Body
Interesting back to the multipactor concept...
On 2/12/2019 6:44 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>
>
> When in 9th grade, high school 1953 and going through the DeVry
> Electronics Course, I just had to build my own Geiger Counter for the
> Science Fair.
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube
>
> On 2/12/2019 8:38 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_gravity_control_propulsion_research
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism
>>
>> http://www.rexresearch.com/hooper/hooper1.htm
>>
>> https://www.wired.com/1998/03/antigravity/
>>
>> When we look back in History at the negative ionization phenomenon
>> which dates back to the old Edison DC grid energizing problems with
>> corona out cropping before a current began in the transmission line.
>> Avalanche phenomenon.
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_discharge
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_avalanche
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge Please pay
>> particular attention to the difference in Positive Ionization and the
>> Negative Ionization. The Ion Wind and avalanche phenomenon is only
>> present in the Negative plasma.
>>
>> See C33 attached
>>
>> See DC Ion attached
>>
>> See Cage attached
>>
>> 2.1.3.1 Negative DC Corona Processes
>> When the stressed conductor is at a negative potential, electron
>> avalanches are
>> initiated at the cathode and develop in a continuously decreasing
>> field towards the
>> anode. Free electrons which, can move much faster than ions in an
>> applied field, are
>> thus concentrated at the tip of the avalanche. A concentration of
>> positive ions thus
>> forms in the region of the gap between the cathode and the boundary
>> surface So [4,
>> 67]. This is seen in figure 2.6.
>> \
>> \
>> \ ,
>> I' () '--____ -=:..
>> Figure 2.6: Electron Avalanche at the Cathode [4, pg 68]
>> As can be seen from figure 2.6 free electrons continue to migrate
>> across the gap.
>> Beyond the surface So the free electrons quickly attach themselves to
>> the oxygen
>> molecules to form negative ions, which due to their low drift
>> velocity accumulate in
>> the gap beyond So. Once the development of the first electron
>> avalanche has been
>> completed there are two ion space charges in the gap as shown in
>> figure 2.7.
>> E
>> E
>> I
>> J
>> ,
>> \ , \ -
>> ~"-~ +---- \. . \; - - ~
>> .. _;': : -- :1-:.',:::-
>> I
>> I
>> I
>> ED '---_ _ ---'---=:::... I
>> Figure 2.7: Space Charge Following Completion of the First Avalanche
>> [4, pg 68]
>> l3
>>
>> This page is an introduction to the charge separation that occurs in
>> the micro vortex and possible connection to the AG phenomenon.
>>
>>
>> This was the meeting at Wright Patterson AFB that kicked off the
>> Research into Anti-gravity in 1956.
>>
>> ELECTROGRAVITIC SYSTEMS
>>
>>
>>
>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>
>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>
>>
>>
>> TL
>>
>> 565
>>
>> A9
>>
>>
>>
>> Bar Code: 3 1401 00034 5879
>>
>>
>>
>> Due dates omitted.
>>
>>
>>
>> Shield with Logo:
>>
>> AF WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES
>>
>> TECHNICAL LIBRARY
>>
>> Wright-Patterson
>>
>> Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
>>
>>
>>
>> Inner Cover:
>>
>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>
>>
>>
>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>
>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>
>>
>>
>> Prepared by
>>
>> Gravity Research Group
>>
>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited, London
>>
>> 29-31 Cheval Place. Knightsbridge
>>
>> LONDON S.W. 7 England
>>
>>
>>
>> Report GRG 013/56 February 1956
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> TL 565 A9
>>
>>
>>
>> CONTENTS
>>
>>
>>
>> Page
>>
>> Introductory Notes...............1
>>
>> Discussion.......................3
>>
>> Conclusions.....................18
>>
>>
>>
>> APPENDIX
>>
>>
>>
>> I - Aviation Report extracts....21
>>
>> I - Electrostatic Patents.......33
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> * * *
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> PROPERTY OF USAF
>>
>>
>>
>> -1-
>>
>>
>>
>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>
>>
>>
>> An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic
>>
>> counterbary and barycentric control
>>
>>
>>
>> It has been accepted as axiomatic that the way to offset the
>>
>> effects of gravity is to use a lifting surface and considerable
>>
>> molecular energy to produce a continously applied force that,
>>
>> for a limited period of time, can remain greater than the effects
>>
>> of gravitational attraction. The original invention of the glider,
>>
>> and evolution of the briefly self-sustaining glider, at the turn of
>>
>> the century led to progressive advances in power and knowledge.
>>
>> This has been directed to refining the classic Wright Brothers'
>>
>> approach. Aircraft design is still fundamentally as the Wrights
>>
>> adumbrated it, with wings, body, tails, moving or flapping
>>
>> controls, landing gear and so forth. The Wright biplane was a
>>
>> powered glider, and all subsequent aircraft, including the
>>
>> supersonic jets of the nineteen-fifties are also powered gliders.
>>
>> Only one fundamentally different flying principle has so far been
>>
>> adopted with varying degrees of success. It is the rotating wing
>>
>> aircraft that has led to the jet lifters and vertical pushers,
>>
>> coleopters, ducted fans and lift induction turbine propulsion
>>
>> systems.
>>
>>
>>
>> But during these decades there was always the possibility
>>
>> of making efforts to discover the nature of gravity from cosmic
>>
>> or quantum theory, investigation and observation, with a view
>>
>> to discerning the physical properties of aviation's enemy.
>>
>>
>>
>> -2-
>>
>>
>>
>> It has seemed to Aviation Studies that for some time
>>
>> insufficient attention has been directed to this kind of research.
>>
>> If it were successful such developments would change the
>>
>> concept of sustentation, and confer upon a vehicle qualities
>>
>> that woul now be regarded as the ultimate in aviation.
>>
>>
>>
>> This report summarizes in simple form the work that has
>>
>> been done and is being done in the new field of electrogravitics.
>>
>> It also outlines the various possible lines of research into the
>>
>> nature and constituent matter of gravity, and how it has changed
>>
>> from Newton to Einstein to the modern Hlavaty concept of
>>
>> gravity as an electromagnetic force that may be controlled like
>>
>> a light wave.
>>
>>
>>
>> The report also contains an outline of opinions on the
>>
>> feasibility of different electrogravitics systems and there is
>>
>> reference to some of the barycentric control and electrostatic
>>
>> rigs in operation.
>>
>>
>>
>> Also included is a list of references to electrogravitics in
>>
>> successive Aviation Reports since a drive was started by
>>
>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited to suggest to aviation
>>
>> business eighteen months ago that the rewards of success are
>>
>> too far-reaching to be overlooked, especially in view of the
>>
>> hopeful judgement of the most authoritative voice in micro-
>>
>> physics. Also listed are some relevant patents on electrostatics
>>
>> and electrostatic generators in the United States, United Kingdom
>>
>> and France.
>>
>>
>>
>> Gravity Research Group
>>
>> ---------------------
>>
>>
>>
>> 25 February 1956
>>
>>
>>
>> -3-
>>
>>
>>
>> DISCUSSION
>>
>>
>>
>> Electrogravitics might be described as a synthesis of
>>
>> electrostatic energy used for propulsion - either vertical propulsion
>>
>> or horizontal or both - and gravitics, or dynamic counterbary, in
>>
>> which energy is also used to set up a local gravitational force
>>
>> independent of the earth's.
>>
>>
>>
>> Electrostatic energy for propulsion has been predicted as a
>>
>> possible means of propulsion in space when the thrust from a neutron
>>
>> motor or ion motor would be sufficient in a dragless environment
>>
>> to produce astronomical velocities. But the ion motor is not
>>
>> strictly a part of the science of electrogravitics, since barycentric
>>
>> control in an electrogravitics systems is envisaged for a vehicle
>>
>> operating within the earth's environment and it is not seen
>>
>> initially for space application. Probably large scale space opera-
>>
>> tions would have to await the full development of electrogravitics
>>
>> to enable large pieces of equipment to be moved out of the region
>>
>> of the earth's strongest gravity effects. So, though electrostatic
>>
>> motors were thought of in 1925, electrogravitics had its birth after
>>
>> the War, when Townsend Brown sought to improve on the various
>>
>> proposals that then existed for electrostatic motors sufficiently to
>>
>> produce some visible manifestation of sustained motion. Whereas
>>
>> earlier electrostatic tests were essentially pure research
>>
>> Brown's rigs were aimed from the outset at producing a flying
>>
>> article. As a private venture he produced evidence of motion using
>>
>> condensers in a couple of saucers suspended by arms rotating
>>
>> round a central tower with input running down the arms. The
>>
>> massive-k situation was summarized subsequently in a report,
>>
>> Project Winterhaven, in 1952. Using the data some conclusions
>>
>> were arrived at that might be expected from ten or more years of
>>
>>
>>
>> -4-
>>
>>
>>
>> intensive development - similar to that, for instance, applied to
>>
>> the turbine engine. Using a number of assumptions as to the
>>
>> nature of gravity, the report postulated a saucer as the basis of
>>
>> a possible interceptor with Mach 3 capability. Creation of a
>>
>> local gravitational system would confer upon the fighter the
>>
>> sharp-edged changes of direction typical of motion in space.
>>
>>
>>
>> The essence of electrogravitics thrust is the use of a very
>>
>> strong positive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative
>>
>> on the other. The core of the motor is a condenser and the
>>
>> ability of the condenser to hold its charge (the k-number) is the
>>
>> yardstick of performance. With air as 1, current dielectrical
>>
>> materials can yield 6 and use of <STRONG>barium</STRONG> aluminate
>> can raise
>>
>> this considerably, <STRONG>barium</STRONG> titanium oxide (a baked
>> ceramic) can
>>
>> offer 6,000 and there is promise of 30,000, which would be
>>
>> sufficient for supersonic speed.
>>
>>
>>
>> The original Brown rig produced 30 fps on a voltage of
>>
>> around 50,000 and a small amount of current in the
>>
>> milliamp range. There was no detailed explanation of gravity
>>
>> in Project Winterhaven, but it was assumed that particle
>>
>> dualism in the subatomic structure of gravity would coincide
>>
>> in its effect with the issuing stream of electrons from the
>>
>> electrostatic energy source to produce counterbary. The Brown
>>
>> work probably remains a realistic approach to the practical
>>
>> realization of electrostatic propulsion and sustentation. What-
>>
>> ever may be discovered by the Gravity Research Foundation of
>>
>> New Boston a complete understanding and synthetic reproduction
>>
>> of gravity is not essential for limited success. The electro-
>>
>> gravitics saucer can perform the function of a classic lifting
>>
>> surface - it produces a pushing effect on the under surface and
>>
>> a suction effect on the upper, but, unlike an airfoil, it does not
>>
>> require a flow of air to produce the effect.
>>
>>
>>
>> -5-
>>
>>
>>
>> First attempts at electrogravitics are unlikely to produce
>>
>> counterbary, but may lead to development of an electrostatic
>>
>> VTOL vehicle. Even in its development form this might be an
>>
>> advance on the molecular heat engine in its capabilities. But
>>
>> hopes in the new science depend on an understanding of the
>>
>> source and matter of gravity. It is fortuitous that lift can be
>>
>> produced in the traditional fashion and if an understanding of
>>
>> gravity remains beyond full practical control, electrostatic lift
>>
>> might be an adjunct of some significance to modern thrust
>>
>> producers. Research into electrostatics could prove beneficial
>>
>> to turbine development, and heat engines in general, in view of
>>
>> the usable electron potential round the periphery of any flame.
>>
>> Materials for electrogravitics and especially the development
>>
>> of commercial quantities of high-k material is another dividend
>>
>> to be obtained from electrostatic research even if it produces no
>>
>> counterbary. This is a line of development that Aviation Studies'
>>
>> Gravity Research Group is following.
>>
>>
>>
>> One of the interesting aspects of electrogravitics is that a
>>
>> breakthrough in almost any part of the broad front of general
>>
>> research on the intranuclear processes may be translated into
>>
>> a meaningful advance towards the feasibility of electrogravitics
>>
>> systems. This demands constant monitoring in the most
>>
>> likely areas of the physics of high energy sub-nuclear particles.
>>
>> It is difficult to be overoptimistic about the prospects of gaining
>>
>> so complete a grasp of gravity while the world's physicists are
>>
>> still engaged in a study of fundamental particles - that is to say
>>
>> those that cannot be broken down any more. Fundamental particles
>>
>> are still being discovered - the most recent was the Segre-
>>
>> Chamberlain-Wiegand attachment ot the bevatron, which was
>>
>> used to isolate the missing anti-proton, which must - or should
>>
>> be presumed to - exist according to Dirac's theory of the electron.
>>
>>
>>
>> -6-
>>
>>
>>
>> Much of the accepted mathematics of particles would be wrong
>>
>> if the anti-proton was proved to be non-existent. Earlier
>>
>> Eddington has listed the fundamental particles as:-
>>
>>
>>
>> e The charge of an electron.
>>
>>
>>
>> m the mass of an electron.
>>
>>
>>
>> M the mass of a proton.
>>
>>
>>
>> h Planck's contant
>>
>>
>>
>> c The velocity of light.
>>
>>
>>
>> G The constant of gravitation, and
>>
>>
>>
>> L The cosmological constant
>>
>>
>>
>> It is generally held that no one of these can be inferred from
>>
>> the others. But electrons may well disappear from among the
>>
>> fundamental particles, though, as Russell says, it is likely that
>>
>> e and m will survive. The constants are much more established
>>
>> than the interpretation of them and are among the most solid of
>>
>> achievements in modern physics.
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> * * *
>>
>>
>>
>> Gravity may be defined as a small scale departure from
>>
>> Euclidean space in the general theory of relativity. The
>>
>> gravitational constant is one of four dimensionless constants:
>>
>> first, the mass relation of the nucleon and electron. Second is
>>
>> e^2/hc, third, the Compton wavelength of the proton, and fourth
>>
>> is the gravitational constant, which is the ratio of the electrostatic
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> -7-
>>
>>
>>
>> to the gravitational attraction between the electron and the
>>
>> proton.
>>
>>
>>
>> One of the stumbling blocks in electrogravitics is the
>>
>> absence of any satisfacotry theory linking these four dimension-
>>
>> less quantities. Of the four, moreover, gravity is decidedly the
>>
>> most complex, since any explanation would have to satisfy both
>>
>> cosmic and quantum relations more acceptably and intelligibly even
>>
>> than in the unified field theory. A gravitational constant of
>>
>> around 10^-30 has emerged from quantum research and this has
>>
>> been used as a tool for finding theories that could link the two
>>
>> relations. This work is now in full progress, and developments
>>
>> have to be watched for the aviation angle. Hitherto Dirac,
>>
>> Eddington, Jordan and others have produced differences in theory
>>
>> that are too wide to be accepted as consistent. It means therefore
>>
>> that (i) without a cosmological basis, and (ii) with an imprecise
>>
>> quantum basis and (iii) a vague hypothesis on the interaction,
>>
>> much remains still to be discovered. Indeed some say that a
>>
>> single interacting theory to link up the dimensionless constants
>>
>> is one of three major unresolved basic problems of physics.
>>
>> The other two main problems are the extension of quantum theory
>>
>> and a more detailed knowledge of the fundamental particles.
>>
>>
>>
>> All this is some distance from Newton, who saw gravity as
>>
>> a force acting on a body from a distance, leading to the tendency
>>
>> of bodies to accelerate towards each other. He allied this
>>
>> assumption with Euclidean geometry, and time was assumed as
>>
>> uniform and acted independently of space. Bodies and particles
>>
>> in space normally moved uniformly in straight lines according
>>
>> to Newton, and to account for the way they sometimes do not do
>>
>> so, he used the idea of a force of gravity acting at a distance,
>>
>> in which particles of matter cause in others an acceleration
>>
>> proportional to their mass, and inversely proportional to the
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> -8-
>>
>>
>>
>> square of the distance between them.
>>
>>
>>
>> But Einstein showed how the principle of least action, or
>>
>> the so-called cosmic laziness means that particles, on the
>>
>> contrary, follow the easiest path along geodesic lines and as a
>>
>> result they get readily absorbed into space-time. So was born
>>
>> non-linear physics. The classic example of non-linear physics
>>
>> is the experiment in bombarding a screen with two slits. When
>>
>> both slits are open particles going through are not the sum of
>>
>> the two individually but follows a non-linear equation. This
>>
>> leads on to wave-particle dualism and that in turn to the
>>
>> Heisenberg uncertainty principle in which an increase in accuracy
>>
>> in measurement of one physical quantity means decreasing
>>
>> accuracy in measuring the other. If time is measured accurately
>>
>> energy calculations will be in error; the more accurate the
>>
>> position of a particle is established the less certain the velocity
>>
>> will be; and so on. This basic principle of the acausality of
>>
>> microphysics affects the study of gravity in the special and
>>
>> general theories of relativity. Lack of pictoral image in the
>>
>> quantum physics of this interrelationship is a difficulty at the
>>
>> outset for those whose minds remain obstinately Euclidean.
>>
>>
>>
>> In the special theory of relativity, space-time is seen only
>>
>> as an undefined interval which can be defined in any way that is
>>
>> convenient and the Newtonian idea of persistent particles in
>>
>> motion to explain gravity cannot be accepted. It must be seen
>>
>> rather as a synthesis of forces in a four dimensional continuum,
>>
>> three to establish the position and one the time. The general
>>
>> theory of relativity that followed a decade later was a
>>
>> geometrical explanation of gravitation in which bodies take the
>>
>> geodesic path through space-time. In turn this means that
>>
>> instead of the idea of a force acting at a distance it is assumed
>>
>> that space, time, radiation and particles are linked and
>>
>> variations in them from gravity are due rather to the nature of
>>
>> space.
>>
>>
>>
>> -9-
>>
>>
>>
>> Thus gravity of a body such as the earth, instead of pulling
>>
>> object towards it as Newton postulated, is adjusting the
>>
>> characteristics of space and, it may be inferred, the quantum
>>
>> mechanics of space in the vicinity of the gravitational force.
>>
>> Electrogravitics aims at correcting this adjustment to put
>>
>> matter, so to speak, 'at rest'.
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> * * *
>>
>>
>>
>> One of the difficulties in 1954 and 1955 was to get aviation
>>
>> to take electrogravitics seriously. The name alone was enough
>>
>> to put people off. However, in the trade much progress has
>>
>> been made and now most major companies in the United States
>>
>> are interested in counterbary. Groups are being organised to
>>
>> study electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena. Most of
>>
>> industry's leaders have made some reference to it. Douglas
>>
>> has now stated that it has counterbary on its work agenda but
>>
>> does not expect results yet awhile. Hiller has referred to new
>>
>> forms of flying platform, Glenn Martin say gravity control could
>>
>> be achieved in six years, but they add that it would entail a
>>
>> Manhattan District type of effort to bring it about. Sikorsky,
>>
>> one of the pioneers, more or less agrees with the Douglas verdict
>>
>> and says that gravity is tangible and formidable, but there must
>>
>> be a physical carrier for this immense trans-spatial force. This
>>
>> implies that where a physical manifestation exists, a physical
>>
>> device and be developed for creating a similar force moving in
>>
>> the opposite direction to cancel it. Clarke Electronics state
>>
>> thay have a rig, and add that in their view the source of
>>
>> gravity's force will be understood sooner than some people
>>
>> think. General Electric is working on the use of electronic rigs
>>
>> designed to make adjustments to gravity - this line of attack
>>
>> has the advantage of using rigs already in existence for other
>>
>> defence work. Bell also has an experimental rig intended, as
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> -10-
>>
>>
>>
>> the company puts it, to cancel out gravity, and Lawrence Bell
>>
>> has said he is convinced that practical hardware will emerge
>>
>> from current programs. Grover Leoning is certain that what
>>
>> he referred to as an electro-magnetic contra-gravity mechanism
>>
>> will be developed for practical use. Convair is extensively
>>
>> committed to the work with several rigs. Lear Inc., autopilot
>>
>> and electronic engineers have a division of the company working
>>
>> on gravity research and so also has the Sperry division of
>>
>> Sperry-Rand. This list embraces most of the U.S. aircraft
>>
>> industry. The remainder, Curtiss-Wright, Lockheed, Boeing
>>
>> and North American have not yet declared themselves, but all
>>
>> these four are known to be in various stages of study with and
>>
>> without rigs.
>>
>>
>>
>> In addition, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is
>>
>> working on gravity, the Gravity Research Foundation of New
>>
>> Boston, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the
>>
>> CalTech Radiation Laboratory, Princeton University and the
>>
>> University of North Carolina are all active in gravity. Glenn
>>
>> L. Martin is setting up a Research Institute for Advanced Study
>>
>> which has a small staff working on gravity research with the
>>
>> unified field theory and this group is committed to extensive
>>
>> programs of applied research. Many others are also known to
>>
>> be studying gravity, some are known also to be planning
>>
>> a general expansion in this field, such as the proposed
>>
>> Institute for Pure Physics at the University of North Carolina.
>>
>>
>>
>> A certain amount of work is also going on in Europe. One
>>
>> of the French nationalized constructors and one company outside
>>
>> the nationalized elements have been making preliminary studies,
>>
>> and a little company money has in one case actually been
>>
>> committed. Some work is also going on in Britain where rigs
>>
>> are now in existence. Most of it is private tenure work, such
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> -11-
>>
>>
>>
>> as that being done by Ed Hull, a colleague of Townsend Brown
>>
>> who, as much as anybody, introduced Europe to electrogravitics.
>>
>> Aviation Studies' Gravity Research Group is doing some work,
>>
>> mainly on k studies, and is sponsoring dielectric investigations.
>>
>>
>>
>> One Swedish company and two Canadian companies have
>>
>> been making studies, and quite recently the Germans have
>>
>> woken up to the possibilities. Several of the companies have
>>
>> started digging out some of the early German papers on wave
>>
>> physics. They are almost certain to plan a gravitics program.
>>
>> Curiously enough the Germans during the war paid no attention
>>
>> to electrogravitics. This is one line of advance that they did
>>
>> not pioneer in any way and is still basically a U.S. creation.
>>
>> Townsend Brown in electrogravitics is the equivalent of Frank
>>
>> Whittle in gas turbines. This German overlooking of
>>
>> electrostatics is even more surprising when it is remembered
>>
>> how astonishingly advanced and prescient the Germans were in
>>
>> nuclear research. (The modern theory of making thermonuclear
>>
>> weapons without plutonium fission initiators returns to the original
>>
>> German idea that was dismissed, even ridiculed. The Germans
>>
>> never went very far with fission, indeed they doubted that this
>>
>> chain would ever be made to work.) The German air industry,
>>
>> still in the embryo stage, has included electrogravitics among
>>
>> the subjects it intends to examine when establishing the policy
>>
>> that the individual companies will adopt after the present early
>>
>> stage of foreign licence has enabled industry to get abreast
>>
>> of the other countries in aircraft development.
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> * * *
>>
>>
>>
>> It is impossible to read through this summary of the
>>
>> widening efforts being made to understand the nature of matter
>>
>> of gravity without sharing the hope that many groups now have,
>>
>> of major theoretical breakthroughs occurring before very long.
>>
>>
>>
>> -12-
>>
>>
>>
>> Experience in nucleonics has shown that when attempts to win
>>
>> knowledge on this scale are made, advances are soon seen.
>>
>> There are a number of elements in industry, and some
>>
>> managements, who see gravity as a problem for later genera-
>>
>> tions. Many see nothing in it all and they might be right. But as
>>
>> said earlier, if Dr. Vaclav Hlavaty thinks gravity is
>>
>> potentially controllable that surely should be justification
>>
>> enough, and indeed inspiration, for physicists to apply their
>>
>> minds and for management to take a risk. Hlavaty is the only
>>
>> man who thinks he can see a way of doing the mathematics to
>>
>> demonstrate Einstein's unified field theory - something that
>>
>> Einstein himself said was beyond him. Relativity and the unified
>>
>> field theory go to the root of electrogravitics and the shifts
>>
>> in thinking, the hopes and fears, and a measure of progress is
>>
>> to be obtained only in the last resort from men of this stature.
>>
>>
>>
>> Major theoretical breakthroughs to discover the sources
>>
>> of gravity will be made by the most advanced intellects using
>>
>> the most advanced research tools. Aviation's role is therefore
>>
>> to impress upon physicists of this calibre with the urgency of
>>
>> the matter and to aid them with statistical and peripheral
>>
>> investigations that will help to clarify the background to the
>>
>> central mathematics and physical puzzles. Aviation could also
>>
>> assist by recruiting some of these men as advisers. Convair has
>>
>> taken the initiative with its recently established panel of advisers
>>
>> on nuclear projects, which include Dr. Edward Teller of the
>>
>> University of California. At the same time much can be done in
>>
>> development of laboratory rigs, condenser research and dielectric
>>
>> development, which do not require anything like the same
>>
>> cerebral capacity to get results and make a practical contribution.
>>
>>
>>
>> As gravity is likely to be linked with the new particles, only
>>
>> the highest powered particle accelerators are likely to be of use
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> -13-
>>
>>
>>
>> in further fundamental knowledge. The country with the biggest
>>
>> tools of this kind is in the best position to examine the
>>
>> characteristics of the particles and from these countries the
>>
>> greatest advances seem most likely.
>>
>>
>>
>> Though the United States has the biggest of the bevatrons -
>>
>> the Berkeley bevatron is 6.2 bev - the Russians have a 10 bev
>>
>> accelerator in construction which, when it is completed, will
>>
>> be the world's largest. At Brookhaven a 25 bev instrument is
>>
>> in development which, in turn, will be the biggest. Other
>>
>> countries without comparable facilities are of course at a
>>
>> great disadvantage from the outset in the contest to discover the
>>
>> explanations of gravity. Electrogravitics, moreover, unfortunately
>>
>> competes with nuclear studies for its facilities. The clearest
>>
>> thinking brains are bound to be attracted to locations where the
>>
>> most extensive laboratory equipment exists. So, one way and
>>
>> another, results are most likely to come from the major
>>
>> countries with the biggest undertakings. Thus the nuclear
>>
>> facilities have a direct bearing on the scope for electrogravitics
>>
>> work.
>>
>>
>>
>> The OEEC report in January made the following points:-
>>
>>
>>
>> The U.S. has six to eight entirely different types of reactor in
>>
>> operation and many more under construction. Europe has now
>>
>> two different types in service.
>>
>>
>>
>> The U.S. has about 30 research reactors plus four in Britain,
>>
>> two in France.
>>
>>
>>
>> The U.S. has two nuclear-powered marine engines. Europe has
>>
>> none, but the U.K. is building one.
>>
>>
>>
>> Isotope separation plants for the enrichment of uranium in
>>
>> the U.S. are roughly 11 times larger than the European
>>
>> plant in Britain.
>>
>>
>>
>> Europe's only heavy water plant (in Norway) produces somewhat
>>
>> less than one-twentieth of American output.
>>
>>
>>
>> In 1955 the number of technicians employed in nuclear energy
>>
>> work in the U.S. was about 15,000; there are about 5,000 in
>>
>> Britain, 1,800 in France, and about 1,000 in the rest of
>>
>> Europe. But the working party says that pessimistic conclusions
>>
>> should not be drawn from these comparisons. European nuclear
>>
>> energy effort is evenly divided at the moment, but some
>>
>> countries have notable achievements to their credit and important
>>
>> developments in prospect. The main reason for optimism is
>>
>> that, taken as a whole, "Europe's present nuclear effort falls
>>
>> very far short of its industrial potential".
>>
>>
>>
>> Though gravity research, such as there has been of it,
>>
>> has been unclassified, new principles and information gained
>>
>> from the nuclear research facilities that have a vehicle application
>>
>> is expected to be withheld.
>>
>>
>>
>> The heart of the problem to understanding gravity is likely
>>
>> to prove to be the way in which the very high energy sub-nuclear
>>
>> particles convert something, whatever it is, continuously and
>>
>> automatically into the tremendous nuclear and electromagnetic
>>
>> forces. Once this key is understood, attention can later be
>>
>> directed to finding laboratory means of duplicating the process
>>
>> and reversing its force lines in some local environment and
>>
>> returning the energy to itself to produce counterbary. Looking
>>
>> beyond it seems possible that gravitation will be shown to be a
>>
>> part of the universal electro-magnetic processes and controlled
>>
>>
>>
>> -15-
>>
>>
>>
>> in the same way as a light wave or radio wave. This is a synthesis
>>
>> of the Einstein and Hlavaty concepts. Hence it follows that though
>>
>> in its initial form the mechanical processes for countering
>>
>> gravity may initially be massive to deal with the massive forces
>>
>> involved, eventually this could be expected to form some central
>>
>> power generation unit. Barycentric control in some required
>>
>> quantity could be passed over a distance by a form of radio
>>
>> wave. The prime energy source to energise the waves would
>>
>> of course be nuclear in its origins.
>>
>>
>>
>> It is difficult to say which lines of detailed development
>>
>> being processed in the immediate future is more likely to yield
>>
>> significant results. Perhaps the three most promising are:
>>
>> first, the new attempt by the team of men led by Chamberlain
>>
>> working with the Berkeley bevatron to find the anti-neutron,
>>
>> and to identify more of the characteristics of the anti-proton*
>>
>> and each of the string of high energy particles that have been
>>
>> discovered during recent operations at 6.2 bev.
>>
>>
>>
>> A second line of approach is the United States National
>>
>> Bureau of Standards program to pin down with greater accuracy
>>
>> the acceleration values of gravity. The presently accepted figure
>>
>>
>>
>> ___________________________________________________________
>>
>> *The reaction is as follows: protons are accelerated to 6.2 bev,
>>
>> and directed at a target of copper. When the proton projectile
>>
>> hits a neutron in one of the copper atoms the following emerge:
>>
>> the two original particles (the projectile and the struck neutron)
>>
>> and a new pair of particles, a proton and anti-proton. The
>>
>> anti-proton continues briefly until it hits another proton, then
>>
>> both disappear and decay into mesons.
>>
>> ___________________________________________________________
>>
>>
>>
>> -16-
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> of 32.174 feet per second per second is known to be not
>>
>> comprehensive, though it has been sufficiently accurte
>>
>> for the limited needs of industry hitherto. The NBS program
>>
>> aims at re-determining the strength of gravity to within one
>>
>> part of a million. The present method thas been to hold a ball
>>
>> 16 feet up and chart the elapsed time of descent with electronic
>>
>> measuring equipment. The new program is based on the old, but
>>
>> with this exceptional degree of accuracy it is naturally immensely
>>
>> more difficult and is expected to take 3 years.
>>
>>
>>
>> A third promising line is the new technique of measuring
>>
>> high energy particles in motion that was started by the
>>
>> University of California last year. This involves passing
>>
>> cosmic rays through a chamber containing a mixture of gas,
>>
>> alcohol and water vapour. This creates charged atoms, or
>>
>> positive ions, by knocking electrons off the gas molecules. A
>>
>> sudden expansion of the chamber results in a condensation of
>>
>> water droplets along the track which can be plotted on a
>>
>> photographic plate. This method makes it easier to assess the
>>
>> energy of particles and to distinguish one from the other. It
>>
>> also helps to establish the characteristics of the different
>>
>> types of particles. The relationship between these high energy
>>
>> particles, and their origin, and characteristics, have a bearing
>>
>> on electrogravitics in general.
>>
>>
>>
>> So much of what has to be discovered as a necessary
>>
>> preliminary to gravity is of no practical use by itself. There is
>>
>> no conceivable use, for instance, for the anti-proton, yet its
>>
>> discovery even at a cost of $9-million is essential to check the
>>
>> mathematics of the fundamental components of matter. Similarly
>>
>> it is necessary to check that all the nuclear ghosts that have been
>>
>> postulated theoretically do in fact exist. It is not, moreover,
>>
>> sufficient, as in the past, only to observe the particles by
>>
>>
>>
>> -17-
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> radiation counters. In each instance a mechanical maze has to
>>
>> be devised and attached to a particle accelerator to trap only
>>
>> the particle concerned. Each discovery becomes a wedge for
>>
>> a deeper probe of the nucleus. Many of the particles of very high
>>
>> energy have only a fleeting existence and collisions that give
>>
>> rise to them from bevatron
>>
>> --
>>
>> ZE OLIVEIRA [email protected] +351 53 22244 ZarSoft Corporation
>>
>> "Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't
>> go away."
>>
>> Philip K. Dick
>>
>> </PRE>
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