Body
Sometimes we have to go to the Mr. Peabody, Way Back Machine and review
our thinking. Back to basics. CHARGE
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboelectric_effect
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_induction
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/estatics/isop.cfm
https://byjus.com/physics/einsteins-explaination/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zilvl9tS0Og&feature=youtu.be Remember in
9th grade science class you were taught that charge was friction
stripping of electrons from the air??
See attached Felici
http://www.webring.org/l/rd?ring=teslaring;id=1;url=http%3A%2F%2Fu2%2Elege%2Enet%2Fnewebmasters%2Ecom__freeenergy%2Fexternal_links_from_theverylastpageoftheinternet%2Ecom%2Fhighvoltage%2FHVgenerator%2FHVgenerator%2Ehtm
On 2/12/2019 8:54 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> I strongly support the idea of the Dielectric field as stated by
> Hooper. Hooper was also a believer in that there are two types of
> induced electrical fields, just like Maxwell and Feynman. Hooper says
> there is an electrostatic electric field as well as the motional and
> transformer type electric field. He also says the motional electric
> field (the dielectric field) has unique properties and that it is not
> shieldable.
>
> On 2/12/2019 8:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> History of Electro-Gravity Research:
>> http://electrogravityphysics.com/gravity-papers/ m Thanks to Ole for
>> this excellent review of the AG Research over 200 years.
>>
>> On 2/12/2019 8:44 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>
>>> When in 9th grade, high school 1953 and going through the DeVry
>>> Electronics Course, I just had to build my own Geiger Counter for
>>> the Science Fair.
>>>
>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube
>>>
>>> On 2/12/2019 8:38 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_gravity_control_propulsion_research
>>>>
>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism
>>>>
>>>> http://www.rexresearch.com/hooper/hooper1.htm
>>>>
>>>> https://www.wired.com/1998/03/antigravity/
>>>>
>>>> When we look back in History at the negative ionization phenomenon
>>>> which dates back to the old Edison DC grid energizing problems with
>>>> corona out cropping before a current began in the transmission
>>>> line. Avalanche phenomenon.
>>>>
>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_discharge
>>>>
>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_avalanche
>>>>
>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge Please pay
>>>> particular attention to the difference in Positive Ionization and
>>>> the Negative Ionization. The Ion Wind and avalanche phenomenon is
>>>> only present in the Negative plasma.
>>>>
>>>> See C33 attached
>>>>
>>>> See DC Ion attached
>>>>
>>>> See Cage attached
>>>>
>>>> 2.1.3.1 Negative DC Corona Processes
>>>> When the stressed conductor is at a negative potential, electron
>>>> avalanches are
>>>> initiated at the cathode and develop in a continuously decreasing
>>>> field towards the
>>>> anode. Free electrons which, can move much faster than ions in an
>>>> applied field, are
>>>> thus concentrated at the tip of the avalanche. A concentration of
>>>> positive ions thus
>>>> forms in the region of the gap between the cathode and the boundary
>>>> surface So [4,
>>>> 67]. This is seen in figure 2.6.
>>>> \
>>>> \
>>>> \ ,
>>>> I' () '--____ -=:..
>>>> Figure 2.6: Electron Avalanche at the Cathode [4, pg 68]
>>>> As can be seen from figure 2.6 free electrons continue to migrate
>>>> across the gap.
>>>> Beyond the surface So the free electrons quickly attach themselves
>>>> to the oxygen
>>>> molecules to form negative ions, which due to their low drift
>>>> velocity accumulate in
>>>> the gap beyond So. Once the development of the first electron
>>>> avalanche has been
>>>> completed there are two ion space charges in the gap as shown in
>>>> figure 2.7.
>>>> E
>>>> E
>>>> I
>>>> J
>>>> ,
>>>> \ , \ -
>>>> ~"-~ +---- \. . \; - - ~
>>>> .. _;': : -- :1-:.',:::-
>>>> I
>>>> I
>>>> I
>>>> ED '---_ _ ---'---=:::... I
>>>> Figure 2.7: Space Charge Following Completion of the First
>>>> Avalanche [4, pg 68]
>>>> l3
>>>>
>>>> This page is an introduction to the charge separation that occurs
>>>> in the micro vortex and possible connection to the AG phenomenon.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> This was the meeting at Wright Patterson AFB that kicked off the
>>>> Research into Anti-gravity in 1956.
>>>>
>>>> ELECTROGRAVITIC SYSTEMS
>>>>
>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>>>
>>>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>>>
>>>> TL
>>>>
>>>> 565
>>>>
>>>> A9
>>>>
>>>> Bar Code: 3 1401 00034 5879
>>>>
>>>> Due dates omitted.
>>>>
>>>> Shield with Logo:
>>>>
>>>> AF WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES
>>>>
>>>> TECHNICAL LIBRARY
>>>>
>>>> Wright-Patterson
>>>>
>>>> Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
>>>>
>>>> Inner Cover:
>>>>
>>>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>>>
>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>>>
>>>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>>>
>>>> Prepared by
>>>>
>>>> Gravity Research Group
>>>>
>>>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited, London
>>>>
>>>> 29-31 Cheval Place. Knightsbridge
>>>>
>>>> LONDON S.W. 7 England
>>>>
>>>> Report GRG 013/56 February 1956
>>>>
>>>> TL 565 A9
>>>>
>>>> CONTENTS
>>>>
>>>> Page
>>>>
>>>> Introductory Notes...............1
>>>>
>>>> Discussion.......................3
>>>>
>>>> Conclusions.....................18
>>>>
>>>> APPENDIX
>>>>
>>>> I - Aviation Report extracts....21
>>>>
>>>> I - Electrostatic Patents.......33
>>>>
>>>> * * *
>>>>
>>>> PROPERTY OF USAF
>>>>
>>>> -1-
>>>>
>>>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>>>
>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic
>>>>
>>>> counterbary and barycentric control
>>>>
>>>> It has been accepted as axiomatic that the way to offset the
>>>>
>>>> effects of gravity is to use a lifting surface and considerable
>>>>
>>>> molecular energy to produce a continously applied force that,
>>>>
>>>> for a limited period of time, can remain greater than the effects
>>>>
>>>> of gravitational attraction.The original invention of the glider,
>>>>
>>>> and evolution of the briefly self-sustaining glider, at the turn of
>>>>
>>>> the century led to progressive advances in power and knowledge.
>>>>
>>>> This has been directed to refining the classic Wright Brothers'
>>>>
>>>> approach.Aircraft design is still fundamentally as the Wrights
>>>>
>>>> adumbrated it, with wings, body, tails, moving or flapping
>>>>
>>>> controls, landing gear and so forth.The Wright biplane was a
>>>>
>>>> powered glider, and all subsequent aircraft, including the
>>>>
>>>> supersonic jets of the nineteen-fifties are also powered gliders.
>>>>
>>>> Only one fundamentally different flying principle has so far been
>>>>
>>>> adopted with varying degrees of success.It is the rotating wing
>>>>
>>>> aircraft that has led to the jet lifters and vertical pushers,
>>>>
>>>> coleopters, ducted fans and lift induction turbine propulsion
>>>>
>>>> systems.
>>>>
>>>> But during these decades there was always the possibility
>>>>
>>>> of making efforts to discover the nature of gravity from cosmic
>>>>
>>>> or quantum theory, investigation and observation, with a view
>>>>
>>>> to discerning the physical properties of aviation's enemy.
>>>>
>>>> -2-
>>>>
>>>> It has seemed to Aviation Studies that for some time
>>>>
>>>> insufficient attention has been directed to this kind of research.
>>>>
>>>> If it were successful such developments would change the
>>>>
>>>> concept of sustentation, and confer upon a vehicle qualities
>>>>
>>>> that woul now be regarded as the ultimate in aviation.
>>>>
>>>> This report summarizes in simple form the work that has
>>>>
>>>> been done and is being done in the new field of electrogravitics.
>>>>
>>>> It also outlines the various possible lines of research into the
>>>>
>>>> nature and constituent matter of gravity, and how it has changed
>>>>
>>>> from Newton to Einstein to the modern Hlavaty concept of
>>>>
>>>> gravity as an electromagnetic force that may be controlled like
>>>>
>>>> a light wave.
>>>>
>>>> The report also contains an outline of opinions on the
>>>>
>>>> feasibility of different electrogravitics systems and there is
>>>>
>>>> reference to some of the barycentric control and electrostatic
>>>>
>>>> rigs in operation.
>>>>
>>>> Also included is a list of references to electrogravitics in
>>>>
>>>> successive Aviation Reports since a drive was started by
>>>>
>>>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited to suggest to aviation
>>>>
>>>> business eighteen months ago that the rewards of success are
>>>>
>>>> too far-reaching to be overlooked, especially in view of the
>>>>
>>>> hopeful judgement of the most authoritative voice in micro-
>>>>
>>>> physics.Also listed are some relevant patents on electrostatics
>>>>
>>>> and electrostatic generators in the United States, United Kingdom
>>>>
>>>> and France.
>>>>
>>>> Gravity Research Group
>>>>
>>>> ---------------------
>>>>
>>>> 25 February 1956
>>>>
>>>> -3-
>>>>
>>>> DISCUSSION
>>>>
>>>> Electrogravitics might be described as a synthesis of
>>>>
>>>> electrostatic energy used for propulsion - either vertical propulsion
>>>>
>>>> or horizontal or both - and gravitics, or dynamic counterbary, in
>>>>
>>>> which energy is also used to set up a local gravitational force
>>>>
>>>> independent of the earth's.
>>>>
>>>> Electrostatic energy for propulsion has been predicted as a
>>>>
>>>> possible means of propulsion in space when the thrust from a neutron
>>>>
>>>> motor or ion motor would be sufficient in a dragless environment
>>>>
>>>> to produce astronomical velocities.But the ion motor is not
>>>>
>>>> strictly a part of the science of electrogravitics, since barycentric
>>>>
>>>> control in an electrogravitics systems is envisaged for a vehicle
>>>>
>>>> operating within the earth's environment and it is not seen
>>>>
>>>> initially for space application.Probably large scale space opera-
>>>>
>>>> tions would have to await the full development of electrogravitics
>>>>
>>>> to enable large pieces of equipment to be moved out of the region
>>>>
>>>> of the earth's strongest gravity effects.So, though electrostatic
>>>>
>>>> motors were thought of in 1925, electrogravitics had its birth after
>>>>
>>>> the War, when Townsend Brown sought to improve on the various
>>>>
>>>> proposals that then existed for electrostatic motors sufficiently to
>>>>
>>>> produce some visible manifestation of sustained motion.Whereas
>>>>
>>>> earlier electrostatic tests were essentially pure research
>>>>
>>>> Brown's rigs were aimed from the outset at producing a flying
>>>>
>>>> article.As a private venture he produced evidence of motion using
>>>>
>>>> condensers in a couple of saucers suspended by arms rotating
>>>>
>>>> round a central tower with input running down the arms.The
>>>>
>>>> massive-k situation was summarized subsequently in a report,
>>>>
>>>> Project Winterhaven, in 1952.Using the data some conclusions
>>>>
>>>> were arrived at that might be expected from ten or more years of
>>>>
>>>> -4-
>>>>
>>>> intensive development - similar to that, for instance, applied to
>>>>
>>>> the turbine engine.Using a number of assumptions as to the
>>>>
>>>> nature of gravity, the report postulated a saucer as the basis of
>>>>
>>>> a possible interceptor with Mach 3 capability.Creation of a
>>>>
>>>> local gravitational system would confer upon the fighter the
>>>>
>>>> sharp-edged changes of direction typical of motion in space.
>>>>
>>>> The essence of electrogravitics thrust is the use of a very
>>>>
>>>> strong positive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative
>>>>
>>>> on the other.The core of the motor is a condenser and the
>>>>
>>>> ability of the condenser to hold its charge (the k-number) is the
>>>>
>>>> yardstick of performance.With air as 1, current dielectrical
>>>>
>>>> materials can yield 6 and use of <STRONG>barium</STRONG> aluminate
>>>> can raise
>>>>
>>>> this considerably, <STRONG>barium</STRONG> titanium oxide (a baked
>>>> ceramic) can
>>>>
>>>> offer 6,000 and there is promise of 30,000, which would be
>>>>
>>>> sufficient for supersonic speed.
>>>>
>>>> The original Brown rig produced 30 fps on a voltage of
>>>>
>>>> around 50,000 and a small amount of current in the
>>>>
>>>> milliamp range.There was no detailed explanation of gravity
>>>>
>>>> in Project Winterhaven, but it was assumed that particle
>>>>
>>>> dualism in the subatomic structure of gravity would coincide
>>>>
>>>> in its effect with the issuing stream of electrons from the
>>>>
>>>> electrostatic energy source to produce counterbary.The Brown
>>>>
>>>> work probably remains a realistic approach to the practical
>>>>
>>>> realization of electrostatic propulsion and sustentation.What-
>>>>
>>>> ever may be discovered by the Gravity Research Foundation of
>>>>
>>>> New Boston a complete understanding and synthetic reproduction
>>>>
>>>> of gravity is not essential for limited success.The electro-
>>>>
>>>> gravitics saucer can perform the function of a classic lifting
>>>>
>>>> surface - it produces a pushing effect on the under surface and
>>>>
>>>> a suction effect on the upper, but, unlike an airfoil, it does not
>>>>
>>>> require a flow of air to produce the effect.
>>>>
>>>> -5-
>>>>
>>>> First attempts at electrogravitics are unlikely to produce
>>>>
>>>> counterbary, but may lead to development of an electrostatic
>>>>
>>>> VTOL vehicle.Even in its development form this might be an
>>>>
>>>> advance on the molecular heat engine in its capabilities.But
>>>>
>>>> hopes in the new science depend on an understanding of the
>>>>
>>>> source and matter of gravity.It is fortuitous that lift can be
>>>>
>>>> produced in the traditional fashion and if an understanding of
>>>>
>>>> gravity remains beyond full practical control, electrostatic lift
>>>>
>>>> might be an adjunct of some significance to modern thrust
>>>>
>>>> producers.Research into electrostatics could prove beneficial
>>>>
>>>> to turbine development, and heat engines in general, in view of
>>>>
>>>> the usable electron potential round the periphery of any flame.
>>>>
>>>> Materials for electrogravitics and especially the development
>>>>
>>>> of commercial quantities of high-k material is another dividend
>>>>
>>>> to be obtained from electrostatic research even if it produces no
>>>>
>>>> counterbary.This is a line of development that Aviation Studies'
>>>>
>>>> Gravity Research Group is following.
>>>>
>>>> One of the interesting aspects of electrogravitics is that a
>>>>
>>>> breakthrough in almost any part of the broad front of general
>>>>
>>>> research on the intranuclear processes may be translated into
>>>>
>>>> a meaningful advance towards the feasibility of electrogravitics
>>>>
>>>> systems.This demands constant monitoring in the most
>>>>
>>>> likely areas of the physics of high energy sub-nuclear particles.
>>>>
>>>> It is difficult to be overoptimistic about the prospects of gaining
>>>>
>>>> so complete a grasp of gravity while the world's physicists are
>>>>
>>>> still engaged in a study of fundamental particles - that is to say
>>>>
>>>> those that cannot be broken down any more.Fundamental particles
>>>>
>>>> are still being discovered - the most recent was the Segre-
>>>>
>>>> Chamberlain-Wiegand attachment ot the bevatron, which was
>>>>
>>>> used to isolate the missing anti-proton, which must - or should
>>>>
>>>> be presumed to - exist according to Dirac's theory of the electron.
>>>>
>>>> -6-
>>>>
>>>> Much of the accepted mathematics of particles would be wrong
>>>>
>>>> if the anti-proton was proved to be non-existent.Earlier
>>>>
>>>> Eddington has listed the fundamental particles as:-
>>>>
>>>> e The charge of an electron.
>>>>
>>>> m the mass of an electron.
>>>>
>>>> M the mass of a proton.
>>>>
>>>> h Planck's contant
>>>>
>>>> c The velocity of light.
>>>>
>>>> G The constant of gravitation, and
>>>>
>>>> L The cosmological constant
>>>>
>>>> It is generally held that no one of these can be inferred from
>>>>
>>>> the others.But electrons may well disappear from among the
>>>>
>>>> fundamental particles, though, as Russell says, it is likely that
>>>>
>>>> e and m will survive.The constants are much more established
>>>>
>>>> than the interpretation of them and are among the most solid of
>>>>
>>>> achievements in modern physics.
>>>>
>>>> * * *
>>>>
>>>> Gravity may be defined as a small scale departure from
>>>>
>>>> Euclidean space in the general theory of relativity.The
>>>>
>>>> gravitational constant is one of four dimensionless constants:
>>>>
>>>> first, the mass relation of the nucleon and electron.Second is
>>>>
>>>> e^2/hc, third, the Compton wavelength of the proton, and fourth
>>>>
>>>> is the gravitational constant, which is the ratio of the electrostatic
>>>>
>>>> -7-
>>>>
>>>> to the gravitational attraction between the electron and the
>>>>
>>>> proton.
>>>>
>>>> One of the stumbling blocks in electrogravitics is the
>>>>
>>>> absence of any satisfacotry theory linking these four dimension-
>>>>
>>>> less quantities.Of the four, moreover, gravity is decidedly the
>>>>
>>>> most complex, since any explanation would have to satisfy both
>>>>
>>>> cosmic and quantum relations more acceptably and intelligibly even
>>>>
>>>> than in the unified field theory.A gravitational constant of
>>>>
>>>> around 10^-30 has emerged from quantum research and this has
>>>>
>>>> been used as a tool for finding theories that could link the two
>>>>
>>>> relations.This work is now in full progress, and developments
>>>>
>>>> have to be watched for the aviation angle.Hitherto Dirac,
>>>>
>>>> Eddington, Jordan and others have produced differences in theory
>>>>
>>>> that are too wide to be accepted as consistent.It means therefore
>>>>
>>>> that (i) without a cosmological basis, and (ii) with an imprecise
>>>>
>>>> quantum basis and (iii) a vague hypothesis on the interaction,
>>>>
>>>> much remains still to be discovered.Indeed some say that a
>>>>
>>>> single interacting theory to link up the dimensionless constants
>>>>
>>>> is one of three major unresolved basic problems of physics.
>>>>
>>>> The other two main problems are the extension of quantum theory
>>>>
>>>> and a more detailed knowledge of the fundamental particles.
>>>>
>>>> All this is some distance from Newton, who saw gravity as
>>>>
>>>> a force acting on a body from a distance, leading to the tendency
>>>>
>>>> of bodies to accelerate towards each other.He allied this
>>>>
>>>> assumption with Euclidean geometry, and time was assumed as
>>>>
>>>> uniform and acted independently of space.Bodies and particles
>>>>
>>>> in space normally moved uniformly in straight lines according
>>>>
>>>> to Newton, and to account for the way they sometimes do not do
>>>>
>>>> so, he used the idea of a force of gravity acting at a distance,
>>>>
>>>> in which particles of matter cause in others an acceleration
>>>>
>>>> proportional to their mass, and inversely proportional to the
>>>>
>>>> -8-
>>>>
>>>> square of the distance between them.
>>>>
>>>> But Einstein showed how the principle of least action, or
>>>>
>>>> the so-called cosmic laziness means that particles, on the
>>>>
>>>> contrary, follow the easiest path along geodesic lines and as a
>>>>
>>>> result they get readily absorbed into space-time.So was born
>>>>
>>>> non-linear physics.The classic example of non-linear physics
>>>>
>>>> is the experiment in bombarding a screen with two slits.When
>>>>
>>>> both slits are open particles going through are not the sum of
>>>>
>>>> the two individually but follows a non-linear equation.This
>>>>
>>>> leads on to wave-particle dualism and that in turn to the
>>>>
>>>> Heisenberg uncertainty principle in which an increase in accuracy
>>>>
>>>> in measurement of one physical quantity means decreasing
>>>>
>>>> accuracy in measuring the other.If time is measured accurately
>>>>
>>>> energy calculations will be in error; the more accurate the
>>>>
>>>> position of a particle is established the less certain the velocity
>>>>
>>>> will be; and so on.This basic principle of the acausality of
>>>>
>>>> microphysics affects the study of gravity in the special and
>>>>
>>>> general theories of relativity.Lack of pictoral image in the
>>>>
>>>> quantum physics of this interrelationship is a difficulty at the
>>>>
>>>> outset for those whose minds remain obstinately Euclidean.
>>>>
>>>> In the special theory of relativity, space-time is seen only
>>>>
>>>> as an undefined interval which can be defined in any way that is
>>>>
>>>> convenient and the Newtonian idea of persistent particles in
>>>>
>>>> motion to explain gravity cannot be accepted.It must be seen
>>>>
>>>> rather as a synthesis of forces in a four dimensional continuum,
>>>>
>>>> three to establish the position and one the time.The general
>>>>
>>>> theory of relativity that followed a decade later was a
>>>>
>>>> geometrical explanation of gravitation in which bodies take the
>>>>
>>>> geodesic path through space-time.In turn this means that
>>>>
>>>> instead of the idea of a force acting at a distance it is assumed
>>>>
>>>> that space, time, radiation and particles are linked and
>>>>
>>>> variations in them from gravity are due rather to the nature of
>>>>
>>>> space.
>>>>
>>>> -9-
>>>>
>>>> Thus gravity of a body such as the earth, instead of pulling
>>>>
>>>> object towards it as Newton postulated, is adjusting the
>>>>
>>>> characteristics of space and, it may be inferred, the quantum
>>>>
>>>> mechanics of space in the vicinity of the gravitational force.
>>>>
>>>> Electrogravitics aims at correcting this adjustment to put
>>>>
>>>> matter, so to speak, 'at rest'.
>>>>
>>>> * * *
>>>>
>>>> One of the difficulties in 1954 and 1955 was to get aviation
>>>>
>>>> to take electrogravitics seriously.The name alone was enough
>>>>
>>>> to put people off.However, in the trade much progress has
>>>>
>>>> been made and now most major companies in the United States
>>>>
>>>> are interested in counterbary.Groups are being organised to
>>>>
>>>> study electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena.Most of
>>>>
>>>> industry's leaders have made some reference to it.Douglas
>>>>
>>>> has now stated that it has counterbary on its work agenda but
>>>>
>>>> does not expect results yet awhile.Hiller has referred to new
>>>>
>>>> forms of flying platform, Glenn Martin say gravity control could
>>>>
>>>> be achieved in six years, but they add that it would entail a
>>>>
>>>> Manhattan District type of effort to bring it about.Sikorsky,
>>>>
>>>> one of the pioneers, more or less agrees with the Douglas verdict
>>>>
>>>> and says that gravity is tangible and formidable, but there must
>>>>
>>>> be a physical carrier for this immense trans-spatial force.This
>>>>
>>>> implies that where a physical manifestation exists, a physical
>>>>
>>>> device and be developed for creating a similar force moving in
>>>>
>>>> the opposite direction to cancel it.Clarke Electronics state
>>>>
>>>> thay have a rig, and add that in their view the source of
>>>>
>>>> gravity's force will be understood sooner than some people
>>>>
>>>> think.General Electric is working on the use of electronic rigs
>>>>
>>>> designed to make adjustments to gravity - this line of attack
>>>>
>>>> has the advantage of using rigs already in existence for other
>>>>
>>>> defence work.Bell also has an experimental rig intended, as
>>>>
>>>> -10-
>>>>
>>>> the company puts it, to cancel out gravity, and Lawrence Bell
>>>>
>>>> has said he is convinced that practical hardware will emerge
>>>>
>>>> from current programs.Grover Leoning is certain that what
>>>>
>>>> he referred to as an electro-magnetic contra-gravity mechanism
>>>>
>>>> will be developed for practical use.Convair is extensively
>>>>
>>>> committed to the work with several rigs.Lear Inc., autopilot
>>>>
>>>> and electronic engineers have a division of the company working
>>>>
>>>> on gravity research and so also has the Sperry division of
>>>>
>>>> Sperry-Rand.This list embraces most of the U.S. aircraft
>>>>
>>>> industry.The remainder, Curtiss-Wright, Lockheed, Boeing
>>>>
>>>> and North American have not yet declared themselves, but all
>>>>
>>>> these four are known to be in various stages of study with and
>>>>
>>>> without rigs.
>>>>
>>>> In addition, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is
>>>>
>>>> working on gravity, the Gravity Research Foundation of New
>>>>
>>>> Boston, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the
>>>>
>>>> CalTech Radiation Laboratory, Princeton University and the
>>>>
>>>> University of North Carolina are all active in gravity.Glenn
>>>>
>>>> L. Martin is setting up a Research Institute for Advanced Study
>>>>
>>>> which has a small staff working on gravity research with the
>>>>
>>>> unified field theory and this group is committed to extensive
>>>>
>>>> programs of applied research.Many others are also known to
>>>>
>>>> be studying gravity, some are known also to be planning
>>>>
>>>> a general expansion in this field, such as the proposed
>>>>
>>>> Institute for Pure Physics at the University of North Carolina.
>>>>
>>>> A certain amount of work is also going on in Europe.One
>>>>
>>>> of the French nationalized constructors and one company outside
>>>>
>>>> the nationalized elements have been making preliminary studies,
>>>>
>>>> and a little company money has in one case actually been
>>>>
>>>> committed.Some work is also going on in Britain where rigs
>>>>
>>>> are now in existence.Most of it is private tenure work, such
>>>>
>>>> -11-
>>>>
>>>> as that being done by Ed Hull, a colleague of Townsend Brown
>>>>
>>>> who, as much as anybody, introduced Europe to electrogravitics.
>>>>
>>>> Aviation Studies' Gravity Research Group is doing some work,
>>>>
>>>> mainly on k studies, and is sponsoring dielectric investigations.
>>>>
>>>> One Swedish company and two Canadian companies have
>>>>
>>>> been making studies, and quite recently the Germans have
>>>>
>>>> woken up to the possibilities.Several of the companies have
>>>>
>>>> started digging out some of the early German papers on wave
>>>>
>>>> physics.They are almost certain to plan a gravitics program.
>>>>
>>>> Curiously enough the Germans during the war paid no attention
>>>>
>>>> to electrogravitics.This is one line of advance that they did
>>>>
>>>> not pioneer in any way and is still basically a U.S. creation.
>>>>
>>>> Townsend Brown in electrogravitics is the equivalent of Frank
>>>>
>>>> Whittle in gas turbines.This German overlooking of
>>>>
>>>> electrostatics is even more surprising when it is remembered
>>>>
>>>> how astonishingly advanced and prescient the Germans were in
>>>>
>>>> nuclear research.(The modern theory of making thermonuclear
>>>>
>>>> weapons without plutonium fission initiators returns to the original
>>>>
>>>> German idea that was dismissed, even ridiculed.The Germans
>>>>
>>>> never went very far with fission, indeed they doubted that this
>>>>
>>>> chain would ever be made to work.)The German air industry,
>>>>
>>>> still in the embryo stage, has included electrogravitics among
>>>>
>>>> the subjects it intends to examine when establishing the policy
>>>>
>>>> that the individual companies will adopt after the present early
>>>>
>>>> stage of foreign licence has enabled industry to get abreast
>>>>
>>>> of the other countries in aircraft development.
>>>>
>>>> * * *
>>>>
>>>> It is impossible to read through this summary of the
>>>>
>>>> widening efforts being made to understand the nature of matter
>>>>
>>>> of gravity without sharing the hope that many groups now have,
>>>>
>>>> of major theoretical breakthroughs occurring before very long.
>>>>
>>>> -12-
>>>>
>>>> Experience in nucleonics has shown that when attempts to win
>>>>
>>>> knowledge on this scale are made, advances are soon seen.
>>>>
>>>> There are a number of elements in industry, and some
>>>>
>>>> managements, who see gravity as a problem for later genera-
>>>>
>>>> tions.Many see nothing in it all and they might be right.But as
>>>>
>>>> said earlier, if Dr. Vaclav Hlavaty thinks gravity is
>>>>
>>>> potentially controllable that surely should be justification
>>>>
>>>> enough, and indeed inspiration, for physicists to apply their
>>>>
>>>> minds and for management to take a risk.Hlavaty is the only
>>>>
>>>> man who thinks he can see a way of doing the mathematics to
>>>>
>>>> demonstrate Einstein's unified field theory - something that
>>>>
>>>> Einstein himself said was beyond him.Relativity and the unified
>>>>
>>>> field theory go to the root of electrogravitics and the shifts
>>>>
>>>> in thinking, the hopes and fears, and a measure of progress is
>>>>
>>>> to be obtained only in the last resort from men of this stature.
>>>>
>>>> Major theoretical breakthroughs to discover the sources
>>>>
>>>> of gravity will be made by the most advanced intellects using
>>>>
>>>> the most advanced research tools.Aviation's role is therefore
>>>>
>>>> to impress upon physicists of this calibre with the urgency of
>>>>
>>>> the matter and to aid them with statistical and peripheral
>>>>
>>>> investigations that will help to clarify the background to the
>>>>
>>>> central mathematics and physical puzzles.Aviation could also
>>>>
>>>> assist by recruiting some of these men as advisers.Convair has
>>>>
>>>> taken the initiative with its recently established panel of advisers
>>>>
>>>> on nuclear projects, which include Dr. Edward Teller of the
>>>>
>>>> University of California.At the same time much can be done in
>>>>
>>>> development of laboratory rigs, condenser research and dielectric
>>>>
>>>> development, which do not require anything like the same
>>>>
>>>> cerebral capacity to get results and make a practical contribution.
>>>>
>>>> As gravity is likely to be linked with the new particles, only
>>>>
>>>> the highest powered particle accelerators are likely to be of use
>>>>
>>>> -13-
>>>>
>>>> in further fundamental knowledge.The country with the biggest
>>>>
>>>> tools of this kind is in the best position to examine the
>>>>
>>>> characteristics of the particles and from these countries the
>>>>
>>>> greatest advances seem most likely.
>>>>
>>>> Though the United States has the biggest of the bevatrons -
>>>>
>>>> the Berkeley bevatron is 6.2 bev - the Russians have a 10 bev
>>>>
>>>> accelerator in construction which, when it is completed, will
>>>>
>>>> be the world's largest.At Brookhaven a 25 bev instrument is
>>>>
>>>> in development which, in turn, will be the biggest.Other
>>>>
>>>> countries without comparable facilities are of course at a
>>>>
>>>> great disadvantage from the outset in the contest to discover the
>>>>
>>>> explanations of gravity.Electrogravitics, moreover, unfortunately
>>>>
>>>> competes with nuclear studies for its facilities.The clearest
>>>>
>>>> thinking brains are bound to be attracted to locations where the
>>>>
>>>> most extensive laboratory equipment exists.So, one way and
>>>>
>>>> another, results are most likely to come from the major
>>>>
>>>> countries with the biggest undertakings.Thus the nuclear
>>>>
>>>> facilities have a direct bearing on the scope for electrogravitics
>>>>
>>>> work.
>>>>
>>>> The OEEC report in January made the following points:-
>>>>
>>>> The U.S. has six to eight entirely different types of reactor in
>>>>
>>>> operation and many more under construction.Europe has now
>>>>
>>>> two different types in service.
>>>>
>>>> The U.S. has about 30 research reactors plus four in Britain,
>>>>
>>>> two in France.
>>>>
>>>> The U.S. has two nuclear-powered marine engines.Europe has
>>>>
>>>> none, but the U.K. is building one.
>>>>
>>>> Isotope separation plants for the enrichment of uranium in
>>>>
>>>> the U.S. are roughly 11 times larger than the European
>>>>
>>>> plant in Britain.
>>>>
>>>> Europe's only heavy water plant (in Norway) produces somewhat
>>>>
>>>> less than one-twentieth of American output.
>>>>
>>>> In 1955 the number of technicians employed in nuclear energy
>>>>
>>>> work in the U.S. was about 15,000; there are about 5,000 in
>>>>
>>>> Britain, 1,800 in France, and about 1,000 in the rest of
>>>>
>>>> Europe.But the working party says that pessimistic conclusions
>>>>
>>>> should not be drawn from these comparisons.European nuclear
>>>>
>>>> energy effort is evenly divided at the moment, but some
>>>>
>>>> countries have notable achievements to their credit and important
>>>>
>>>> developments in prospect.The main reason for optimism is
>>>>
>>>> that, taken as a whole, "Europe's present nuclear effort falls
>>>>
>>>> very far short of its industrial potential".
>>>>
>>>> Though gravity research, such as there has been of it,
>>>>
>>>> has been unclassified, new principles and information gained
>>>>
>>>> from the nuclear research facilities that have a vehicle application
>>>>
>>>> is expected to be withheld.
>>>>
>>>> The heart of the problem to understanding gravity is likely
>>>>
>>>> to prove to be the way in which the very high energy sub-nuclear
>>>>
>>>> particles convert something, whatever it is, continuously and
>>>>
>>>> automatically into the tremendous nuclear and electromagnetic
>>>>
>>>> forces.Once this key is understood, attention can later be
>>>>
>>>> directed to finding laboratory means of duplicating the process
>>>>
>>>> and reversing its force lines in some local environment and
>>>>
>>>> returning the energy to itself to produce counterbary.Looking
>>>>
>>>> beyond it seems possible that gravitation will be shown to be a
>>>>
>>>> part of the universal electro-magnetic processes and controlled
>>>>
>>>> -15-
>>>>
>>>> in the same way as a light wave or radio wave.This is a synthesis
>>>>
>>>> of the Einstein and Hlavaty concepts.Hence it follows that though
>>>>
>>>> in its initial form the mechanical processes for countering
>>>>
>>>> gravity may initially be massive to deal with the massive forces
>>>>
>>>> involved, eventually this could be expected to form some central
>>>>
>>>> power generation unit.Barycentric control in some required
>>>>
>>>> quantity could be passed over a distance by a form of radio
>>>>
>>>> wave.The prime energy source to energise the waves would
>>>>
>>>> of course be nuclear in its origins.
>>>>
>>>> It is difficult to say which lines of detailed development
>>>>
>>>> being processed in the immediate future is more likely to yield
>>>>
>>>> significant results.Perhaps the three most promising are:
>>>>
>>>> first, the new attempt by the team of men led by Chamberlain
>>>>
>>>> working with the Berkeley bevatron to find the anti-neutron,
>>>>
>>>> and to identify more of the characteristics of the anti-proton*
>>>>
>>>> and each of the string of high energy particles that have been
>>>>
>>>> discovered during recent operations at 6.2 bev.
>>>>
>>>> A second line of approach is the United States National
>>>>
>>>> Bureau of Standards program to pin down with greater accuracy
>>>>
>>>> the acceleration values of gravity.The presently accepted figure
>>>>
>>>> ___________________________________________________________
>>>>
>>>> *The reaction is as follows:protons are accelerated to 6.2 bev,
>>>>
>>>> and directed at a target of copper.When the proton projectile
>>>>
>>>> hits a neutron in one of the copper atoms the following emerge:
>>>>
>>>> the two original particles (the projectile and the struck neutron)
>>>>
>>>> and a new pair of particles, a proton and anti-proton.The
>>>>
>>>> anti-proton continues briefly until it hits another proton, then
>>>>
>>>> both disappear and decay into mesons.
>>>>
>>>> ___________________________________________________________
>>>>
>>>> -16-
>>>>
>>>> of 32.174 feet per second per second is known to be not
>>>>
>>>> comprehensive, though it has been sufficiently accurte
>>>>
>>>> for the limited needs of industry hitherto.The NBS program
>>>>
>>>> aims at re-determining the strength of gravity to within one
>>>>
>>>> part of a million. The present method thas been to hold a ball
>>>>
>>>> 16 feet up and chart the elapsed time of descent with electronic
>>>>
>>>> measuring equipment.The new program is based on the old, but
>>>>
>>>> with this exceptional degree of accuracy it is naturally immensely
>>>>
>>>> more difficult and is expected to take 3 years.
>>>>
>>>> A third promising line is the new technique of measuring
>>>>
>>>> high energy particles in motion that was started by the
>>>>
>>>> University of California last year.This involves passing
>>>>
>>>> cosmic rays through a chamber containing a mixture of gas,
>>>>
>>>> alcohol and water vapour.This creates charged atoms, or
>>>>
>>>> positive ions, by knocking electrons off the gas molecules.A
>>>>
>>>> sudden expansion of the chamber results in a condensation of
>>>>
>>>> water droplets along the track which can be plotted on a
>>>>
>>>> photographic plate.This method makes it easier to assess the
>>>>
>>>> energy of particles and to distinguish one from the other.It
>>>>
>>>> also helps to establish the characteristics of the different
>>>>
>>>> types of particles.The relationship between these high energy
>>>>
>>>> particles, and their origin, and characteristics, have a bearing
>>>>
>>>> on electrogravitics in general.
>>>>
>>>> So much of what has to be discovered as a necessary
>>>>
>>>> preliminary to gravity is of no practical use by itself.There is
>>>>
>>>> no conceivable use, for instance, for the anti-proton, yet its
>>>>
>>>> discovery even at a cost of $9-million is essential to check the
>>>>
>>>> mathematics of the fundamental components of matter.Similarly
>>>>
>>>> it is necessary to check that all the nuclear ghosts that have been
>>>>
>>>> postulated theoretically do in fact exist.It is not, moreover,
>>>>
>>>> sufficient, as in the past, only to observe the particles by
>>>>
>>>> -17-
>>>>
>>>> radiation counters.In each instance a mechanical maze has to
>>>>
>>>> be devised and attached to a particle accelerator to trap only
>>>>
>>>> the particle concerned.Each discovery becomes a wedge for
>>>>
>>>> a deeper probe of the nucleus.Many of the particles of very high
>>>>
>>>> energy have only a fleeting existence and collisions that give
>>>>
>>>> rise to them from bevatron
>>>>
>>>> --
>>>>
>>>> ZE [email protected] +351 53 22244ZarSoft Corporation
>>>>
>>>> "Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't
>>>> go away."
>>>>
>>>> Philip K. Dick
>>>>
>>>> </PRE>
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