Body
https://phys.org/news/2019-02-weyl-chiral.html Is there an acoustic
Phonon connection here?
On 2/12/2019 12:40 PM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> http://lyonel.baum.pagesperso-orange.fr/felici2.html
>
> On 2/12/2019 12:34 PM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>
>> Sometimes we have to go to the Mr. Peabody, Way Back Machine and
>> review our thinking. Back to basics. CHARGE
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboelectric_effect
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_induction
>>
>> https://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/estatics/isop.cfm
>>
>> https://byjus.com/physics/einsteins-explaination/
>>
>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law
>>
>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zilvl9tS0Og&feature=youtu.be Remember
>> in 9th grade science class you were taught that charge was friction
>> stripping of electrons from the air??
>>
>> See attached Felici
>>
>> http://www.webring.org/l/rd?ring=teslaring;id=1;url=http%3A%2F%2Fu2%2Elege%2Enet%2Fnewebmasters%2Ecom__freeenergy%2Fexternal_links_from_theverylastpageoftheinternet%2Ecom%2Fhighvoltage%2FHVgenerator%2FHVgenerator%2Ehtm
>>
>> On 2/12/2019 8:54 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>
>>> I strongly support the idea of the Dielectric field as stated by
>>> Hooper. Hooper was also a believer in that there are two types of
>>> induced electrical fields, just like Maxwell and Feynman. Hooper
>>> says there is an electrostatic electric field as well as the
>>> motional and transformer type electric field. He also says the
>>> motional electric field (the dielectric field) has unique properties
>>> and that it is not shieldable.
>>>
>>> On 2/12/2019 8:51 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>
>>>> History of Electro-Gravity Research:
>>>> http://electrogravityphysics.com/gravity-papers/ m Thanks to Ole
>>>> for this excellent review of the AG Research over 200 years.
>>>>
>>>> On 2/12/2019 8:44 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> When in 9th grade, high school 1953 and going through the DeVry
>>>>> Electronics Course, I just had to build my own Geiger Counter for
>>>>> the Science Fair.
>>>>>
>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube
>>>>>
>>>>> On 2/12/2019 8:38 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_gravity_control_propulsion_research
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism
>>>>>>
>>>>>> http://www.rexresearch.com/hooper/hooper1.htm
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://www.wired.com/1998/03/antigravity/
>>>>>>
>>>>>> When we look back in History at the negative ionization
>>>>>> phenomenon which dates back to the old Edison DC grid energizing
>>>>>> problems with corona out cropping before a current began in the
>>>>>> transmission line. Avalanche phenomenon.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_discharge
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_avalanche
>>>>>>
>>>>>> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge Please pay
>>>>>> particular attention to the difference in Positive Ionization and
>>>>>> the Negative Ionization. The Ion Wind and avalanche phenomenon
>>>>>> is only present in the Negative plasma.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> See C33 attached
>>>>>>
>>>>>> See DC Ion attached
>>>>>>
>>>>>> See Cage attached
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 2.1.3.1 Negative DC Corona Processes
>>>>>> When the stressed conductor is at a negative potential, electron
>>>>>> avalanches are
>>>>>> initiated at the cathode and develop in a continuously decreasing
>>>>>> field towards the
>>>>>> anode. Free electrons which, can move much faster than ions in an
>>>>>> applied field, are
>>>>>> thus concentrated at the tip of the avalanche. A concentration of
>>>>>> positive ions thus
>>>>>> forms in the region of the gap between the cathode and the
>>>>>> boundary surface So [4,
>>>>>> 67]. This is seen in figure 2.6.
>>>>>> \
>>>>>> \
>>>>>> \ ,
>>>>>> I' () '--____ -=:..
>>>>>> Figure 2.6: Electron Avalanche at the Cathode [4, pg 68]
>>>>>> As can be seen from figure 2.6 free electrons continue to migrate
>>>>>> across the gap.
>>>>>> Beyond the surface So the free electrons quickly attach
>>>>>> themselves to the oxygen
>>>>>> molecules to form negative ions, which due to their low drift
>>>>>> velocity accumulate in
>>>>>> the gap beyond So. Once the development of the first electron
>>>>>> avalanche has been
>>>>>> completed there are two ion space charges in the gap as shown in
>>>>>> figure 2.7.
>>>>>> E
>>>>>> E
>>>>>> I
>>>>>> J
>>>>>> ,
>>>>>> \ , \ -
>>>>>> ~"-~ +---- \. . \; - - ~
>>>>>> .. _;': : -- :1-:.',:::-
>>>>>> I
>>>>>> I
>>>>>> I
>>>>>> ED '---_ _ ---'---=:::... I
>>>>>> Figure 2.7: Space Charge Following Completion of the First
>>>>>> Avalanche [4, pg 68]
>>>>>> l3
>>>>>>
>>>>>> This page is an introduction to the charge separation that
>>>>>> occurs in the micro vortex and possible connection to the AG
>>>>>> phenomenon.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> This was the meeting at Wright Patterson AFB that kicked off the
>>>>>> Research into Anti-gravity in 1956.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ELECTROGRAVITIC SYSTEMS
>>>>>>
>>>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> TL
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 565
>>>>>>
>>>>>> A9
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Bar Code: 3 1401 00034 5879
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Due dates omitted.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Shield with Logo:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> AF WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES
>>>>>>
>>>>>> TECHNICAL LIBRARY
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Wright-Patterson
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Inner Cover:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>>>>>
>>>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Prepared by
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Gravity Research Group
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited, London
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 29-31 Cheval Place. Knightsbridge
>>>>>>
>>>>>> LONDON S.W. 7 England
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Report GRG 013/56 February 1956
>>>>>>
>>>>>> TL 565 A9
>>>>>>
>>>>>> CONTENTS
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Page
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Introductory Notes...............1
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Discussion.......................3
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Conclusions.....................18
>>>>>>
>>>>>> APPENDIX
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I - Aviation Report extracts....21
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I - Electrostatic Patents.......33
>>>>>>
>>>>>> * * *
>>>>>>
>>>>>> PROPERTY OF USAF
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -1-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>>>>>>
>>>>>> An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> counterbary and barycentric control
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It has been accepted as axiomatic that the way to offset the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> effects of gravity is to use a lifting surface and considerable
>>>>>>
>>>>>> molecular energy to produce a continously applied force that,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> for a limited period of time, can remain greater than the effects
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of gravitational attraction.The original invention of the glider,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and evolution of the briefly self-sustaining glider, at the turn of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the century led to progressive advances in power and knowledge.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> This has been directed to refining the classic Wright Brothers'
>>>>>>
>>>>>> approach.Aircraft design is still fundamentally as the Wrights
>>>>>>
>>>>>> adumbrated it, with wings, body, tails, moving or flapping
>>>>>>
>>>>>> controls, landing gear and so forth.The Wright biplane was a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> powered glider, and all subsequent aircraft, including the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> supersonic jets of the nineteen-fifties are also powered gliders.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Only one fundamentally different flying principle has so far been
>>>>>>
>>>>>> adopted with varying degrees of success.It is the rotating wing
>>>>>>
>>>>>> aircraft that has led to the jet lifters and vertical pushers,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> coleopters, ducted fans and lift induction turbine propulsion
>>>>>>
>>>>>> systems.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> But during these decades there was always the possibility
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of making efforts to discover the nature of gravity from cosmic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> or quantum theory, investigation and observation, with a view
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to discerning the physical properties of aviation's enemy.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -2-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It has seemed to Aviation Studies that for some time
>>>>>>
>>>>>> insufficient attention has been directed to this kind of research.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> If it were successful such developments would change the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> concept of sustentation, and confer upon a vehicle qualities
>>>>>>
>>>>>> that woul now be regarded as the ultimate in aviation.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> This report summarizes in simple form the work that has
>>>>>>
>>>>>> been done and is being done in the new field of electrogravitics.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It also outlines the various possible lines of research into the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> nature and constituent matter of gravity, and how it has changed
>>>>>>
>>>>>> from Newton to Einstein to the modern Hlavaty concept of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> gravity as an electromagnetic force that may be controlled like
>>>>>>
>>>>>> a light wave.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The report also contains an outline of opinions on the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> feasibility of different electrogravitics systems and there is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> reference to some of the barycentric control and electrostatic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> rigs in operation.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Also included is a list of references to electrogravitics in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> successive Aviation Reports since a drive was started by
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Aviation Studies (International) Limited to suggest to aviation
>>>>>>
>>>>>> business eighteen months ago that the rewards of success are
>>>>>>
>>>>>> too far-reaching to be overlooked, especially in view of the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> hopeful judgement of the most authoritative voice in micro-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> physics.Also listed are some relevant patents on electrostatics
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and electrostatic generators in the United States, United Kingdom
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and France.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Gravity Research Group
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ---------------------
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 25 February 1956
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -3-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> DISCUSSION
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Electrogravitics might be described as a synthesis of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> electrostatic energy used for propulsion - either vertical propulsion
>>>>>>
>>>>>> or horizontal or both - and gravitics, or dynamic counterbary, in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> which energy is also used to set up a local gravitational force
>>>>>>
>>>>>> independent of the earth's.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Electrostatic energy for propulsion has been predicted as a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> possible means of propulsion in space when the thrust from a neutron
>>>>>>
>>>>>> motor or ion motor would be sufficient in a dragless environment
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to produce astronomical velocities.But the ion motor is not
>>>>>>
>>>>>> strictly a part of the science of electrogravitics, since barycentric
>>>>>>
>>>>>> control in an electrogravitics systems is envisaged for a vehicle
>>>>>>
>>>>>> operating within the earth's environment and it is not seen
>>>>>>
>>>>>> initially for space application.Probably large scale space opera-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> tions would have to await the full development of electrogravitics
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to enable large pieces of equipment to be moved out of the region
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of the earth's strongest gravity effects.So, though electrostatic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> motors were thought of in 1925, electrogravitics had its birth after
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the War, when Townsend Brown sought to improve on the various
>>>>>>
>>>>>> proposals that then existed for electrostatic motors sufficiently to
>>>>>>
>>>>>> produce some visible manifestation of sustained motion.Whereas
>>>>>>
>>>>>> earlier electrostatic tests were essentially pure research
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Brown's rigs were aimed from the outset at producing a flying
>>>>>>
>>>>>> article.As a private venture he produced evidence of motion using
>>>>>>
>>>>>> condensers in a couple of saucers suspended by arms rotating
>>>>>>
>>>>>> round a central tower with input running down the arms.The
>>>>>>
>>>>>> massive-k situation was summarized subsequently in a report,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Project Winterhaven, in 1952.Using the data some conclusions
>>>>>>
>>>>>> were arrived at that might be expected from ten or more years of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -4-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> intensive development - similar to that, for instance, applied to
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the turbine engine.Using a number of assumptions as to the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> nature of gravity, the report postulated a saucer as the basis of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> a possible interceptor with Mach 3 capability.Creation of a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> local gravitational system would confer upon the fighter the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> sharp-edged changes of direction typical of motion in space.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The essence of electrogravitics thrust is the use of a very
>>>>>>
>>>>>> strong positive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative
>>>>>>
>>>>>> on the other.The core of the motor is a condenser and the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ability of the condenser to hold its charge (the k-number) is the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> yardstick of performance.With air as 1, current dielectrical
>>>>>>
>>>>>> materials can yield 6 and use of <STRONG>barium</STRONG>
>>>>>> aluminate can raise
>>>>>>
>>>>>> this considerably, <STRONG>barium</STRONG> titanium oxide (a
>>>>>> baked ceramic) can
>>>>>>
>>>>>> offer 6,000 and there is promise of 30,000, which would be
>>>>>>
>>>>>> sufficient for supersonic speed.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The original Brown rig produced 30 fps on a voltage of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> around 50,000 and a small amount of current in the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> milliamp range.There was no detailed explanation of gravity
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in Project Winterhaven, but it was assumed that particle
>>>>>>
>>>>>> dualism in the subatomic structure of gravity would coincide
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in its effect with the issuing stream of electrons from the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> electrostatic energy source to produce counterbary.The Brown
>>>>>>
>>>>>> work probably remains a realistic approach to the practical
>>>>>>
>>>>>> realization of electrostatic propulsion and sustentation.What-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ever may be discovered by the Gravity Research Foundation of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> New Boston a complete understanding and synthetic reproduction
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of gravity is not essential for limited success.The electro-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> gravitics saucer can perform the function of a classic lifting
>>>>>>
>>>>>> surface - it produces a pushing effect on the under surface and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> a suction effect on the upper, but, unlike an airfoil, it does not
>>>>>>
>>>>>> require a flow of air to produce the effect.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -5-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> First attempts at electrogravitics are unlikely to produce
>>>>>>
>>>>>> counterbary, but may lead to development of an electrostatic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> VTOL vehicle.Even in its development form this might be an
>>>>>>
>>>>>> advance on the molecular heat engine in its capabilities.But
>>>>>>
>>>>>> hopes in the new science depend on an understanding of the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> source and matter of gravity.It is fortuitous that lift can be
>>>>>>
>>>>>> produced in the traditional fashion and if an understanding of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> gravity remains beyond full practical control, electrostatic lift
>>>>>>
>>>>>> might be an adjunct of some significance to modern thrust
>>>>>>
>>>>>> producers.Research into electrostatics could prove beneficial
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to turbine development, and heat engines in general, in view of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the usable electron potential round the periphery of any flame.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Materials for electrogravitics and especially the development
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of commercial quantities of high-k material is another dividend
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to be obtained from electrostatic research even if it produces no
>>>>>>
>>>>>> counterbary.This is a line of development that Aviation Studies'
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Gravity Research Group is following.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> One of the interesting aspects of electrogravitics is that a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> breakthrough in almost any part of the broad front of general
>>>>>>
>>>>>> research on the intranuclear processes may be translated into
>>>>>>
>>>>>> a meaningful advance towards the feasibility of electrogravitics
>>>>>>
>>>>>> systems.This demands constant monitoring in the most
>>>>>>
>>>>>> likely areas of the physics of high energy sub-nuclear particles.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It is difficult to be overoptimistic about the prospects of gaining
>>>>>>
>>>>>> so complete a grasp of gravity while the world's physicists are
>>>>>>
>>>>>> still engaged in a study of fundamental particles - that is to say
>>>>>>
>>>>>> those that cannot be broken down any more.Fundamental particles
>>>>>>
>>>>>> are still being discovered - the most recent was the Segre-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Chamberlain-Wiegand attachment ot the bevatron, which was
>>>>>>
>>>>>> used to isolate the missing anti-proton, which must - or should
>>>>>>
>>>>>> be presumed to - exist according to Dirac's theory of the electron.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -6-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Much of the accepted mathematics of particles would be wrong
>>>>>>
>>>>>> if the anti-proton was proved to be non-existent.Earlier
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Eddington has listed the fundamental particles as:-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> e The charge of an electron.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> m the mass of an electron.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> M the mass of a proton.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> h Planck's contant
>>>>>>
>>>>>> c The velocity of light.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> G The constant of gravitation, and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> L The cosmological constant
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It is generally held that no one of these can be inferred from
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the others.But electrons may well disappear from among the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> fundamental particles, though, as Russell says, it is likely that
>>>>>>
>>>>>> e and m will survive.The constants are much more established
>>>>>>
>>>>>> than the interpretation of them and are among the most solid of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> achievements in modern physics.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> * * *
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Gravity may be defined as a small scale departure from
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Euclidean space in the general theory of relativity.The
>>>>>>
>>>>>> gravitational constant is one of four dimensionless constants:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> first, the mass relation of the nucleon and electron.Second is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> e^2/hc, third, the Compton wavelength of the proton, and fourth
>>>>>>
>>>>>> is the gravitational constant, which is the ratio of the
>>>>>> electrostatic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -7-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to the gravitational attraction between the electron and the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> proton.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> One of the stumbling blocks in electrogravitics is the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> absence of any satisfacotry theory linking these four dimension-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> less quantities.Of the four, moreover, gravity is decidedly the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> most complex, since any explanation would have to satisfy both
>>>>>>
>>>>>> cosmic and quantum relations more acceptably and intelligibly even
>>>>>>
>>>>>> than in the unified field theory.A gravitational constant of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> around 10^-30 has emerged from quantum research and this has
>>>>>>
>>>>>> been used as a tool for finding theories that could link the two
>>>>>>
>>>>>> relations.This work is now in full progress, and developments
>>>>>>
>>>>>> have to be watched for the aviation angle.Hitherto Dirac,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Eddington, Jordan and others have produced differences in theory
>>>>>>
>>>>>> that are too wide to be accepted as consistent.It means therefore
>>>>>>
>>>>>> that (i) without a cosmological basis, and (ii) with an imprecise
>>>>>>
>>>>>> quantum basis and (iii) a vague hypothesis on the interaction,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> much remains still to be discovered.Indeed some say that a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> single interacting theory to link up the dimensionless constants
>>>>>>
>>>>>> is one of three major unresolved basic problems of physics.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The other two main problems are the extension of quantum theory
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and a more detailed knowledge of the fundamental particles.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> All this is some distance from Newton, who saw gravity as
>>>>>>
>>>>>> a force acting on a body from a distance, leading to the tendency
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of bodies to accelerate towards each other.He allied this
>>>>>>
>>>>>> assumption with Euclidean geometry, and time was assumed as
>>>>>>
>>>>>> uniform and acted independently of space.Bodies and particles
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in space normally moved uniformly in straight lines according
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to Newton, and to account for the way they sometimes do not do
>>>>>>
>>>>>> so, he used the idea of a force of gravity acting at a distance,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in which particles of matter cause in others an acceleration
>>>>>>
>>>>>> proportional to their mass, and inversely proportional to the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -8-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> square of the distance between them.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> But Einstein showed how the principle of least action, or
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the so-called cosmic laziness means that particles, on the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> contrary, follow the easiest path along geodesic lines and as a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> result they get readily absorbed into space-time.So was born
>>>>>>
>>>>>> non-linear physics.The classic example of non-linear physics
>>>>>>
>>>>>> is the experiment in bombarding a screen with two slits.When
>>>>>>
>>>>>> both slits are open particles going through are not the sum of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the two individually but follows a non-linear equation.This
>>>>>>
>>>>>> leads on to wave-particle dualism and that in turn to the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Heisenberg uncertainty principle in which an increase in accuracy
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in measurement of one physical quantity means decreasing
>>>>>>
>>>>>> accuracy in measuring the other.If time is measured accurately
>>>>>>
>>>>>> energy calculations will be in error; the more accurate the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> position of a particle is established the less certain the velocity
>>>>>>
>>>>>> will be; and so on.This basic principle of the acausality of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> microphysics affects the study of gravity in the special and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> general theories of relativity.Lack of pictoral image in the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> quantum physics of this interrelationship is a difficulty at the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> outset for those whose minds remain obstinately Euclidean.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> In the special theory of relativity, space-time is seen only
>>>>>>
>>>>>> as an undefined interval which can be defined in any way that is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> convenient and the Newtonian idea of persistent particles in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> motion to explain gravity cannot be accepted.It must be seen
>>>>>>
>>>>>> rather as a synthesis of forces in a four dimensional continuum,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> three to establish the position and one the time.The general
>>>>>>
>>>>>> theory of relativity that followed a decade later was a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> geometrical explanation of gravitation in which bodies take the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> geodesic path through space-time.In turn this means that
>>>>>>
>>>>>> instead of the idea of a force acting at a distance it is assumed
>>>>>>
>>>>>> that space, time, radiation and particles are linked and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> variations in them from gravity are due rather to the nature of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> space.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -9-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Thus gravity of a body such as the earth, instead of pulling
>>>>>>
>>>>>> object towards it as Newton postulated, is adjusting the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> characteristics of space and, it may be inferred, the quantum
>>>>>>
>>>>>> mechanics of space in the vicinity of the gravitational force.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Electrogravitics aims at correcting this adjustment to put
>>>>>>
>>>>>> matter, so to speak, 'at rest'.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> * * *
>>>>>>
>>>>>> One of the difficulties in 1954 and 1955 was to get aviation
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to take electrogravitics seriously.The name alone was enough
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to put people off.However, in the trade much progress has
>>>>>>
>>>>>> been made and now most major companies in the United States
>>>>>>
>>>>>> are interested in counterbary.Groups are being organised to
>>>>>>
>>>>>> study electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena.Most of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> industry's leaders have made some reference to it.Douglas
>>>>>>
>>>>>> has now stated that it has counterbary on its work agenda but
>>>>>>
>>>>>> does not expect results yet awhile.Hiller has referred to new
>>>>>>
>>>>>> forms of flying platform, Glenn Martin say gravity control could
>>>>>>
>>>>>> be achieved in six years, but they add that it would entail a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Manhattan District type of effort to bring it about.Sikorsky,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> one of the pioneers, more or less agrees with the Douglas verdict
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and says that gravity is tangible and formidable, but there must
>>>>>>
>>>>>> be a physical carrier for this immense trans-spatial force.This
>>>>>>
>>>>>> implies that where a physical manifestation exists, a physical
>>>>>>
>>>>>> device and be developed for creating a similar force moving in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the opposite direction to cancel it.Clarke Electronics state
>>>>>>
>>>>>> thay have a rig, and add that in their view the source of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> gravity's force will be understood sooner than some people
>>>>>>
>>>>>> think.General Electric is working on the use of electronic rigs
>>>>>>
>>>>>> designed to make adjustments to gravity - this line of attack
>>>>>>
>>>>>> has the advantage of using rigs already in existence for other
>>>>>>
>>>>>> defence work.Bell also has an experimental rig intended, as
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -10-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the company puts it, to cancel out gravity, and Lawrence Bell
>>>>>>
>>>>>> has said he is convinced that practical hardware will emerge
>>>>>>
>>>>>> from current programs.Grover Leoning is certain that what
>>>>>>
>>>>>> he referred to as an electro-magnetic contra-gravity mechanism
>>>>>>
>>>>>> will be developed for practical use.Convair is extensively
>>>>>>
>>>>>> committed to the work with several rigs.Lear Inc., autopilot
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and electronic engineers have a division of the company working
>>>>>>
>>>>>> on gravity research and so also has the Sperry division of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Sperry-Rand.This list embraces most of the U.S. aircraft
>>>>>>
>>>>>> industry.The remainder, Curtiss-Wright, Lockheed, Boeing
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and North American have not yet declared themselves, but all
>>>>>>
>>>>>> these four are known to be in various stages of study with and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> without rigs.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> In addition, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> working on gravity, the Gravity Research Foundation of New
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Boston, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> CalTech Radiation Laboratory, Princeton University and the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> University of North Carolina are all active in gravity.Glenn
>>>>>>
>>>>>> L. Martin is setting up a Research Institute for Advanced Study
>>>>>>
>>>>>> which has a small staff working on gravity research with the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> unified field theory and this group is committed to extensive
>>>>>>
>>>>>> programs of applied research.Many others are also known to
>>>>>>
>>>>>> be studying gravity, some are known also to be planning
>>>>>>
>>>>>> a general expansion in this field, such as the proposed
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Institute for Pure Physics at the University of North Carolina.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> A certain amount of work is also going on in Europe.One
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of the French nationalized constructors and one company outside
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the nationalized elements have been making preliminary studies,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and a little company money has in one case actually been
>>>>>>
>>>>>> committed.Some work is also going on in Britain where rigs
>>>>>>
>>>>>> are now in existence.Most of it is private tenure work, such
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -11-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> as that being done by Ed Hull, a colleague of Townsend Brown
>>>>>>
>>>>>> who, as much as anybody, introduced Europe to electrogravitics.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Aviation Studies' Gravity Research Group is doing some work,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> mainly on k studies, and is sponsoring dielectric investigations.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> One Swedish company and two Canadian companies have
>>>>>>
>>>>>> been making studies, and quite recently the Germans have
>>>>>>
>>>>>> woken up to the possibilities.Several of the companies have
>>>>>>
>>>>>> started digging out some of the early German papers on wave
>>>>>>
>>>>>> physics.They are almost certain to plan a gravitics program.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Curiously enough the Germans during the war paid no attention
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to electrogravitics.This is one line of advance that they did
>>>>>>
>>>>>> not pioneer in any way and is still basically a U.S. creation.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Townsend Brown in electrogravitics is the equivalent of Frank
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Whittle in gas turbines.This German overlooking of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> electrostatics is even more surprising when it is remembered
>>>>>>
>>>>>> how astonishingly advanced and prescient the Germans were in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> nuclear research.(The modern theory of making thermonuclear
>>>>>>
>>>>>> weapons without plutonium fission initiators returns to the original
>>>>>>
>>>>>> German idea that was dismissed, even ridiculed.The Germans
>>>>>>
>>>>>> never went very far with fission, indeed they doubted that this
>>>>>>
>>>>>> chain would ever be made to work.)The German air industry,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> still in the embryo stage, has included electrogravitics among
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the subjects it intends to examine when establishing the policy
>>>>>>
>>>>>> that the individual companies will adopt after the present early
>>>>>>
>>>>>> stage of foreign licence has enabled industry to get abreast
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of the other countries in aircraft development.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> * * *
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It is impossible to read through this summary of the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> widening efforts being made to understand the nature of matter
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of gravity without sharing the hope that many groups now have,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of major theoretical breakthroughs occurring before very long.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -12-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Experience in nucleonics has shown that when attempts to win
>>>>>>
>>>>>> knowledge on this scale are made, advances are soon seen.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> There are a number of elements in industry, and some
>>>>>>
>>>>>> managements, who see gravity as a problem for later genera-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> tions.Many see nothing in it all and they might be right.But as
>>>>>>
>>>>>> said earlier, if Dr. Vaclav Hlavaty thinks gravity is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> potentially controllable that surely should be justification
>>>>>>
>>>>>> enough, and indeed inspiration, for physicists to apply their
>>>>>>
>>>>>> minds and for management to take a risk.Hlavaty is the only
>>>>>>
>>>>>> man who thinks he can see a way of doing the mathematics to
>>>>>>
>>>>>> demonstrate Einstein's unified field theory - something that
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Einstein himself said was beyond him.Relativity and the unified
>>>>>>
>>>>>> field theory go to the root of electrogravitics and the shifts
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in thinking, the hopes and fears, and a measure of progress is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to be obtained only in the last resort from men of this stature.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Major theoretical breakthroughs to discover the sources
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of gravity will be made by the most advanced intellects using
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the most advanced research tools.Aviation's role is therefore
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to impress upon physicists of this calibre with the urgency of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the matter and to aid them with statistical and peripheral
>>>>>>
>>>>>> investigations that will help to clarify the background to the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> central mathematics and physical puzzles.Aviation could also
>>>>>>
>>>>>> assist by recruiting some of these men as advisers.Convair has
>>>>>>
>>>>>> taken the initiative with its recently established panel of advisers
>>>>>>
>>>>>> on nuclear projects, which include Dr. Edward Teller of the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> University of California.At the same time much can be done in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> development of laboratory rigs, condenser research and dielectric
>>>>>>
>>>>>> development, which do not require anything like the same
>>>>>>
>>>>>> cerebral capacity to get results and make a practical contribution.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> As gravity is likely to be linked with the new particles, only
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the highest powered particle accelerators are likely to be of use
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -13-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in further fundamental knowledge.The country with the biggest
>>>>>>
>>>>>> tools of this kind is in the best position to examine the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> characteristics of the particles and from these countries the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> greatest advances seem most likely.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Though the United States has the biggest of the bevatrons -
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the Berkeley bevatron is 6.2 bev - the Russians have a 10 bev
>>>>>>
>>>>>> accelerator in construction which, when it is completed, will
>>>>>>
>>>>>> be the world's largest.At Brookhaven a 25 bev instrument is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in development which, in turn, will be the biggest.Other
>>>>>>
>>>>>> countries without comparable facilities are of course at a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> great disadvantage from the outset in the contest to discover the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> explanations of gravity.Electrogravitics, moreover, unfortunately
>>>>>>
>>>>>> competes with nuclear studies for its facilities.The clearest
>>>>>>
>>>>>> thinking brains are bound to be attracted to locations where the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> most extensive laboratory equipment exists.So, one way and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> another, results are most likely to come from the major
>>>>>>
>>>>>> countries with the biggest undertakings.Thus the nuclear
>>>>>>
>>>>>> facilities have a direct bearing on the scope for electrogravitics
>>>>>>
>>>>>> work.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The OEEC report in January made the following points:-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The U.S. has six to eight entirely different types of reactor in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> operation and many more under construction.Europe has now
>>>>>>
>>>>>> two different types in service.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The U.S. has about 30 research reactors plus four in Britain,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> two in France.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The U.S. has two nuclear-powered marine engines.Europe has
>>>>>>
>>>>>> none, but the U.K. is building one.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Isotope separation plants for the enrichment of uranium in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the U.S. are roughly 11 times larger than the European
>>>>>>
>>>>>> plant in Britain.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Europe's only heavy water plant (in Norway) produces somewhat
>>>>>>
>>>>>> less than one-twentieth of American output.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> In 1955 the number of technicians employed in nuclear energy
>>>>>>
>>>>>> work in the U.S. was about 15,000; there are about 5,000 in
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Britain, 1,800 in France, and about 1,000 in the rest of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Europe.But the working party says that pessimistic conclusions
>>>>>>
>>>>>> should not be drawn from these comparisons.European nuclear
>>>>>>
>>>>>> energy effort is evenly divided at the moment, but some
>>>>>>
>>>>>> countries have notable achievements to their credit and important
>>>>>>
>>>>>> developments in prospect.The main reason for optimism is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> that, taken as a whole, "Europe's present nuclear effort falls
>>>>>>
>>>>>> very far short of its industrial potential".
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Though gravity research, such as there has been of it,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> has been unclassified, new principles and information gained
>>>>>>
>>>>>> from the nuclear research facilities that have a vehicle application
>>>>>>
>>>>>> is expected to be withheld.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The heart of the problem to understanding gravity is likely
>>>>>>
>>>>>> to prove to be the way in which the very high energy sub-nuclear
>>>>>>
>>>>>> particles convert something, whatever it is, continuously and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> automatically into the tremendous nuclear and electromagnetic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> forces.Once this key is understood, attention can later be
>>>>>>
>>>>>> directed to finding laboratory means of duplicating the process
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and reversing its force lines in some local environment and
>>>>>>
>>>>>> returning the energy to itself to produce counterbary.Looking
>>>>>>
>>>>>> beyond it seems possible that gravitation will be shown to be a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> part of the universal electro-magnetic processes and controlled
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -15-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in the same way as a light wave or radio wave.This is a synthesis
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of the Einstein and Hlavaty concepts.Hence it follows that though
>>>>>>
>>>>>> in its initial form the mechanical processes for countering
>>>>>>
>>>>>> gravity may initially be massive to deal with the massive forces
>>>>>>
>>>>>> involved, eventually this could be expected to form some central
>>>>>>
>>>>>> power generation unit.Barycentric control in some required
>>>>>>
>>>>>> quantity could be passed over a distance by a form of radio
>>>>>>
>>>>>> wave.The prime energy source to energise the waves would
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of course be nuclear in its origins.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> It is difficult to say which lines of detailed development
>>>>>>
>>>>>> being processed in the immediate future is more likely to yield
>>>>>>
>>>>>> significant results.Perhaps the three most promising are:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> first, the new attempt by the team of men led by Chamberlain
>>>>>>
>>>>>> working with the Berkeley bevatron to find the anti-neutron,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and to identify more of the characteristics of the anti-proton*
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and each of the string of high energy particles that have been
>>>>>>
>>>>>> discovered during recent operations at 6.2 bev.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> A second line of approach is the United States National
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Bureau of Standards program to pin down with greater accuracy
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the acceleration values of gravity.The presently accepted figure
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ___________________________________________________________
>>>>>>
>>>>>> *The reaction is as follows:protons are accelerated to 6.2 bev,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and directed at a target of copper.When the proton projectile
>>>>>>
>>>>>> hits a neutron in one of the copper atoms the following emerge:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the two original particles (the projectile and the struck neutron)
>>>>>>
>>>>>> and a new pair of particles, a proton and anti-proton.The
>>>>>>
>>>>>> anti-proton continues briefly until it hits another proton, then
>>>>>>
>>>>>> both disappear and decay into mesons.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ___________________________________________________________
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -16-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> of 32.174 feet per second per second is known to be not
>>>>>>
>>>>>> comprehensive, though it has been sufficiently accurte
>>>>>>
>>>>>> for the limited needs of industry hitherto.The NBS program
>>>>>>
>>>>>> aims at re-determining the strength of gravity to within one
>>>>>>
>>>>>> part of a million. The present method thas been to hold a ball
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 16 feet up and chart the elapsed time of descent with electronic
>>>>>>
>>>>>> measuring equipment.The new program is based on the old, but
>>>>>>
>>>>>> with this exceptional degree of accuracy it is naturally immensely
>>>>>>
>>>>>> more difficult and is expected to take 3 years.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> A third promising line is the new technique of measuring
>>>>>>
>>>>>> high energy particles in motion that was started by the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> University of California last year.This involves passing
>>>>>>
>>>>>> cosmic rays through a chamber containing a mixture of gas,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> alcohol and water vapour.This creates charged atoms, or
>>>>>>
>>>>>> positive ions, by knocking electrons off the gas molecules.A
>>>>>>
>>>>>> sudden expansion of the chamber results in a condensation of
>>>>>>
>>>>>> water droplets along the track which can be plotted on a
>>>>>>
>>>>>> photographic plate.This method makes it easier to assess the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> energy of particles and to distinguish one from the other.It
>>>>>>
>>>>>> also helps to establish the characteristics of the different
>>>>>>
>>>>>> types of particles.The relationship between these high energy
>>>>>>
>>>>>> particles, and their origin, and characteristics, have a bearing
>>>>>>
>>>>>> on electrogravitics in general.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> So much of what has to be discovered as a necessary
>>>>>>
>>>>>> preliminary to gravity is of no practical use by itself.There is
>>>>>>
>>>>>> no conceivable use, for instance, for the anti-proton, yet its
>>>>>>
>>>>>> discovery even at a cost of $9-million is essential to check the
>>>>>>
>>>>>> mathematics of the fundamental components of matter.Similarly
>>>>>>
>>>>>> it is necessary to check that all the nuclear ghosts that have been
>>>>>>
>>>>>> postulated theoretically do in fact exist.It is not, moreover,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> sufficient, as in the past, only to observe the particles by
>>>>>>
>>>>>> -17-
>>>>>>
>>>>>> radiation counters.In each instance a mechanical maze has to
>>>>>>
>>>>>> be devised and attached to a particle accelerator to trap only
>>>>>>
>>>>>> the particle concerned.Each discovery becomes a wedge for
>>>>>>
>>>>>> a deeper probe of the nucleus.Many of the particles of very high
>>>>>>
>>>>>> energy have only a fleeting existence and collisions that give
>>>>>>
>>>>>> rise to them from bevatron
>>>>>>
>>>>>> --
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ZE [email protected] +351 53 22244ZarSoft Corporation
>>>>>>
>>>>>> "Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it,
>>>>>> doesn't go away."
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Philip K. Dick
>>>>>>
>>>>>> </PRE>
>>>>>>
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