievements to their credit and important
>>>>>
>>>>> developments in prospect.The main reason for optimism is
>>>>>
>>>>> that, taken as a whole, &quot;Europe's present nuclear effort falls
>>>>>
>>>>> very far short of its industrial potential&quot;.
>>>>>
>>>>> Though gravity research, such as there has been of it,
>>>>>
>>>>> has been unclassified, new principles and information gained
>>>>>
>>>>> from the nuclear research facilities that have a vehicle application
>>>>>
>>>>> is expected to be withheld.
>>>>>
>>>>> The heart of the problem to understanding gravity is likely
>>>>>
>>>>> to prove to be the way in which the very high energy sub-nuclear
>>>>>
>>>>> particles convert something, whatever it is, continuously and
>>>>>
>>>>> automatically into the tremendous nuclear and electromagnetic
>>>>>
>>>>> forces.Once this key is understood, attention can later be
>>>>>
>>>>> directed to finding laboratory means of duplicating the process
>>>>>
>>>>> and reversing its force lines in some local environment and
>>>>>
>>>>> returning the energy to itself to produce counterbary.Looking
>>>>>
>>>>> beyond it seems possible that gravitation will be shown to be a
>>>>>
>>>>> part of the universal electro-magnetic processes and controlled
>>>>>
>>>>> -15-
>>>>>
>>>>> in the same way as a light wave or radio wave.This is a synthesis
>>>>>
>>>>> of the Einstein and Hlavaty concepts.Hence it follows that though
>>>>>
>>>>> in its initial form the mechanical processes for countering
>>>>>
>>>>> gravity may initially be massive to deal with the massive forces
>>>>>
>>>>> involved, eventually this could be expected to form some central
>>>>>
>>>>> power generation unit.Barycentric control in some required
>>>>>
>>>>> quantity could be passed over a distance by a form of radio
>>>>>
>>>>> wave.The prime energy source to energise the waves would
>>>>>
>>>>> of course be nuclear in its origins.
>>>>>
>>>>> It is difficult to say which lines of detailed development
>>>>>
>>>>> being processed in the immediate future is more likely to yield
>>>>>
>>>>> significant results.Perhaps the three most promising are:
>>>>>
>>>>> first, the new attempt by the team of men led by Chamberlain
>>>>>
>>>>> working with the Berkeley bevatron to find the anti-neutron,
>>>>>
>>>>> and to identify more of the characteristics of the anti-proton*
>>>>>
>>>>> and each of the string of high energy particles that have been
>>>>>
>>>>> discovered during recent operations at 6.2 bev.
>>>>>
>>>>> A second line of approach is the United States National
>>>>>
>>>>> Bureau of Standards program to pin down with greater accuracy
>>>>>
>>>>> the acceleration values of gravity.The presently accepted figure
>>>>>
>>>>> ___________________________________________________________
>>>>>
>>>>> *The reaction is as follows:protons are accelerated to 6.2 bev,
>>>>>
>>>>> and directed at a target of copper.When the proton projectile
>>>>>
>>>>> hits a neutron in one of the copper atoms the following emerge:
>>>>>
>>>>> the two original particles (the projectile and the struck neutron)
>>>>>
>>>>> and a new pair of particles, a proton and anti-proton.The
>>>>>
>>>>> anti-proton continues briefly until it hits another proton, then
>>>>>
>>>>> both disappear and decay into mesons.
>>>>>
>>>>> ___________________________________________________________
>>>>>
>>>>> -16-
>>>>>
>>>>> of 32.174 feet per second per second is known to be not
>>>>>
>>>>> comprehensive, though it has been sufficiently accurte
>>>>>
>>>>> for the limited needs of industry hitherto.The NBS program
>>>>>
>>>>> aims at re-determining the strength of gravity to within one
>>>>>
>>>>> part of a million. The present method thas been to hold a ball
>>>>>
>>>>> 16 feet up and chart the elapsed time of descent with electronic
>>>>>
>>>>> measuring equipment.The new program is based on the old, but
>>>>>
>>>>> with this exceptional degree of accuracy it is naturally immensely
>>>>>
>>>>> more difficult and is expected to take 3 years.
>>>>>
>>>>> A third promising line is the new technique of measuring
>>>>>
>>>>> high energy particles in motion that was started by the
>>>>>
>>>>> University of California last year.This involves passing
>>>>>
>>>>> cosmic rays through a chamber containing a mixture of gas,
>>>>>
>>>>> alcohol and water vapour.This creates charged atoms, or
>>>>>
>>>>> positive ions, by knocking electrons off the gas molecules.A
>>>>>
>>>>> sudden expansion of the chamber results in a condensation of
>>>>>
>>>>> water droplets along the track which can be plotted on a
>>>>>
>>>>> photographic plate.This method makes it easier to assess the
>>>>>
>>>>> energy of particles and to distinguish one from the other.It
>>>>>
>>>>> also helps to establish the characteristics of the different
>>>>>
>>>>> types of particles.The relationship between these high energy
>>>>>
>>>>> particles, and their origin, and characteristics, have a bearing
>>>>>
>>>>> on electrogravitics in general.
>>>>>
>>>>> So much of what has to be discovered as a necessary
>>>>>
>>>>> preliminary to gravity is of no practical use by itself.There is
>>>>>
>>>>> no conceivable use, for instance, for the anti-proton, yet its
>>>>>
>>>>> discovery even at a cost of $9-million is essential to check the
>>>>>
>>>>> mathematics of the fundamental components of matter.Similarly
>>>>>
>>>>> it is necessary to check that all the nuclear ghosts that have been
>>>>>
>>>>> postulated theoretically do in fact exist.It is not, moreover,
>>>>>
>>>>> sufficient, as in the past, only to observe the particles by
>>>>>
>>>>> -17-
>>>>>
>>>>> radiation counters.In each instance a mechanical maze has to
>>>>>
>>>>> be devised and attached to a particle accelerator to trap only
>>>>>
>>>>> the particle concerned.Each discovery becomes a wedge for
>>>>>
>>>>> a deeper probe of the nucleus.Many of the particles of very high
>>>>>
>>>>> energy have only a fleeting existence and collisions that give
>>>>>
>>>>> rise to them from bevatron
>>>>>
>>>>> -- 
>>>>>
>>>>> ZE [email protected] +351 53 22244ZarSoft Corporation
>>>>>
>>>>> &quot;Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, 
>>>>> doesn't go away.&quot;
>>>>>
>>>>> Philip K. Dick
>>>>>
>>>>> </PRE>
>>>>>
>>>>> <HR> <center>
>>>>>
>>>>> [ <A HREF="/dnhome.html">HOME</A> ] -
>>>>>
>>>>> [ <A HREF="/help/dnhelp_index.html">HELP</A> ] -
>>>>>
>>>>> [ <A HREF="/dncontacts.html"<BR>CONTACTS</A> ] -
>>>>>
>>>>> [ <A HREF="/forms/dnquery.html">SEARCH</A> ]
>>>>>
>>>>> </center>
>>>>>
>>>>> </BODY>
>>>>>
>>>>> </HTML>
>>>>>

https://phys.org/news/2019-02-weyl-chiral.html  Is there an acoustic 
Phonon connection here?

On 2/12/2019 12:40 PM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> http://lyonel.baum.pagesperso-orange.fr/felici2.html
>
> On 2/12/2019 12:34 PM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> Sometimes we have to go to the Mr. Peabody, Way Back Machine and 
>> review our thinking. Back to basics. CHARGE
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboelectric_effect
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_induction
>>
>> https://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/estatics/isop.cfm
>>
>> https://byjus.com/physics/einsteins-explaination/
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law
>>
>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zilvl9tS0Og&feature=youtu.be Remember 
>> in 9th grade science class you were taught that charge was friction 
>> stripping of electrons from the air??
>>
>> See attached Felici
>>
>> http://www.webring.org/l/rd?ring=teslaring;id=1;url=http%3A%2F%2Fu2%2Elege%2Enet%2Fnewebmasters%2Ecom__freeenergy%2Fexternal_links_from_theverylastpageoftheinternet%2Ecom%2Fhighvoltage%2FHVgenerator%2FHVgenerator%2Ehtm
>>
>> On 2/12/2019 8:54 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>
>>> I strongly support the idea of the Dielectric field as stated by 
>>> Hooper. Hooper was also a believer in that there are two types of 
>>> induced electrical fields, just like Maxwell and Feynman. Hooper 
>>> says there is an electrostatic electric field as well as the 
>>> motional and transformer type electric field. He also says the 
>>> motional electric field (the dielectric field) has unique properties 
>>> and that it is not shieldable.
>>>
>>> On 2/12/2019 8:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>> History of Electro-Gravity Research: 
>>>> http://electrogravityphysics.com/gravity-papers/ m Thanks to Ole 
>>>> for this excellent review of the AG Research over 200 years.
>>>>
>>>> On 2/12/2019 8:44 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> When in 9th grade, high school 1953 and going through the DeVry 
>>>>> Electronics Course, I just had to build my own Geiger Counter for 
>>>>> the Science Fair.
>>>>>
>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube
>>>>>
>>>>> On 2/12/2019 8:38 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_gravity_control_propulsion_research
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism
>>>>>>
>>>>>> http://www.rexresearch.com/hooper/hooper1.htm
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://www.wired.com/1998/03/antigravity/
>>>>>>
>>>>>> When we look back in History at the negative ionization 
>>>>>> phenomenon which dates back to the old Edison DC grid energizing 
>>>>>> problems with corona out cropping before a current began in the 
>>>>>> transmission line. Avalanche phenomenon.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_discharge
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_avalanche
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge Please pay 
>>>>>> particular attention to the difference in Positive Ionization and 
>>>>>> the Negative Ionization.   The Ion Wind and avalanche phenomenon 
>>>>>> is only present in the Negative plasma.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> See C33 attached
>>>>>>
>>>>>> See DC Ion attached
>>>>>>
>>>>>> See Cage attached
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 2.1.3.1 Negative DC Corona Processes
>>>>>> When the stressed conductor is at a negative potential, electron 
>>>>>> avalanches are
>>>>>> initiated at the cathode and develop in a continuously decreasing 
>>>>>> field towards the
>>>>>> anode. Free electrons which, can move much faster than ions in an 
>>>>>> applied field, are
>>>>>> thus concentrated at the tip of the avalanche. A concentration of 
>>>>>> positive ions thus
>>>>>> forms in the region of the gap between the cathode and the 
>>>>>> boundary surface So [4,
>>>>>> 67]. This is seen in figure 2.6.
>>>>>> \
>>>>>> \
>>>>>> \ ,
>>>>>> I' () '--____ -=:..
>>>>>> Figure 2.6: Electron Avalanche at the Cathode [4, pg 68]
>>>>>> As can be seen from figure 2.6 free electrons continue to migrate 
>>>>>> across the gap.
>>>>>> Beyond the surface So the free electrons quickly attach 
>>>>>> themselves to the oxygen
>>>>>> molecules to form negative ions, which due to their low drift 
>>>>>> velocity accumulate in
>>>>>> the gap beyond So. Once the development of the first electron 
>>>>>> avalanche has been
>>>>>> completed there are two ion space charges in the gap as shown in 
>>>>>> figure 2.7.
>>>>>> E
>>>>>> E
>>>>>> I
>>>>>> J
>>>>>> ,
>>>>>> \ , \ -
>>>>>> ~"-~ +---- \. . \; - - ~
>>>>>> .. _;': : -- :1-:.',:::-
>>>>>> I
>>>>>> I
>>>>>> I
>>>>>> ED '---_ _ ---'---=:::... I
>>>>>> Figure 2.7: Space Charge Following Completion of the First 
>>>>>> Avalanche [4, pg 68]
>>>>>> l3
>>>>>>
>>>>>> This page is an introduction  to the charge separation that 
>>>>>> occurs in the micro vortex and possible connection to the AG 
>>>>>> phenomenon.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> This was the meeting at Wright Patterson AFB that kicked off the 
>>>>>> Research into Anti-gravity in 1956.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ELECTROGRAVITIC SYSTEMS
>>>>>>
>>>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> TL
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 565
>>>>>>
>>>>>> A9
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Bar Code: 3 1401 00034 5879
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Due dates omitted.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Shield with Logo:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> AF WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES
>>>>>>
>>>>>> TECHNICAL LIBRARY
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Wright-Patterson
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Inner Cover:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>>>>>
>>>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Prepared by
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Gravity Research Group
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited, London
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 29-31 Cheval Place. Knightsbridge
>>>>>>
>>>>>> LONDON S.W. 7 England
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Report GRG 013/56 February 1956
>>>>>>
>>>>>> TL 565 A9
>>>>>>
>>>>>> CONTENTS
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Page
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Introductory Notes...............1
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Discussion.......................3
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Conclusions.....................18
>>>>>>
>>>>>> APPENDIX
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I - Aviation Report extracts....21
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I - Electrostatic Patents.......33
>>>>>>
>>>>>> * * *
>>>>>>
>>>>>> PROPERTY OF USAF
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -1-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>>>>>
>>>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> counterbary and barycentric control
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It has been accepted as axiomatic that the way to offset the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> effects of gravity is to use a lifting surface and considerable
>>>>>>
>>>>>> molecular energy to produce a continously applied force that,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> for a limited period of time, can remain greater than the effects
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of gravitational attraction.The original invention of the glider,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and evolution of the briefly self-sustaining glider, at the turn of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the century led to progressive advances in power and knowledge.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> This has been directed to refining the classic Wright Brothers'
>>>>>>
>>>>>> approach.Aircraft design is still fundamentally as the Wrights
>>>>>>
>>>>>> adumbrated it, with wings, body, tails, moving or flapping
>>>>>>
>>>>>> controls, landing gear and so forth.The Wright biplane was a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> powered glider, and all subsequent aircraft, including the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> supersonic jets of the nineteen-fifties are also powered gliders.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Only one fundamentally different flying principle has so far been
>>>>>>
>>>>>> adopted with varying degrees of success.It is the rotating wing
>>>>>>
>>>>>> aircraft that has led to the jet lifters and vertical pushers,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> coleopters, ducted fans and lift induction turbine propulsion
>>>>>>
>>>>>> systems.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> But during these decades there was always the possibility
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of making efforts to discover the nature of gravity from cosmic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> or quantum theory, investigation and observation, with a view
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to discerning the physical properties of aviation's enemy.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -2-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It has seemed to Aviation Studies that for some time
>>>>>>
>>>>>> insufficient attention has been directed to this kind of research.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> If it were successful such developments would change the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> concept of sustentation, and confer upon a vehicle qualities
>>>>>>
>>>>>> that woul now be regarded as the ultimate in aviation.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> This report summarizes in simple form the work that has
>>>>>>
>>>>>> been done and is being done in the new field of electrogravitics.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It also outlines the various possible lines of research into the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> nature and constituent matter of gravity, and how it has changed
>>>>>>
>>>>>> from Newton to Einstein to the modern Hlavaty concept of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> gravity as an electromagnetic force that may be controlled like
>>>>>>
>>>>>> a light wave.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The report also contains an outline of opinions on the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> feasibility of different electrogravitics systems and there is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> reference to some of the barycentric control and electrostatic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> rigs in operation.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Also included is a list of references to electrogravitics in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> successive Aviation Reports since a drive was started by
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited to suggest to aviation
>>>>>>
>>>>>> business eighteen months ago that the rewards of success are
>>>>>>
>>>>>> too far-reaching to be overlooked, especially in view of the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> hopeful judgement of the most authoritative voice in micro-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> physics.Also listed are some relevant patents on electrostatics
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and electrostatic generators in the United States, United Kingdom
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and France.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Gravity Research Group
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ---------------------
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 25 February 1956
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -3-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> DISCUSSION
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Electrogravitics might be described as a synthesis of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> electrostatic energy used for propulsion - either vertical propulsion
>>>>>>
>>>>>> or horizontal or both - and gravitics, or dynamic counterbary, in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> which energy is also used to set up a local gravitational force
>>>>>>
>>>>>> independent of the earth's.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Electrostatic energy for propulsion has been predicted as a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> possible means of propulsion in space when the thrust from a neutron
>>>>>>
>>>>>> motor or ion motor would be sufficient in a dragless environment
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to produce astronomical velocities.But the ion motor is not
>>>>>>
>>>>>> strictly a part of the science of electrogravitics, since barycentric
>>>>>>
>>>>>> control in an electrogravitics systems is envisaged for a vehicle
>>>>>>
>>>>>> operating within the earth's environment and it is not seen
>>>>>>
>>>>>> initially for space application.Probably large scale space opera-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> tions would have to await the full development of electrogravitics
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to enable large pieces of equipment to be moved out of the region
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of the earth's strongest gravity effects.So, though electrostatic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> motors were thought of in 1925, electrogravitics had its birth after
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the War, when Townsend Brown sought to improve on the various
>>>>>>
>>>>>> proposals that then existed for electrostatic motors sufficiently to
>>>>>>
>>>>>> produce some visible manifestation of sustained motion.Whereas
>>>>>>
>>>>>> earlier electrostatic tests were essentially pure research
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Brown's rigs were aimed from the outset at producing a flying
>>>>>>
>>>>>> article.As a private venture he produced evidence of motion using
>>>>>>
>>>>>> condensers in a couple of saucers suspended by arms rotating
>>>>>>
>>>>>> round a central tower with input running down the arms.The
>>>>>>
>>>>>> massive-k situation was summarized subsequently in a report,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Project Winterhaven, in 1952.Using the data some conclusions
>>>>>>
>>>>>> were arrived at that might be expected from ten or more years of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -4-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> intensive development - similar to that, for instance, applied to
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the turbine engine.Using a number of assumptions as to the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> nature of gravity, the report postulated a saucer as the basis of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> a possible interceptor with Mach 3 capability.Creation of a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> local gravitational system would confer upon the fighter the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> sharp-edged changes of direction typical of motion in space.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The essence of electrogravitics thrust is the use of a very
>>>>>>
>>>>>> strong positive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative
>>>>>>
>>>>>> on the other.The core of the motor is a condenser and the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ability of the condenser to hold its charge (the k-number) is the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> yardstick of performance.With air as 1, current dielectrical
>>>>>>
>>>>>> materials can yield 6 and use of <STRONG>barium</STRONG> 
>>>>>> aluminate can raise
>>>>>>
>>>>>> this considerably, <STRONG>barium</STRONG> titanium oxide (a 
>>>>>> baked ceramic) can
>>>>>>
>>>>>> offer 6,000 and there is promise of 30,000, which would be
>>>>>>
>>>>>> sufficient for supersonic speed.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The original Brown rig produced 30 fps on a voltage of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> around 50,000 and a small amount of current in the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> milliamp range.There was no detailed explanation of gravity
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in Project Winterhaven, but it was assumed that particle
>>>>>>
>>>>>> dualism in the subatomic structure of gravity would coincide
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in its effect with the issuing stream of electrons from the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> electrostatic energy source to produce counterbary.The Brown
>>>>>>
>>>>>> work probably remains a realistic approach to the practical
>>>>>>
>>>>>> realization of electrostatic propulsion and sustentation.What-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ever may be discovered by the Gravity Research Foundation of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> New Boston a complete understanding and synthetic reproduction
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of gravity is not essential for limited success.The electro-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> gravitics saucer can perform the function of a classic lifting
>>>>>>
>>>>>> surface - it produces a pushing effect on the under surface and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> a suction effect on the upper, but, unlike an airfoil, it does not
>>>>>>
>>>>>> require a flow of air to produce the effect.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -5-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> First attempts at electrogravitics are unlikely to produce
>>>>>>
>>>>>> counterbary, but may lead to development of an electrostatic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> VTOL vehicle.Even in its development form this might be an
>>>>>>
>>>>>> advance on the molecular heat engine in its capabilities.But
>>>>>>
>>>>>> hopes in the new science depend on an understanding of the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> source and matter of gravity.It is fortuitous that lift can be
>>>>>>
>>>>>> produced in the traditional fashion and if an understanding of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> gravity remains beyond full practical control, electrostatic lift
>>>>>>
>>>>>> might be an adjunct of some significance to modern thrust
>>>>>>
>>>>>> producers.Research into electrostatics could prove beneficial
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to turbine development, and heat engines in general, in view of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the usable electron potential round the periphery of any flame.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Materials for electrogravitics and especially the development
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of commercial quantities of high-k material is another dividend
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to be obtained from electrostatic research even if it produces no
>>>>>>
>>>>>> counterbary.This is a line of development that Aviation Studies'
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Gravity Research Group is following.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> One of the interesting aspects of electrogravitics is that a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> breakthrough in almost any part of the broad front of general
>>>>>>
>>>>>> research on the intranuclear processes may be translated into
>>>>>>
>>>>>> a meaningful advance towards the feasibility of electrogravitics
>>>>>>
>>>>>> systems.This demands constant monitoring in the most
>>>>>>
>>>>>> likely areas of the physics of high energy sub-nuclear particles.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It is difficult to be overoptimistic about the prospects of gaining
>>>>>>
>>>>>> so complete a grasp of gravity while the world's physicists are
>>>>>>
>>>>>> still engaged in a study of fundamental particles - that is to say
>>>>>>
>>>>>> those that cannot be broken down any more.Fundamental particles
>>>>>>
>>>>>> are still being discovered - the most recent was the Segre-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Chamberlain-Wiegand attachment ot the bevatron, which was
>>>>>>
>>>>>> used to isolate the missing anti-proton, which must - or should
>>>>>>
>>>>>> be presumed to - exist according to Dirac's theory of the electron.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -6-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Much of the accepted mathematics of particles would be wrong
>>>>>>
>>>>>> if the anti-proton was proved to be non-existent.Earlier
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Eddington has listed the fundamental particles as:-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> e The charge of an electron.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> m the mass of an electron.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> M the mass of a proton.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> h Planck's contant
>>>>>>
>>>>>> c The velocity of light.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> G The constant of gravitation, and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> L The cosmological constant
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It is generally held that no one of these can be inferred from
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the others.But electrons may well disappear from among the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> fundamental particles, though, as Russell says, it is likely that
>>>>>>
>>>>>> e and m will survive.The constants are much more established
>>>>>>
>>>>>> than the interpretation of them and are among the most solid of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> achievements in modern physics.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> * * *
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Gravity may be defined as a small scale departure from
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Euclidean space in the general theory of relativity.The
>>>>>>
>>>>>> gravitational constant is one of four dimensionless constants:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> first, the mass relation of the nucleon and electron.Second is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> e^2/hc, third, the Compton wavelength of the proton, and fourth
>>>>>>
>>>>>> is the gravitational constant, which is the ratio of the 
>>>>>> electrostatic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -7-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to the gravitational attraction between the electron and the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> proton.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> One of the stumbling blocks in electrogravitics is the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> absence of any satisfacotry theory linking these four dimension-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> less quantities.Of the four, moreover, gravity is decidedly the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> most complex, since any explanation would have to satisfy both
>>>>>>
>>>>>> cosmic and quantum relations more acceptably and intelligibly even
>>>>>>
>>>>>> than in the unified field theory.A gravitational constant of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> around 10^-30 has emerged from quantum research and this has
>>>>>>
>>>>>> been used as a tool for finding theories that could link the two
>>>>>>
>>>>>> relations.This work is now in full progress, and developments
>>>>>>
>>>>>> have to be watched for the aviation angle.Hitherto Dirac,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Eddington, Jordan and others have produced differences in theory
>>>>>>
>>>>>> that are too wide to be accepted as consistent.It means therefore
>>>>>>
>>>>>> that (i) without a cosmological basis, and (ii) with an imprecise
>>>>>>
>>>>>> quantum basis and (iii) a vague hypothesis on the interaction,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> much remains still to be discovered.Indeed some say that a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> single interacting theory to link up the dimensionless constants
>>>>>>
>>>>>> is one of three major unresolved basic problems of physics.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The other two main problems are the extension of quantum theory
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and a more detailed knowledge of the fundamental particles.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> All this is some distance from Newton, who saw gravity as
>>>>>>
>>>>>> a force acting on a body from a distance, leading to the tendency
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of bodies to accelerate towards each other.He allied this
>>>>>>
>>>>>> assumption with Euclidean geometry, and time was assumed as
>>>>>>
>>>>>> uniform and acted independently of space.Bodies and particles
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in space normally moved uniformly in straight lines according
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to Newton, and to account for the way they sometimes do not do
>>>>>>
>>>>>> so, he used the idea of a force of gravity acting at a distance,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in which particles of matter cause in others an acceleration
>>>>>>
>>>>>> proportional to their mass, and inversely proportional to the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -8-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> square of the distance between them.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> But Einstein showed how the principle of least action, or
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the so-called cosmic laziness means that particles, on the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> contrary, follow the easiest path along geodesic lines and as a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> result they get readily absorbed into space-time.So was born
>>>>>>
>>>>>> non-linear physics.The classic example of non-linear physics
>>>>>>
>>>>>> is the experiment in bombarding a screen with two slits.When
>>>>>>
>>>>>> both slits are open particles going through are not the sum of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the two individually but follows a non-linear equation.This
>>>>>>
>>>>>> leads on to wave-particle dualism and that in turn to the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Heisenberg uncertainty principle in which an increase in accuracy
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in measurement of one physical quantity means decreasing
>>>>>>
>>>>>> accuracy in measuring the other.If time is measured accurately
>>>>>>
>>>>>> energy calculations will be in error; the more accurate the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> position of a particle is established the less certain the velocity
>>>>>>
>>>>>> will be; and so on.This basic principle of the acausality of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> microphysics affects the study of gravity in the special and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> general theories of relativity.Lack of pictoral image in the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> quantum physics of this interrelationship is a difficulty at the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> outset for those whose minds remain obstinately Euclidean.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> In the special theory of relativity, space-time is seen only
>>>>>>
>>>>>> as an undefined interval which can be defined in any way that is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> convenient and the Newtonian idea of persistent particles in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> motion to explain gravity cannot be accepted.It must be seen
>>>>>>
>>>>>> rather as a synthesis of forces in a four dimensional continuum,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> three to establish the position and one the time.The general
>>>>>>
>>>>>> theory of relativity that followed a decade later was a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> geometrical explanation of gravitation in which bodies take the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> geodesic path through space-time.In turn this means that
>>>>>>
>>>>>> instead of the idea of a force acting at a distance it is assumed
>>>>>>
>>>>>> that space, time, radiation and particles are linked and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> variations in them from gravity are due rather to the nature of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> space.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -9-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Thus gravity of a body such as the earth, instead of pulling
>>>>>>
>>>>>> object towards it as Newton postulated, is adjusting the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> characteristics of space and, it may be inferred, the quantum
>>>>>>
>>>>>> mechanics of space in the vicinity of the gravitational force.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Electrogravitics aims at correcting this adjustment to put
>>>>>>
>>>>>> matter, so to speak, 'at rest'.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> * * *
>>>>>>
>>>>>> One of the difficulties in 1954 and 1955 was to get aviation
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to take electrogravitics seriously.The name alone was enough
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to put people off.However, in the trade much progress has
>>>>>>
>>>>>> been made and now most major companies in the United States
>>>>>>
>>>>>> are interested in counterbary.Groups are being organised to
>>>>>>
>>>>>> study electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena.Most of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> industry's leaders have made some reference to it.Douglas
>>>>>>
>>>>>> has now stated that it has counterbary on its work agenda but
>>>>>>
>>>>>> does not expect results yet awhile.Hiller has referred to new
>>>>>>
>>>>>> forms of flying platform, Glenn Martin say gravity control could
>>>>>>
>>>>>> be achieved in six years, but they add that it would entail a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Manhattan District type of effort to bring it about.Sikorsky,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> one of the pioneers, more or less agrees with the Douglas verdict
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and says that gravity is tangible and formidable, but there must
>>>>>>
>>>>>> be a physical carrier for this immense trans-spatial force.This
>>>>>>
>>>>>> implies that where a physical manifestation exists, a physical
>>>>>>
>>>>>> device and be developed for creating a similar force moving in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the opposite direction to cancel it.Clarke Electronics state
>>>>>>
>>>>>> thay have a rig, and add that in their view the source of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> gravity's force will be understood sooner than some people
>>>>>>
>>>>>> think.General Electric is working on the use of electronic rigs
>>>>>>
>>>>>> designed to make adjustments to gravity - this line of attack
>>>>>>
>>>>>> has the advantage of using rigs already in existence for other
>>>>>>
>>>>>> defence work.Bell also has an experimental rig intended, as
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -10-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the company puts it, to cancel out gravity, and Lawrence Bell
>>>>>>
>>>>>> has said he is convinced that practical hardware will emerge
>>>>>>
>>>>>> from current programs.Grover Leoning is certain that what
>>>>>>
>>>>>> he referred to as an electro-magnetic contra-gravity mechanism
>>>>>>
>>>>>> will be developed for practical use.Convair is extensively
>>>>>>
>>>>>> committed to the work with several rigs.Lear Inc., autopilot
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and electronic engineers have a division of the company working
>>>>>>
>>>>>> on gravity research and so also has the Sperry division of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Sperry-Rand.This list embraces most of the U.S. aircraft
>>>>>>
>>>>>> industry.The remainder, Curtiss-Wright, Lockheed, Boeing
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and North American have not yet declared themselves, but all
>>>>>>
>>>>>> these four are known to be in various stages of study with and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> without rigs.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> In addition, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> working on gravity, the Gravity Research Foundation of New
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Boston, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> CalTech Radiation Laboratory, Princeton University and the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> University of North Carolina are all active in gravity.Glenn
>>>>>>
>>>>>> L. Martin is setting up a Research Institute for Advanced Study
>>>>>>
>>>>>> which has a small staff working on gravity research with the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> unified field theory and this group is committed to extensive
>>>>>>
>>>>>> programs of applied research.Many others are also known to
>>>>>>
>>>>>> be studying gravity, some are known also to be planning
>>>>>>
>>>>>> a general expansion in this field, such as the proposed
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Institute for Pure Physics at the University of North Carolina.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> A certain amount of work is also going on in Europe.One
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of the French nationalized constructors and one company outside
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the nationalized elements have been making preliminary studies,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and a little company money has in one case actually been
>>>>>>
>>>>>> committed.Some work is also going on in Britain where rigs
>>>>>>
>>>>>> are now in existence.Most of it is private tenure work, such
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -11-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> as that being done by Ed Hull, a colleague of Townsend Brown
>>>>>>
>>>>>> who, as much as anybody, introduced Europe to electrogravitics.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Aviation Studies' Gravity Research Group is doing some work,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> mainly on k studies, and is sponsoring dielectric investigations.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> One Swedish company and two Canadian companies have
>>>>>>
>>>>>> been making studies, and quite recently the Germans have
>>>>>>
>>>>>> woken up to the possibilities.Several of the companies have
>>>>>>
>>>>>> started digging out some of the early German papers on wave
>>>>>>
>>>>>> physics.They are almost certain to plan a gravitics program.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Curiously enough the Germans during the war paid no attention
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to electrogravitics.This is one line of advance that they did
>>>>>>
>>>>>> not pioneer in any way and is still basically a U.S. creation.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Townsend Brown in electrogravitics is the equivalent of Frank
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Whittle in gas turbines.This German overlooking of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> electrostatics is even more surprising when it is remembered
>>>>>>
>>>>>> how astonishingly advanced and prescient the Germans were in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> nuclear research.(The modern theory of making thermonuclear
>>>>>>
>>>>>> weapons without plutonium fission initiators returns to the original
>>>>>>
>>>>>> German idea that was dismissed, even ridiculed.The Germans
>>>>>>
>>>>>> never went very far with fission, indeed they doubted that this
>>>>>>
>>>>>> chain would ever be made to work.)The German air industry,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> still in the embryo stage, has included electrogravitics among
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the subjects it intends to examine when establishing the policy
>>>>>>
>>>>>> that the individual companies will adopt after the present early
>>>>>>
>>>>>> stage of foreign licence has enabled industry to get abreast
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of the other countries in aircraft development.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> * * *
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It is impossible to read through this summary of the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> widening efforts being made to understand the nature of matter
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of gravity without sharing the hope that many groups now have,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of major theoretical breakthroughs occurring before very long.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -12-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Experience in nucleonics has shown that when attempts to win
>>>>>>
>>>>>> knowledge on this scale are made, advances are soon seen.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> There are a number of elements in industry, and some
>>>>>>
>>>>>> managements, who see gravity as a problem for later genera-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> tions.Many see nothing in it all and they might be right.But as
>>>>>>
>>>>>> said earlier, if Dr. Vaclav Hlavaty thinks gravity is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> potentially controllable that surely should be justification
>>>>>>
>>>>>> enough, and indeed inspiration, for physicists to apply their
>>>>>>
>>>>>> minds and for management to take a risk.Hlavaty is the only
>>>>>>
>>>>>> man who thinks he can see a way of doing the mathematics to
>>>>>>
>>>>>> demonstrate Einstein's unified field theory - something that
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Einstein himself said was beyond him.Relativity and the unified
>>>>>>
>>>>>> field theory go to the root of electrogravitics and the shifts
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in thinking, the hopes and fears, and a measure of progress is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to be obtained only in the last resort from men of this stature.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Major theoretical breakthroughs to discover the sources
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of gravity will be made by the most advanced intellects using
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the most advanced research tools.Aviation's role is therefore
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to impress upon physicists of this calibre with the urgency of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the matter and to aid them with statistical and peripheral
>>>>>>
>>>>>> investigations that will help to clarify the background to the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> central mathematics and physical puzzles.Aviation could also
>>>>>>
>>>>>> assist by recruiting some of these men as advisers.Convair has
>>>>>>
>>>>>> taken the initiative with its recently established panel of advisers
>>>>>>
>>>>>> on nuclear projects, which include Dr. Edward Teller of the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> University of California.At the same time much can be done in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> development of laboratory rigs, condenser research and dielectric
>>>>>>
>>>>>> development, which do not require anything like the same
>>>>>>
>>>>>> cerebral capacity to get results and make a practical contribution.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> As gravity is likely to be linked with the new particles, only
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the highest powered particle accelerators are likely to be of use
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -13-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in further fundamental knowledge.The country with the biggest
>>>>>>
>>>>>> tools of this kind is in the best position to examine the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> characteristics of the particles and from these countries the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> greatest advances seem most likely.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Though the United States has the biggest of the bevatrons -
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the Berkeley bevatron is 6.2 bev - the Russians have a 10 bev
>>>>>>
>>>>>> accelerator in construction which, when it is completed, will
>>>>>>
>>>>>> be the world's largest.At Brookhaven a 25 bev instrument is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in development which, in turn, will be the biggest.Other
>>>>>>
>>>>>> countries without comparable facilities are of course at a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> great disadvantage from the outset in the contest to discover the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> explanations of gravity.Electrogravitics, moreover, unfortunately
>>>>>>
>>>>>> competes with nuclear studies for its facilities.The clearest
>>>>>>
>>>>>> thinking brains are bound to be attracted to locations where the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> most extensive laboratory equipment exists.So, one way and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> another, results are most likely to come from the major
>>>>>>
>>>>>> countries with the biggest undertakings.Thus the nuclear
>>>>>>
>>>>>> facilities have a direct bearing on the scope for electrogravitics
>>>>>>
>>>>>> work.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The OEEC report in January made the following points:-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The U.S. has six to eight entirely different types of reactor in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> operation and many more under construction.Europe has now
>>>>>>
>>>>>> two different types in service.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The U.S. has about 30 research reactors plus four in Britain,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> two in France.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The U.S. has two nuclear-powered marine engines.Europe has
>>>>>>
>>>>>> none, but the U.K. is building one.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Isotope separation plants for the enrichment of uranium in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the U.S. are roughly 11 times larger than the European
>>>>>>
>>>>>> plant in Britain.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Europe's only heavy water plant (in Norway) produces somewhat
>>>>>>
>>>>>> less than one-twentieth of American output.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> In 1955 the number of technicians employed in nuclear energy
>>>>>>
>>>>>> work in the U.S. was about 15,000; there are about 5,000 in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Britain, 1,800 in France, and about 1,000 in the rest of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Europe.But the working party says that pessimistic conclusions
>>>>>>
>>>>>> should not be drawn from these comparisons.European nuclear
>>>>>>
>>>>>> energy effort is evenly divided at the moment, but some
>>>>>>
>>>>>> countries have notable achievements to their credit and important
>>>>>>
>>>>>> developments in prospect.The main reason for optimism is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> that, taken as a whole, &quot;Europe's present nuclear effort falls
>>>>>>
>>>>>> very far short of its industrial potential&quot;.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Though gravity research, such as there has been of it,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> has been unclassified, new principles and information gained
>>>>>>
>>>>>> from the nuclear research facilities that have a vehicle application
>>>>>>
>>>>>> is expected to be withheld.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The heart of the problem to understanding gravity is likely
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to prove to be the way in which the very high energy sub-nuclear
>>>>>>
>>>>>> particles convert something, whatever it is, continuously and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> automatically into the tremendous nuclear and electromagnetic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> forces.Once this key is understood, attention can later be
>>>>>>
>>>>>> directed to finding laboratory means of duplicating the process
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and reversing its force lines in some local environment and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> returning the energy to itself to produce counterbary.Looking
>>>>>>
>>>>>> beyond it seems possible that gravitation will be shown to be a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> part of the universal electro-magnetic processes and controlled
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -15-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in the same way as a light wave or radio wave.This is a synthesis
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of the Einstein and Hlavaty concepts.Hence it follows that though
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in its initial form the mechanical processes for countering
>>>>>>
>>>>>> gravity may initially be massive to deal with the massive forces
>>>>>>
>>>>>> involved, eventually this could be expected to form some central
>>>>>>
>>>>>> power generation unit.Barycentric control in some required
>>>>>>
>>>>>> quantity could be passed over a distance by a form of radio
>>>>>>
>>>>>> wave.The prime energy source to energise the waves would
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of course be nuclear in its origins.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It is difficult to say which lines of detailed development
>>>>>>
>>>>>> being processed in the immediate future is more likely to yield
>>>>>>
>>>>>> significant results.Perhaps the three most promising are:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> first, the new attempt by the team of men led by Chamberlain
>>>>>>
>>>>>> working with the Berkeley bevatron to find the anti-neutron,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and to identify more of the characteristics of the anti-proton*
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and each of the string of high energy particles that have been
>>>>>>
>>>>>> discovered during recent operations at 6.2 bev.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> A second line of approach is the United States National
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Bureau of Standards program to pin down with greater accuracy
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the acceleration values of gravity.The presently accepted figure
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ___________________________________________________________
>>>>>>
>>>>>> *The reaction is as follows:protons are accelerated to 6.2 bev,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and directed at a target of copper.When the proton projectile
>>>>>>
>>>>>> hits a neutron in one of the copper atoms the following emerge:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the two original particles (the projectile and the struck neutron)
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and a new pair of particles, a proton and anti-proton.The
>>>>>>
>>>>>> anti-proton continues briefly until it hits another proton, then
>>>>>>
>>>>>> both disappear and decay into mesons.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ___________________________________________________________
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -16-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of 32.174 feet per second per second is known to be not
>>>>>>
>>>>>> comprehensive, though it has been sufficiently accurte
>>>>>>
>>>>>> for the limited needs of industry hitherto.The NBS program
>>>>>>
>>>>>> aims at re-determining the strength of gravity to within one
>>>>>>
>>>>>> part of a million. The present method thas been to hold a ball
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 16 feet up and chart the elapsed time of descent with electronic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> measuring equipment.The new program is based on the old, but
>>>>>>
>>>>>> with this exceptional degree of accuracy it is naturally immensely
>>>>>>
>>>>>> more difficult and is expected to take 3 years.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> A third promising line is the new technique of measuring
>>>>>>
>>>>>> high energy particles in motion that was started by the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> University of California last year.This involves passing
>>>>>>
>>>>>> cosmic rays through a chamber containing a mixture of gas,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> alcohol and water vapour.This creates charged atoms, or
>>>>>>
>>>>>> positive ions, by knocking electrons off the gas molecules.A
>>>>>>
>>>>>> sudden expansion of the chamber results in a condensation of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> water droplets along the track which can be plotted on a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> photographic plate.This method makes it easier to assess the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> energy of particles and to distinguish one from the other.It
>>>>>>
>>>>>> also helps to establish the characteristics of the different
>>>>>>
>>>>>> types of particles.The relationship between these high energy
>>>>>>
>>>>>> particles, and their origin, and characteristics, have a bearing
>>>>>>
>>>>>> on electrogravitics in general.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> So much of what has to be discovered as a necessary
>>>>>>
>>>>>> preliminary to gravity is of no practical use by itself.There is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> no conceivable use, for instance, for the anti-proton, yet its
>>>>>>
>>>>>> discovery even at a cost of $9-million is essential to check the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> mathematics of the fundamental components of matter.Similarly
>>>>>>
>>>>>> it is necessary to check that all the nuclear ghosts that have been
>>>>>>
>>>>>> postulated theoretically do in fact exist.It is not, moreover,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> sufficient, as in the past, only to observe the particles by
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -17-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> radiation counters.In each instance a mechanical maze has to
>>>>>>
>>>>>> be devised and attached to a particle accelerator to trap only
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the particle concerned.Each discovery becomes a wedge for
>>>>>>
>>>>>> a deeper probe of the nucleus.Many of the particles of very high
>>>>>>
>>>>>> energy have only a fleeting existence and collisions that give
>>>>>>
>>>>>> rise to them from bevatron
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -- 
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ZE [email protected] +351 53 22244ZarSoft Corporation
>>>>>>
>>>>>> &quot;Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, 
>>>>>> doesn't go away.&quot;
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Philip K. Dick
>>>>>>
>>>>>> </PRE>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> <HR> <center>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> [ <A HREF="/dnhome.html">HOME</A> ] -
>>>>>>
>>>>>> [ <A HREF="/help/dnhelp_index.html">HELP</A> ] -
>>>>>>
>>>>>> [ <A HREF="/dncontacts.html"<BR>CONTACTS</A> ] -
>>>>>>
>>>>>> [ <A HREF="/forms/dnquery.html">SEARCH</A> ]
>>>>>>
>>>>>> </center>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> </BODY>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> </HTML>
>>>>>>

Interesting back to the multipactor concept...

On 2/12/2019 6:44 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>  
>
> When in 9th grade, high school 1953 and going through the DeVry
> Electronics Course, I just had to build my own Geiger Counter for the
> Science Fair.
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube
>
> On 2/12/2019 8:38 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_gravity_control_propulsion_research
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism
>>
>> http://www.rexresearch.com/hooper/hooper1.htm
>>
>> https://www.wired.com/1998/03/antigravity/
>>
>> When we look back in History at the negative ionization phenomenon
>> which dates back to the old Edison DC grid energizing problems with
>> corona out cropping before a current began in the transmission line.
>> Avalanche phenomenon.
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_discharge
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_avalanche
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge   Please pay
>> particular attention to the difference in Positive Ionization and the
>> Negative Ionization.   The Ion Wind and avalanche phenomenon is only
>> present in the Negative plasma.
>>
>> See C33 attached
>>
>> See DC Ion attached
>>
>> See Cage attached
>>
>> 2.1.3.1 Negative DC Corona Processes
>> When the stressed conductor is at a negative potential, electron
>> avalanches are
>> initiated at the cathode and develop in a continuously decreasing
>> field towards the
>> anode. Free electrons which, can move much faster than ions in an
>> applied field, are
>> thus concentrated at the tip of the avalanche. A concentration of
>> positive ions thus
>> forms in the region of the gap between the cathode and the boundary
>> surface So [4,
>> 67]. This is seen in figure 2.6.
>> \
>> \
>> \ ,
>> I' () '--____ -=:..
>> Figure 2.6: Electron Avalanche at the Cathode [4, pg 68]
>> As can be seen from figure 2.6 free electrons continue to migrate
>> across the gap.
>> Beyond the surface So the free electrons quickly attach themselves to
>> the oxygen
>> molecules to form negative ions, which due to their low drift
>> velocity accumulate in
>> the gap beyond So. Once the development of the first electron
>> avalanche has been
>> completed there are two ion space charges in the gap as shown in
>> figure 2.7.
>> E
>> E
>> I
>> J
>> ,
>> \ , \ -
>> ~"-~ +---- \. . \; - - ~
>> .. _;': : -- :1-:.',:::-
>> I
>> I
>> I
>> ED '---_ _ ---'---=:::... I
>> Figure 2.7: Space Charge Following Completion of the First Avalanche
>> [4, pg 68]
>> l3
>>
>> This page is an introduction  to the charge separation that occurs in
>> the micro vortex and possible connection to the AG phenomenon.
>>
>>
>> This was the meeting at Wright Patterson AFB that kicked off the
>> Research into Anti-gravity in 1956.
>>
>> ELECTROGRAVITIC SYSTEMS
>>
>>  
>>
>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>
>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>
>>  
>>
>> TL
>>
>> 565
>>
>> A9
>>
>>  
>>
>> Bar Code: 3 1401 00034 5879
>>
>>  
>>
>> Due dates omitted.
>>
>>  
>>
>> Shield with Logo:
>>
>> AF WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES
>>
>> TECHNICAL LIBRARY
>>
>> Wright-Patterson
>>
>> Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
>>
>>  
>>
>> Inner Cover:
>>
>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>
>>  
>>
>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>
>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>
>>  
>>
>> Prepared by
>>
>> Gravity Research Group
>>
>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited, London
>>
>> 29-31 Cheval Place. Knightsbridge
>>
>> LONDON S.W. 7 England
>>
>>  
>>
>> Report GRG 013/56 February 1956
>>
>>  
>>
>>  
>>
>> TL 565 A9
>>
>>  
>>
>> CONTENTS
>>
>>  
>>
>>                                 Page
>>
>> Introductory Notes...............1
>>
>> Discussion.......................3
>>
>> Conclusions.....................18
>>
>>  
>>
>> APPENDIX
>>
>>  
>>
>> I - Aviation Report extracts....21
>>
>> I - Electrostatic Patents.......33
>>
>>  
>>
>>  
>>
>>            * * *
>>
>>  
>>
>>  
>>
>>  
>>
>>         PROPERTY OF USAF
>>
>>  
>>
>>           -1-
>>
>>  
>>
>>     ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>
>>  
>>
>> An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic
>>
>>    counterbary and barycentric control
>>
>>  
>>
>>    It has been accepted as axiomatic that the way to offset the
>>
>> effects of gravity is to use a lifting surface and considerable
>>
>> molecular energy to produce a continously applied force that,
>>
>> for a limited period of time, can remain greater than the effects
>>
>> of gravitational attraction.  The original invention of the glider,
>>
>> and evolution of the briefly self-sustaining glider, at the turn of
>>
>> the century led to progressive advances in power and knowledge.
>>
>> This has been directed to refining the classic Wright Brothers'
>>
>> approach.  Aircraft design is still fundamentally as the Wrights
>>
>> adumbrated it, with wings, body, tails, moving or flapping
>>
>> controls, landing gear and so forth.  The Wright biplane was a
>>
>> powered glider, and all subsequent aircraft, including the
>>
>> supersonic jets of the nineteen-fifties are also powered gliders.
>>
>> Only one fundamentally different flying principle has so far been
>>
>> adopted with varying degrees of success.  It is the rotating wing
>>
>> aircraft that has led to the jet lifters and vertical pushers,
>>
>> coleopters, ducted fans and lift induction turbine propulsion
>>
>> systems.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     But during these decades there was always the possibility
>>
>> of making efforts to discover the nature of gravity from cosmic
>>
>> or quantum theory, investigation and observation, with a view
>>
>> to discerning the physical properties of aviation's enemy.
>>
>>  
>>
>>          -2-
>>
>>  
>>
>>     It has seemed to Aviation Studies that for some time
>>
>> insufficient attention has been directed to this kind of research.
>>
>> If it were successful such developments would change the
>>
>> concept of sustentation, and confer upon a vehicle qualities
>>
>> that woul now be regarded as the ultimate in aviation.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     This report summarizes in simple form the work that has
>>
>> been done and is being done in the new field of electrogravitics.
>>
>> It also outlines the various possible lines of research into the
>>
>> nature and constituent matter of gravity, and how it has changed
>>
>> from Newton to Einstein to the modern Hlavaty concept of
>>
>> gravity as an electromagnetic force that may be controlled like
>>
>> a light wave.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     The report also contains an outline of opinions on the
>>
>> feasibility of different electrogravitics systems and there is
>>
>> reference to some of the barycentric control and electrostatic
>>
>> rigs in operation.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     Also included is a list of references to electrogravitics in
>>
>> successive Aviation Reports since a drive was started by
>>
>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited to suggest to aviation
>>
>> business eighteen months ago that the rewards of success are
>>
>> too far-reaching to be overlooked, especially in view of the
>>
>> hopeful judgement of the most authoritative voice in micro-
>>
>> physics.  Also listed are some relevant patents on electrostatics
>>
>> and electrostatic generators in the United States, United Kingdom
>>
>> and France.
>>
>>  
>>
>>        Gravity Research Group
>>
>>        ---------------------
>>
>>  
>>
>> 25 February 1956
>>
>>  
>>
>>                  -3-
>>
>>  
>>
>>              DISCUSSION
>>
>>  
>>
>>     Electrogravitics might be described as a synthesis of
>>
>> electrostatic energy used for propulsion - either vertical propulsion
>>
>> or horizontal or both - and gravitics, or dynamic counterbary, in
>>
>> which energy is also used to set up a local gravitational force
>>
>> independent of the earth's.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     Electrostatic energy for propulsion has been predicted as a
>>
>> possible means of propulsion in space when the thrust from a neutron
>>
>> motor or ion motor would be sufficient in a dragless environment
>>
>> to produce astronomical velocities.  But the ion motor is not
>>
>> strictly a part of the science of electrogravitics, since barycentric
>>
>> control in an electrogravitics systems is envisaged for a vehicle
>>
>> operating within the earth's environment and it is not seen
>>
>> initially for space application.  Probably large scale space opera-
>>
>> tions would have to await the full development of electrogravitics
>>
>> to enable large pieces of equipment to be moved out of the region
>>
>> of the earth's strongest gravity effects.  So, though electrostatic
>>
>> motors were thought of in 1925, electrogravitics had its birth after
>>
>> the War, when Townsend Brown sought to improve on the various
>>
>> proposals that then existed for electrostatic motors sufficiently to
>>
>> produce some visible manifestation of sustained motion.  Whereas
>>
>> earlier electrostatic tests were essentially pure research
>>
>> Brown's rigs were aimed from the outset at producing a flying
>>
>> article.  As a private venture he produced evidence of motion using
>>
>> condensers in a couple of saucers suspended by arms rotating
>>
>> round a central tower with input running down the arms.  The
>>
>> massive-k situation was summarized subsequently in a report,
>>
>> Project Winterhaven, in 1952.  Using the data some conclusions
>>
>> were arrived at that might be expected from ten or more years of
>>
>>  
>>
>>               -4-
>>
>>  
>>
>> intensive development - similar to that, for instance, applied to
>>
>> the turbine engine.  Using a number of assumptions as to the
>>
>> nature of gravity, the report postulated a saucer as the basis of
>>
>> a possible interceptor with Mach 3 capability.  Creation of a
>>
>> local gravitational system would confer upon the fighter the
>>
>> sharp-edged changes of direction typical of motion in space.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     The essence of electrogravitics thrust is the use of a very
>>
>> strong positive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative
>>
>> on the other.  The core of the motor is a condenser and the
>>
>> ability of the condenser to hold its charge (the k-number) is the
>>
>> yardstick of performance.  With air as 1, current dielectrical
>>
>> materials can yield 6 and use of <STRONG>barium</STRONG> aluminate
>> can raise
>>
>> this considerably, <STRONG>barium</STRONG> titanium oxide (a baked
>> ceramic) can
>>
>> offer 6,000 and there is promise of 30,000, which would be
>>
>> sufficient for supersonic speed.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     The original Brown rig produced 30 fps on a voltage of
>>
>> around 50,000 and a small amount of current in the
>>
>> milliamp range.  There was no detailed explanation of gravity
>>
>> in Project Winterhaven, but it was assumed that particle
>>
>> dualism in the subatomic structure of gravity would coincide
>>
>> in its effect with the issuing stream of electrons from the
>>
>> electrostatic energy source to produce counterbary.  The Brown
>>
>> work probably remains a realistic approach to the practical
>>
>> realization of electrostatic propulsion and sustentation.  What-
>>
>> ever may be discovered by the Gravity Research Foundation of
>>
>> New Boston a complete understanding and synthetic reproduction
>>
>> of gravity is not essential for limited success.  The electro-
>>
>> gravitics saucer can perform the function of a classic lifting
>>
>> surface - it produces a pushing effect on the under surface and
>>
>> a suction effect on the upper, but, unlike an airfoil, it does not
>>
>> require a flow of air to produce the effect.
>>
>>  
>>
>>          -5-
>>
>>  
>>
>>     First attempts at electrogravitics are unlikely to produce
>>
>> counterbary, but may lead to development of an electrostatic
>>
>> VTOL vehicle.  Even in its development form this might be an
>>
>> advance on the molecular heat engine in its capabilities.  But
>>
>> hopes in the new science depend on an understanding of the
>>
>> source and matter of gravity.  It is fortuitous that lift can be
>>
>> produced in the traditional fashion and if an understanding of
>>
>> gravity remains beyond full practical control, electrostatic lift
>>
>> might be an adjunct of some significance to modern thrust
>>
>> producers.  Research into electrostatics could prove beneficial
>>
>> to turbine development, and heat engines in general, in view of
>>
>> the usable electron potential round the periphery of any flame.
>>
>> Materials for electrogravitics and especially the development
>>
>> of commercial quantities of high-k material is another dividend
>>
>> to be obtained from electrostatic research even if it produces no
>>
>> counterbary.  This is a line of development that Aviation Studies'
>>
>> Gravity Research Group is following.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     One of the interesting aspects of electrogravitics is that a
>>
>> breakthrough in almost any part of the broad front of general
>>
>> research on the intranuclear processes may be translated into
>>
>> a meaningful advance towards the feasibility of electrogravitics
>>
>> systems.  This demands constant monitoring in the most
>>
>> likely areas of the physics of high energy sub-nuclear particles.
>>
>> It is difficult to be overoptimistic about the prospects of gaining
>>
>> so complete a grasp of gravity while the world's physicists are
>>
>> still engaged in a study of fundamental particles - that is to say
>>
>> those that cannot be broken down any more.  Fundamental particles
>>
>> are still being discovered - the most recent was the Segre-
>>
>> Chamberlain-Wiegand attachment ot the bevatron, which was
>>
>> used to isolate the missing anti-proton, which must - or should
>>
>> be presumed to - exist according to Dirac's theory of the electron.
>>
>>  
>>
>>          -6-
>>
>>  
>>
>> Much of the accepted mathematics of particles would be wrong
>>
>> if the anti-proton was proved to be non-existent.  Earlier
>>
>> Eddington has listed the fundamental particles as:-
>>
>>  
>>
>>     e The charge of an electron.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     m the mass of an electron.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     M the mass of a proton.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     h Planck's contant
>>
>>  
>>
>>     c The velocity of light.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     G The constant of gravitation, and
>>
>>  
>>
>>     L The cosmological constant
>>
>>  
>>
>>    It is generally held that no one of these can be inferred from
>>
>> the others.  But electrons may well disappear from among the
>>
>> fundamental particles, though, as Russell says, it is likely that
>>
>> e and m will survive.  The constants are much more established
>>
>> than the interpretation of them and are among the most solid of
>>
>> achievements in modern physics.
>>
>>  
>>
>>  
>>
>>               * * *
>>
>>  
>>
>> Gravity may be defined as a small scale departure from
>>
>> Euclidean space in the general theory of relativity.  The
>>
>> gravitational constant is one of four dimensionless constants:
>>
>> first, the mass relation of the nucleon and electron.  Second is
>>
>> e^2/hc, third, the Compton wavelength of the proton, and fourth
>>
>> is the gravitational constant, which is the ratio of the electrostatic
>>
>>  
>>
>>  
>>
>>              -7-
>>
>>  
>>
>> to the gravitational attraction between the electron and the
>>
>> proton.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     One of the stumbling blocks in electrogravitics is the
>>
>> absence of any satisfacotry theory linking these four dimension-
>>
>> less quantities.  Of the four, moreover, gravity is decidedly the
>>
>> most complex, since any explanation would have to satisfy both
>>
>> cosmic and quantum relations more acceptably and intelligibly even
>>
>> than in the unified field theory.  A gravitational constant of
>>
>> around 10^-30 has emerged from quantum research and this has
>>
>> been used as a tool for finding theories that could link the two
>>
>> relations.  This work is now in full progress, and developments
>>
>> have to be watched for the aviation angle.  Hitherto Dirac,
>>
>> Eddington, Jordan and others have produced differences in theory
>>
>> that are too wide to be accepted as consistent.  It means therefore
>>
>> that (i) without a cosmological basis, and (ii) with an imprecise
>>
>> quantum basis and (iii) a vague hypothesis on the interaction,
>>
>> much remains still to be discovered.  Indeed some say that a
>>
>> single interacting theory to link up the dimensionless constants
>>
>> is one of three major unresolved basic problems of physics.
>>
>> The other two main problems are the extension of quantum theory
>>
>> and a more detailed knowledge of the fundamental particles.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     All this is some distance from Newton, who saw gravity as
>>
>> a force acting on a body from a distance, leading to the tendency
>>
>> of bodies to accelerate towards each other.  He allied this
>>
>> assumption with Euclidean geometry, and time was assumed as
>>
>> uniform and acted independently of space.  Bodies and particles
>>
>> in space normally moved uniformly in straight lines according
>>
>> to Newton, and to account for the way they sometimes do not do
>>
>> so, he used the idea of a force of gravity acting at a distance,
>>
>> in which particles of matter cause in others an acceleration
>>
>> proportional to their mass, and inversely proportional to the
>>
>>  
>>
>>  
>>
>>              -8-
>>
>>  
>>
>> square of the distance between them.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     But Einstein showed how the principle of least action, or
>>
>> the so-called cosmic laziness means that particles, on the
>>
>> contrary, follow the easiest path along geodesic lines and as a
>>
>> result they get readily absorbed into space-time.  So was born
>>
>> non-linear physics.  The classic example of non-linear physics
>>
>> is the experiment in bombarding a screen with two slits.  When
>>
>> both slits are open particles going through are not the sum of
>>
>> the two individually but follows a non-linear equation.  This
>>
>> leads on to wave-particle dualism and that in turn to the
>>
>> Heisenberg uncertainty principle in which an increase in accuracy
>>
>> in measurement of one physical quantity means decreasing
>>
>> accuracy in measuring the other.  If time is measured accurately
>>
>> energy calculations will be in error; the more accurate the
>>
>> position of a particle is established the less certain the velocity
>>
>> will be; and so on.  This basic principle of the acausality of
>>
>> microphysics affects the study of gravity in the special and
>>
>> general theories of relativity.  Lack of pictoral image in the
>>
>> quantum physics of this interrelationship is a difficulty at the
>>
>> outset for those whose minds remain obstinately Euclidean.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     In the special theory of relativity, space-time is seen only
>>
>> as an undefined interval which can be defined in any way that is
>>
>> convenient and the Newtonian idea of persistent particles in
>>
>> motion to explain gravity cannot be accepted.  It must be seen
>>
>> rather as a synthesis of forces in a four dimensional continuum,
>>
>> three to establish the position and one the time.  The general
>>
>> theory of relativity that followed a decade later was a
>>
>> geometrical explanation of gravitation in which bodies take the
>>
>> geodesic path through space-time.  In turn this means that
>>
>> instead of the idea of a force acting at a distance it is assumed
>>
>> that space, time, radiation and particles are linked and
>>
>> variations in them from gravity are due rather to the nature of
>>
>> space.
>>
>>  
>>
>>                    -9-
>>
>>  
>>
>>    Thus gravity of a body such as the earth, instead of pulling
>>
>> object towards it as Newton postulated, is adjusting the
>>
>> characteristics of space and, it may be inferred, the quantum
>>
>> mechanics of space in the vicinity of the gravitational force.
>>
>> Electrogravitics aims at correcting this adjustment to put
>>
>> matter, so to speak, 'at rest'.
>>
>>  
>>
>>  
>>
>>                * * *
>>
>>  
>>
>>     One of the difficulties in 1954 and 1955 was to get aviation
>>
>> to take electrogravitics seriously.  The name alone was enough
>>
>> to put people off.  However, in the trade much progress has
>>
>> been made and now most major companies in the United States
>>
>> are interested in counterbary.  Groups are being organised to
>>
>> study electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena.  Most of
>>
>> industry's leaders have made some reference to it.  Douglas
>>
>> has now stated that it has counterbary on its work agenda but
>>
>> does not expect results yet awhile.  Hiller has referred to new
>>
>> forms of flying platform, Glenn Martin say gravity control could
>>
>> be achieved in six years, but they add that it would entail a
>>
>> Manhattan District type of effort to bring it about.  Sikorsky,
>>
>> one of the pioneers, more or less agrees with the Douglas verdict
>>
>> and says that gravity is tangible and formidable, but there must
>>
>> be a physical carrier for this immense trans-spatial force.  This
>>
>> implies that where a physical manifestation exists, a physical
>>
>> device and be developed for creating a similar force moving in
>>
>> the opposite direction to cancel it.  Clarke Electronics state
>>
>> thay have a rig, and add that in their view the source of
>>
>> gravity's force will be understood sooner than some people
>>
>> think.  General Electric is working on the use of electronic rigs
>>
>> designed to make adjustments to gravity - this line of attack
>>
>> has the advantage of using rigs already in existence for other
>>
>> defence work.  Bell also has an experimental rig intended, as
>>
>>  
>>
>>  
>>
>>             -10-
>>
>>  
>>
>> the company puts it, to cancel out gravity, and Lawrence Bell
>>
>> has said he is convinced that practical hardware will emerge
>>
>> from current programs.  Grover Leoning is certain that what
>>
>> he referred to as an electro-magnetic contra-gravity mechanism
>>
>> will be developed for practical use.  Convair is extensively
>>
>> committed to the work with several rigs.  Lear Inc., autopilot
>>
>> and electronic engineers have a division of the company working
>>
>> on gravity research and so also has the Sperry division of
>>
>> Sperry-Rand.  This list embraces most of the U.S. aircraft
>>
>> industry.  The remainder, Curtiss-Wright, Lockheed, Boeing
>>
>> and North American have not yet declared themselves, but all
>>
>> these four are known to be in various stages of study with and
>>
>> without rigs.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     In addition, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is
>>
>> working on gravity, the Gravity Research Foundation of New
>>
>> Boston, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the
>>
>> CalTech Radiation Laboratory, Princeton University and the
>>
>> University of North Carolina are all active in gravity.  Glenn
>>
>> L. Martin is setting up a Research Institute for Advanced Study
>>
>> which has a small staff working on gravity research with the
>>
>> unified field theory and this group is committed to extensive
>>
>> programs of applied research.  Many others are also known to
>>
>> be studying gravity, some are known also to be planning
>>
>> a general expansion in this field, such as the proposed
>>
>> Institute for Pure Physics at the University of North Carolina.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     A certain amount of work is also going on in Europe.  One
>>
>> of the French nationalized constructors and one company outside
>>
>> the nationalized elements have been making preliminary studies,
>>
>> and a little company money has in one case actually been
>>
>> committed.  Some work is also going on in Britain where rigs
>>
>> are now in existence.  Most of it is private tenure work, such
>>
>>  
>>
>>  
>>
>>                 -11-
>>
>>  
>>
>> as that being done by Ed Hull, a colleague of Townsend Brown
>>
>> who, as much as anybody, introduced Europe to electrogravitics.
>>
>> Aviation Studies' Gravity Research Group is doing some work,
>>
>> mainly on k studies, and is sponsoring dielectric investigations.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     One Swedish company and two Canadian companies have
>>
>> been making studies, and quite recently the Germans have
>>
>> woken up to the possibilities.  Several of the companies have
>>
>> started digging out some of the early German papers on wave
>>
>> physics.  They are almost certain to plan a gravitics program.
>>
>> Curiously enough the Germans during the war paid no attention
>>
>> to electrogravitics.  This is one line of advance that they did
>>
>> not pioneer in any way and is still basically a U.S. creation.
>>
>> Townsend Brown in electrogravitics is the equivalent of Frank
>>
>> Whittle in gas turbines.  This German overlooking of
>>
>> electrostatics is even more surprising when it is remembered
>>
>> how astonishingly advanced and prescient the Germans were in
>>
>> nuclear research.  (The modern theory of making thermonuclear
>>
>> weapons without plutonium fission initiators returns to the original
>>
>> German idea that was dismissed, even ridiculed.  The Germans
>>
>> never went very far with fission, indeed they doubted that this
>>
>> chain would ever be made to work.)  The German air industry,
>>
>> still in the embryo stage, has included electrogravitics among
>>
>> the subjects it intends to examine when establishing the policy
>>
>> that the individual companies will adopt after the present early
>>
>> stage of foreign licence has enabled industry to get abreast
>>
>> of the other countries in aircraft development.
>>
>>  
>>
>>  
>>
>>                    * * *
>>
>>  
>>
>>     It is impossible to read through this summary of the
>>
>> widening efforts being made to understand the nature of matter
>>
>> of gravity without sharing the hope that many groups now have,
>>
>> of major theoretical breakthroughs occurring before very long.
>>
>>  
>>
>>                     -12-
>>
>>  
>>
>> Experience in nucleonics has shown that when attempts to win
>>
>> knowledge on this scale are made, advances are soon seen.
>>
>> There are a number of elements in industry, and some
>>
>> managements, who see gravity as a problem for later genera-
>>
>> tions.  Many see nothing in it all and they might be right.  But as
>>
>> said earlier, if Dr. Vaclav Hlavaty thinks gravity is
>>
>> potentially controllable that surely should be justification
>>
>> enough, and indeed inspiration, for physicists to apply their
>>
>> minds and for management to take a risk.  Hlavaty is the only
>>
>> man who thinks he can see a way of doing the mathematics to
>>
>> demonstrate Einstein's unified field theory - something that
>>
>> Einstein himself said was beyond him.  Relativity and the unified
>>
>> field theory go to the root of electrogravitics and the shifts
>>
>> in thinking, the hopes and fears, and a measure of progress is
>>
>> to be obtained only in the last resort from men of this stature.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     Major theoretical breakthroughs to discover the sources
>>
>> of gravity will be made by the most advanced intellects using
>>
>> the most advanced research tools.  Aviation's role is therefore
>>
>> to impress upon physicists of this calibre with the urgency of
>>
>> the matter and to aid them with statistical and peripheral
>>
>> investigations that will help to clarify the background to the
>>
>> central mathematics and physical puzzles.  Aviation could also
>>
>> assist by recruiting some of these men as advisers.  Convair has
>>
>> taken the initiative with its recently established panel of advisers
>>
>> on nuclear projects, which include Dr. Edward Teller of the
>>
>> University of California.  At the same time much can be done in
>>
>> development of laboratory rigs, condenser research and dielectric
>>
>> development, which do not require anything like the same
>>
>> cerebral capacity to get results and make a practical contribution.
>>
>>  
>>
>>    As gravity is likely to be linked with the new particles, only
>>
>> the highest powered particle accelerators are likely to be of use
>>
>>  
>>
>>  
>>
>>              -13-
>>
>>  
>>
>> in further fundamental knowledge.  The country with the biggest
>>
>> tools of this kind is in the best position to examine the
>>
>> characteristics of the particles and from these countries the
>>
>> greatest advances seem most likely.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     Though the United States has the biggest of the bevatrons -
>>
>> the Berkeley bevatron is 6.2 bev - the Russians have a 10 bev
>>
>> accelerator in construction which, when it is completed, will
>>
>> be the world's largest.  At Brookhaven a 25 bev instrument is
>>
>> in development which, in turn, will be the biggest.  Other
>>
>> countries without comparable facilities are of course at a
>>
>> great disadvantage from the outset in the contest to discover the
>>
>> explanations of gravity.  Electrogravitics, moreover, unfortunately
>>
>> competes with nuclear studies for its facilities.  The clearest
>>
>> thinking brains are bound to be attracted to locations where the
>>
>> most extensive laboratory equipment exists.  So, one way and
>>
>> another, results are most likely to come from the major
>>
>> countries with the biggest undertakings.  Thus the nuclear
>>
>> facilities have a direct bearing on the scope for electrogravitics
>>
>> work.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     The OEEC report in January made the following points:-
>>
>>  
>>
>> The U.S. has six to eight entirely different types of reactor in
>>
>> operation and many more under construction.  Europe has now
>>
>> two different types in service.
>>
>>  
>>
>> The U.S. has about 30 research reactors plus four in Britain,
>>
>> two in France.
>>
>>  
>>
>> The U.S. has two nuclear-powered marine engines.  Europe has
>>
>> none, but the U.K. is building one.
>>
>>  
>>
>> Isotope separation plants for the enrichment of uranium in
>>
>> the U.S. are roughly 11 times larger than the European
>>
>> plant in Britain.
>>
>>  
>>
>> Europe's only heavy water plant (in Norway) produces somewhat
>>
>> less than one-twentieth of American output.
>>
>>  
>>
>> In 1955 the number of technicians employed in nuclear energy
>>
>> work in the U.S. was about 15,000; there are about 5,000 in
>>
>> Britain, 1,800 in France, and about 1,000 in the rest of
>>
>> Europe.  But the working party says that pessimistic conclusions
>>
>> should not be drawn from these comparisons.  European nuclear
>>
>> energy effort is evenly divided at the moment, but some
>>
>> countries have notable achievements to their credit and important
>>
>> developments in prospect.  The main reason for optimism is
>>
>> that, taken as a whole, &quot;Europe's present nuclear effort falls
>>
>> very far short of its industrial potential&quot;.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     Though gravity research, such as there has been of it,
>>
>> has been unclassified, new principles and information gained
>>
>> from the nuclear research facilities that have a vehicle application
>>
>> is expected to be withheld.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     The heart of the problem to understanding gravity is likely
>>
>> to prove to be the way in which the very high energy sub-nuclear
>>
>> particles convert something, whatever it is, continuously and
>>
>> automatically into the tremendous nuclear and electromagnetic
>>
>> forces.  Once this key is understood, attention can later be
>>
>> directed to finding laboratory means of duplicating the process
>>
>> and reversing its force lines in some local environment and
>>
>> returning the energy to itself to produce counterbary.  Looking
>>
>> beyond it seems possible that gravitation will be shown to be a
>>
>> part of the universal electro-magnetic processes and controlled
>>
>>  
>>
>>                  -15-
>>
>>  
>>
>> in the same way as a light wave or radio wave.  This is a synthesis
>>
>> of the Einstein and Hlavaty concepts.  Hence it follows that though
>>
>> in its initial form the mechanical processes for countering
>>
>> gravity may initially be massive to deal with the massive forces
>>
>> involved, eventually this could be expected to form some central
>>
>> power generation unit.  Barycentric control in some required
>>
>> quantity could be passed over a distance by a form of radio
>>
>> wave.  The prime energy source to energise the waves would
>>
>> of course be nuclear in its origins.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     It is difficult to say which lines of detailed development
>>
>> being processed in the immediate future is more likely to yield
>>
>> significant results.  Perhaps the three most promising are:
>>
>> first, the new attempt by the team of men led by Chamberlain
>>
>> working with the Berkeley bevatron to find the anti-neutron,
>>
>> and to identify more of the characteristics of the anti-proton*
>>
>> and each of the string of high energy particles that have been
>>
>> discovered during recent operations at 6.2 bev.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     A second line of approach is the United States National
>>
>> Bureau of Standards program to pin down with greater accuracy
>>
>> the acceleration values of gravity.  The presently accepted figure
>>
>>  
>>
>> ___________________________________________________________
>>
>> *The reaction is as follows:  protons are accelerated to 6.2 bev,
>>
>> and directed at a target of copper.  When the proton projectile
>>
>> hits a neutron in one of the copper atoms the following emerge:
>>
>> the two original particles (the projectile and the struck neutron)
>>
>> and a new pair of particles, a proton and anti-proton.  The
>>
>> anti-proton continues briefly until it hits another proton, then
>>
>> both disappear and decay into mesons.
>>
>> ___________________________________________________________
>>
>>  
>>
>>                -16-
>>
>>  
>>
>>  
>>
>> of 32.174 feet per second per second is known to be not
>>
>> comprehensive, though it has been sufficiently accurte
>>
>> for the limited needs of industry hitherto.  The NBS program
>>
>> aims at re-determining the strength of gravity to within one
>>
>> part of a million. The present method thas been to hold a ball
>>
>> 16 feet up and chart the elapsed time of descent with electronic
>>
>> measuring equipment.  The new program is based on the old, but
>>
>> with this exceptional degree of accuracy it is naturally immensely
>>
>> more difficult and is expected to take 3 years.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     A third promising line is the new technique of measuring
>>
>> high energy particles in motion that was started by the
>>
>> University of California last year.  This involves passing
>>
>> cosmic rays through a chamber containing a mixture of gas,
>>
>> alcohol and water vapour.  This creates charged atoms, or
>>
>> positive ions, by knocking electrons off the gas molecules.  A
>>
>> sudden expansion of the chamber results in a condensation of
>>
>> water droplets along the track which can be plotted on a
>>
>> photographic plate.  This method makes it easier to assess the
>>
>> energy of particles and to distinguish one from the other.  It
>>
>> also helps to establish the characteristics of the different
>>
>> types of particles.  The relationship between these high energy
>>
>> particles, and their origin, and characteristics, have a bearing
>>
>> on electrogravitics in general.
>>
>>  
>>
>>     So much of what has to be discovered as a necessary
>>
>> preliminary to gravity is of no practical use by itself.  There is
>>
>> no conceivable use, for instance, for the anti-proton, yet its
>>
>> discovery even at a cost of $9-million is essential to check the
>>
>> mathematics of the fundamental components of matter.  Similarly
>>
>> it is necessary to check that all the nuclear ghosts that have been
>>
>> postulated theoretically do in fact exist.  It is not, moreover,
>>
>> sufficient, as in the past, only to observe the particles by
>>
>>  
>>
>>                -17-
>>
>>  
>>
>>  
>>
>> radiation counters.  In each instance a mechanical maze has to
>>
>> be devised and attached to a particle accelerator to trap only
>>
>> the particle concerned.  Each discovery becomes a wedge for
>>
>> a deeper probe of the nucleus.  Many of the particles of very high
>>
>> energy have only a fleeting existence and collisions that give
>>
>> rise to them from bevatron
>>
>> -- 
>>
>> ZE OLIVEIRA    [email protected] +351 53 22244  ZarSoft Corporation
>>
>> &quot;Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't
>> go away.&quot;
>>
>>                                                          Philip K. Dick
>>
>> </PRE>
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