Body
When in 9th grade, high school 1953 and going through the DeVry
Electronics Course, I just had to build my own Geiger Counter for the
Science Fair.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube
On 2/12/2019 8:38 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_gravity_control_propulsion_research
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitoelectromagnetism
>
> http://www.rexresearch.com/hooper/hooper1.htm
>
> https://www.wired.com/1998/03/antigravity/
>
> When we look back in History at the negative ionization phenomenon
> which dates back to the old Edison DC grid energizing problems with
> corona out cropping before a current began in the transmission line.
> Avalanche phenomenon.
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_discharge
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_avalanche
>
> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge Please pay particular
> attention to the difference in Positive Ionization and the Negative
> Ionization. The Ion Wind and avalanche phenomenon is only present in
> the Negative plasma.
>
> See C33 attached
>
> See DC Ion attached
>
> See Cage attached
>
> 2.1.3.1 Negative DC Corona Processes
> When the stressed conductor is at a negative potential, electron
> avalanches are
> initiated at the cathode and develop in a continuously decreasing
> field towards the
> anode. Free electrons which, can move much faster than ions in an
> applied field, are
> thus concentrated at the tip of the avalanche. A concentration of
> positive ions thus
> forms in the region of the gap between the cathode and the boundary
> surface So [4,
> 67]. This is seen in figure 2.6.
> \
> \
> \ ,
> I' () '--____ -=:..
> Figure 2.6: Electron Avalanche at the Cathode [4, pg 68]
> As can be seen from figure 2.6 free electrons continue to migrate
> across the gap.
> Beyond the surface So the free electrons quickly attach themselves to
> the oxygen
> molecules to form negative ions, which due to their low drift velocity
> accumulate in
> the gap beyond So. Once the development of the first electron
> avalanche has been
> completed there are two ion space charges in the gap as shown in
> figure 2.7.
> E
> E
> I
> J
> ,
> \ , \ -
> ~"-~ +---- \. . \; - - ~
> .. _;': : -- :1-:.',:::-
> I
> I
> I
> ED '---_ _ ---'---=:::... I
> Figure 2.7: Space Charge Following Completion of the First Avalanche
> [4, pg 68]
> l3
>
> This page is an introduction to the charge separation that occurs in
> the micro vortex and possible connection to the AG phenomenon.
>
>
> This was the meeting at Wright Patterson AFB that kicked off the
> Research into Anti-gravity in 1956.
>
> ELECTROGRAVITIC SYSTEMS
>
> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>
> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>
> TL
>
> 565
>
> A9
>
> Bar Code: 3 1401 00034 5879
>
> Due dates omitted.
>
> Shield with Logo:
>
> AF WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES
>
> TECHNICAL LIBRARY
>
> Wright-Patterson
>
> Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
>
> Inner Cover:
>
> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>
> An examination of electrostatic motion,
>
> dynamic counterbary and barycentric control.
>
> Prepared by
>
> Gravity Research Group
>
> Aviation Studies (International) Limited, London
>
> 29-31 Cheval Place. Knightsbridge
>
> LONDON S.W. 7 England
>
> Report GRG 013/56 February 1956
>
> TL 565 A9
>
> CONTENTS
>
> Page
>
> Introductory Notes...............1
>
> Discussion.......................3
>
> Conclusions.....................18
>
> APPENDIX
>
> I - Aviation Report extracts....21
>
> I - Electrostatic Patents.......33
>
> * * *
>
> PROPERTY OF USAF
>
> -1-
>
> ELECTROGRAVITICS SYSTEMS
>
> An examination of electrostatic motion, dynamic
>
> counterbary and barycentric control
>
> It has been accepted as axiomatic that the way to offset the
>
> effects of gravity is to use a lifting surface and considerable
>
> molecular energy to produce a continously applied force that,
>
> for a limited period of time, can remain greater than the effects
>
> of gravitational attraction.The original invention of the glider,
>
> and evolution of the briefly self-sustaining glider, at the turn of
>
> the century led to progressive advances in power and knowledge.
>
> This has been directed to refining the classic Wright Brothers'
>
> approach.Aircraft design is still fundamentally as the Wrights
>
> adumbrated it, with wings, body, tails, moving or flapping
>
> controls, landing gear and so forth.The Wright biplane was a
>
> powered glider, and all subsequent aircraft, including the
>
> supersonic jets of the nineteen-fifties are also powered gliders.
>
> Only one fundamentally different flying principle has so far been
>
> adopted with varying degrees of success.It is the rotating wing
>
> aircraft that has led to the jet lifters and vertical pushers,
>
> coleopters, ducted fans and lift induction turbine propulsion
>
> systems.
>
> But during these decades there was always the possibility
>
> of making efforts to discover the nature of gravity from cosmic
>
> or quantum theory, investigation and observation, with a view
>
> to discerning the physical properties of aviation's enemy.
>
> -2-
>
> It has seemed to Aviation Studies that for some time
>
> insufficient attention has been directed to this kind of research.
>
> If it were successful such developments would change the
>
> concept of sustentation, and confer upon a vehicle qualities
>
> that woul now be regarded as the ultimate in aviation.
>
> This report summarizes in simple form the work that has
>
> been done and is being done in the new field of electrogravitics.
>
> It also outlines the various possible lines of research into the
>
> nature and constituent matter of gravity, and how it has changed
>
> from Newton to Einstein to the modern Hlavaty concept of
>
> gravity as an electromagnetic force that may be controlled like
>
> a light wave.
>
> The report also contains an outline of opinions on the
>
> feasibility of different electrogravitics systems and there is
>
> reference to some of the barycentric control and electrostatic
>
> rigs in operation.
>
> Also included is a list of references to electrogravitics in
>
> successive Aviation Reports since a drive was started by
>
> Aviation Studies (International) Limited to suggest to aviation
>
> business eighteen months ago that the rewards of success are
>
> too far-reaching to be overlooked, especially in view of the
>
> hopeful judgement of the most authoritative voice in micro-
>
> physics.Also listed are some relevant patents on electrostatics
>
> and electrostatic generators in the United States, United Kingdom
>
> and France.
>
> Gravity Research Group
>
> ---------------------
>
> 25 February 1956
>
> -3-
>
> DISCUSSION
>
> Electrogravitics might be described as a synthesis of
>
> electrostatic energy used for propulsion - either vertical propulsion
>
> or horizontal or both - and gravitics, or dynamic counterbary, in
>
> which energy is also used to set up a local gravitational force
>
> independent of the earth's.
>
> Electrostatic energy for propulsion has been predicted as a
>
> possible means of propulsion in space when the thrust from a neutron
>
> motor or ion motor would be sufficient in a dragless environment
>
> to produce astronomical velocities.But the ion motor is not
>
> strictly a part of the science of electrogravitics, since barycentric
>
> control in an electrogravitics systems is envisaged for a vehicle
>
> operating within the earth's environment and it is not seen
>
> initially for space application.Probably large scale space opera-
>
> tions would have to await the full development of electrogravitics
>
> to enable large pieces of equipment to be moved out of the region
>
> of the earth's strongest gravity effects.So, though electrostatic
>
> motors were thought of in 1925, electrogravitics had its birth after
>
> the War, when Townsend Brown sought to improve on the various
>
> proposals that then existed for electrostatic motors sufficiently to
>
> produce some visible manifestation of sustained motion.Whereas
>
> earlier electrostatic tests were essentially pure research
>
> Brown's rigs were aimed from the outset at producing a flying
>
> article.As a private venture he produced evidence of motion using
>
> condensers in a couple of saucers suspended by arms rotating
>
> round a central tower with input running down the arms.The
>
> massive-k situation was summarized subsequently in a report,
>
> Project Winterhaven, in 1952.Using the data some conclusions
>
> were arrived at that might be expected from ten or more years of
>
> -4-
>
> intensive development - similar to that, for instance, applied to
>
> the turbine engine.Using a number of assumptions as to the
>
> nature of gravity, the report postulated a saucer as the basis of
>
> a possible interceptor with Mach 3 capability.Creation of a
>
> local gravitational system would confer upon the fighter the
>
> sharp-edged changes of direction typical of motion in space.
>
> The essence of electrogravitics thrust is the use of a very
>
> strong positive charge on one side of the vehicle and a negative
>
> on the other.The core of the motor is a condenser and the
>
> ability of the condenser to hold its charge (the k-number) is the
>
> yardstick of performance.With air as 1, current dielectrical
>
> materials can yield 6 and use of <STRONG>barium</STRONG> aluminate can
> raise
>
> this considerably, <STRONG>barium</STRONG> titanium oxide (a baked
> ceramic) can
>
> offer 6,000 and there is promise of 30,000, which would be
>
> sufficient for supersonic speed.
>
> The original Brown rig produced 30 fps on a voltage of
>
> around 50,000 and a small amount of current in the
>
> milliamp range.There was no detailed explanation of gravity
>
> in Project Winterhaven, but it was assumed that particle
>
> dualism in the subatomic structure of gravity would coincide
>
> in its effect with the issuing stream of electrons from the
>
> electrostatic energy source to produce counterbary.The Brown
>
> work probably remains a realistic approach to the practical
>
> realization of electrostatic propulsion and sustentation.What-
>
> ever may be discovered by the Gravity Research Foundation of
>
> New Boston a complete understanding and synthetic reproduction
>
> of gravity is not essential for limited success.The electro-
>
> gravitics saucer can perform the function of a classic lifting
>
> surface - it produces a pushing effect on the under surface and
>
> a suction effect on the upper, but, unlike an airfoil, it does not
>
> require a flow of air to produce the effect.
>
> -5-
>
> First attempts at electrogravitics are unlikely to produce
>
> counterbary, but may lead to development of an electrostatic
>
> VTOL vehicle.Even in its development form this might be an
>
> advance on the molecular heat engine in its capabilities.But
>
> hopes in the new science depend on an understanding of the
>
> source and matter of gravity.It is fortuitous that lift can be
>
> produced in the traditional fashion and if an understanding of
>
> gravity remains beyond full practical control, electrostatic lift
>
> might be an adjunct of some significance to modern thrust
>
> producers.Research into electrostatics could prove beneficial
>
> to turbine development, and heat engines in general, in view of
>
> the usable electron potential round the periphery of any flame.
>
> Materials for electrogravitics and especially the development
>
> of commercial quantities of high-k material is another dividend
>
> to be obtained from electrostatic research even if it produces no
>
> counterbary.This is a line of development that Aviation Studies'
>
> Gravity Research Group is following.
>
> One of the interesting aspects of electrogravitics is that a
>
> breakthrough in almost any part of the broad front of general
>
> research on the intranuclear processes may be translated into
>
> a meaningful advance towards the feasibility of electrogravitics
>
> systems.This demands constant monitoring in the most
>
> likely areas of the physics of high energy sub-nuclear particles.
>
> It is difficult to be overoptimistic about the prospects of gaining
>
> so complete a grasp of gravity while the world's physicists are
>
> still engaged in a study of fundamental particles - that is to say
>
> those that cannot be broken down any more.Fundamental particles
>
> are still being discovered - the most recent was the Segre-
>
> Chamberlain-Wiegand attachment ot the bevatron, which was
>
> used to isolate the missing anti-proton, which must - or should
>
> be presumed to - exist according to Dirac's theory of the electron.
>
> -6-
>
> Much of the accepted mathematics of particles would be wrong
>
> if the anti-proton was proved to be non-existent.Earlier
>
> Eddington has listed the fundamental particles as:-
>
> e The charge of an electron.
>
> m the mass of an electron.
>
> M the mass of a proton.
>
> h Planck's contant
>
> c The velocity of light.
>
> G The constant of gravitation, and
>
> L The cosmological constant
>
> It is generally held that no one of these can be inferred from
>
> the others.But electrons may well disappear from among the
>
> fundamental particles, though, as Russell says, it is likely that
>
> e and m will survive.The constants are much more established
>
> than the interpretation of them and are among the most solid of
>
> achievements in modern physics.
>
> * * *
>
> Gravity may be defined as a small scale departure from
>
> Euclidean space in the general theory of relativity.The
>
> gravitational constant is one of four dimensionless constants:
>
> first, the mass relation of the nucleon and electron.Second is
>
> e^2/hc, third, the Compton wavelength of the proton, and fourth
>
> is the gravitational constant, which is the ratio of the electrostatic
>
> -7-
>
> to the gravitational attraction between the electron and the
>
> proton.
>
> One of the stumbling blocks in electrogravitics is the
>
> absence of any satisfacotry theory linking these four dimension-
>
> less quantities.Of the four, moreover, gravity is decidedly the
>
> most complex, since any explanation would have to satisfy both
>
> cosmic and quantum relations more acceptably and intelligibly even
>
> than in the unified field theory.A gravitational constant of
>
> around 10^-30 has emerged from quantum research and this has
>
> been used as a tool for finding theories that could link the two
>
> relations.This work is now in full progress, and developments
>
> have to be watched for the aviation angle.Hitherto Dirac,
>
> Eddington, Jordan and others have produced differences in theory
>
> that are too wide to be accepted as consistent.It means therefore
>
> that (i) without a cosmological basis, and (ii) with an imprecise
>
> quantum basis and (iii) a vague hypothesis on the interaction,
>
> much remains still to be discovered.Indeed some say that a
>
> single interacting theory to link up the dimensionless constants
>
> is one of three major unresolved basic problems of physics.
>
> The other two main problems are the extension of quantum theory
>
> and a more detailed knowledge of the fundamental particles.
>
> All this is some distance from Newton, who saw gravity as
>
> a force acting on a body from a distance, leading to the tendency
>
> of bodies to accelerate towards each other.He allied this
>
> assumption with Euclidean geometry, and time was assumed as
>
> uniform and acted independently of space.Bodies and particles
>
> in space normally moved uniformly in straight lines according
>
> to Newton, and to account for the way they sometimes do not do
>
> so, he used the idea of a force of gravity acting at a distance,
>
> in which particles of matter cause in others an acceleration
>
> proportional to their mass, and inversely proportional to the
>
> -8-
>
> square of the distance between them.
>
> But Einstein showed how the principle of least action, or
>
> the so-called cosmic laziness means that particles, on the
>
> contrary, follow the easiest path along geodesic lines and as a
>
> result they get readily absorbed into space-time.So was born
>
> non-linear physics.The classic example of non-linear physics
>
> is the experiment in bombarding a screen with two slits.When
>
> both slits are open particles going through are not the sum of
>
> the two individually but follows a non-linear equation.This
>
> leads on to wave-particle dualism and that in turn to the
>
> Heisenberg uncertainty principle in which an increase in accuracy
>
> in measurement of one physical quantity means decreasing
>
> accuracy in measuring the other.If time is measured accurately
>
> energy calculations will be in error; the more accurate the
>
> position of a particle is established the less certain the velocity
>
> will be; and so on.This basic principle of the acausality of
>
> microphysics affects the study of gravity in the special and
>
> general theories of relativity.Lack of pictoral image in the
>
> quantum physics of this interrelationship is a difficulty at the
>
> outset for those whose minds remain obstinately Euclidean.
>
> In the special theory of relativity, space-time is seen only
>
> as an undefined interval which can be defined in any way that is
>
> convenient and the Newtonian idea of persistent particles in
>
> motion to explain gravity cannot be accepted.It must be seen
>
> rather as a synthesis of forces in a four dimensional continuum,
>
> three to establish the position and one the time.The general
>
> theory of relativity that followed a decade later was a
>
> geometrical explanation of gravitation in which bodies take the
>
> geodesic path through space-time.In turn this means that
>
> instead of the idea of a force acting at a distance it is assumed
>
> that space, time, radiation and particles are linked and
>
> variations in them from gravity are due rather to the nature of
>
> space.
>
> -9-
>
> Thus gravity of a body such as the earth, instead of pulling
>
> object towards it as Newton postulated, is adjusting the
>
> characteristics of space and, it may be inferred, the quantum
>
> mechanics of space in the vicinity of the gravitational force.
>
> Electrogravitics aims at correcting this adjustment to put
>
> matter, so to speak, 'at rest'.
>
> * * *
>
> One of the difficulties in 1954 and 1955 was to get aviation
>
> to take electrogravitics seriously.The name alone was enough
>
> to put people off.However, in the trade much progress has
>
> been made and now most major companies in the United States
>
> are interested in counterbary.Groups are being organised to
>
> study electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena.Most of
>
> industry's leaders have made some reference to it.Douglas
>
> has now stated that it has counterbary on its work agenda but
>
> does not expect results yet awhile.Hiller has referred to new
>
> forms of flying platform, Glenn Martin say gravity control could
>
> be achieved in six years, but they add that it would entail a
>
> Manhattan District type of effort to bring it about.Sikorsky,
>
> one of the pioneers, more or less agrees with the Douglas verdict
>
> and says that gravity is tangible and formidable, but there must
>
> be a physical carrier for this immense trans-spatial force.This
>
> implies that where a physical manifestation exists, a physical
>
> device and be developed for creating a similar force moving in
>
> the opposite direction to cancel it.Clarke Electronics state
>
> thay have a rig, and add that in their view the source of
>
> gravity's force will be understood sooner than some people
>
> think.General Electric is working on the use of electronic rigs
>
> designed to make adjustments to gravity - this line of attack
>
> has the advantage of using rigs already in existence for other
>
> defence work.Bell also has an experimental rig intended, as
>
> -10-
>
> the company puts it, to cancel out gravity, and Lawrence Bell
>
> has said he is convinced that practical hardware will emerge
>
> from current programs.Grover Leoning is certain that what
>
> he referred to as an electro-magnetic contra-gravity mechanism
>
> will be developed for practical use.Convair is extensively
>
> committed to the work with several rigs.Lear Inc., autopilot
>
> and electronic engineers have a division of the company working
>
> on gravity research and so also has the Sperry division of
>
> Sperry-Rand.This list embraces most of the U.S. aircraft
>
> industry.The remainder, Curtiss-Wright, Lockheed, Boeing
>
> and North American have not yet declared themselves, but all
>
> these four are known to be in various stages of study with and
>
> without rigs.
>
> In addition, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is
>
> working on gravity, the Gravity Research Foundation of New
>
> Boston, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the
>
> CalTech Radiation Laboratory, Princeton University and the
>
> University of North Carolina are all active in gravity.Glenn
>
> L. Martin is setting up a Research Institute for Advanced Study
>
> which has a small staff working on gravity research with the
>
> unified field theory and this group is committed to extensive
>
> programs of applied research.Many others are also known to
>
> be studying gravity, some are known also to be planning
>
> a general expansion in this field, such as the proposed
>
> Institute for Pure Physics at the University of North Carolina.
>
> A certain amount of work is also going on in Europe.One
>
> of the French nationalized constructors and one company outside
>
> the nationalized elements have been making preliminary studies,
>
> and a little company money has in one case actually been
>
> committed.Some work is also going on in Britain where rigs
>
> are now in existence.Most of it is private tenure work, such
>
> -11-
>
> as that being done by Ed Hull, a colleague of Townsend Brown
>
> who, as much as anybody, introduced Europe to electrogravitics.
>
> Aviation Studies' Gravity Research Group is doing some work,
>
> mainly on k studies, and is sponsoring dielectric investigations.
>
> One Swedish company and two Canadian companies have
>
> been making studies, and quite recently the Germans have
>
> woken up to the possibilities.Several of the companies have
>
> started digging out some of the early German papers on wave
>
> physics.They are almost certain to plan a gravitics program.
>
> Curiously enough the Germans during the war paid no attention
>
> to electrogravitics.This is one line of advance that they did
>
> not pioneer in any way and is still basically a U.S. creation.
>
> Townsend Brown in electrogravitics is the equivalent of Frank
>
> Whittle in gas turbines.This German overlooking of
>
> electrostatics is even more surprising when it is remembered
>
> how astonishingly advanced and prescient the Germans were in
>
> nuclear research.(The modern theory of making thermonuclear
>
> weapons without plutonium fission initiators returns to the original
>
> German idea that was dismissed, even ridiculed.The Germans
>
> never went very far with fission, indeed they doubted that this
>
> chain would ever be made to work.)The German air industry,
>
> still in the embryo stage, has included electrogravitics among
>
> the subjects it intends to examine when establishing the policy
>
> that the individual companies will adopt after the present early
>
> stage of foreign licence has enabled industry to get abreast
>
> of the other countries in aircraft development.
>
> * * *
>
> It is impossible to read through this summary of the
>
> widening efforts being made to understand the nature of matter
>
> of gravity without sharing the hope that many groups now have,
>
> of major theoretical breakthroughs occurring before very long.
>
> -12-
>
> Experience in nucleonics has shown that when attempts to win
>
> knowledge on this scale are made, advances are soon seen.
>
> There are a number of elements in industry, and some
>
> managements, who see gravity as a problem for later genera-
>
> tions.Many see nothing in it all and they might be right.But as
>
> said earlier, if Dr. Vaclav Hlavaty thinks gravity is
>
> potentially controllable that surely should be justification
>
> enough, and indeed inspiration, for physicists to apply their
>
> minds and for management to take a risk.Hlavaty is the only
>
> man who thinks he can see a way of doing the mathematics to
>
> demonstrate Einstein's unified field theory - something that
>
> Einstein himself said was beyond him.Relativity and the unified
>
> field theory go to the root of electrogravitics and the shifts
>
> in thinking, the hopes and fears, and a measure of progress is
>
> to be obtained only in the last resort from men of this stature.
>
> Major theoretical breakthroughs to discover the sources
>
> of gravity will be made by the most advanced intellects using
>
> the most advanced research tools.Aviation's role is therefore
>
> to impress upon physicists of this calibre with the urgency of
>
> the matter and to aid them with statistical and peripheral
>
> investigations that will help to clarify the background to the
>
> central mathematics and physical puzzles.Aviation could also
>
> assist by recruiting some of these men as advisers.Convair has
>
> taken the initiative with its recently established panel of advisers
>
> on nuclear projects, which include Dr. Edward Teller of the
>
> University of California.At the same time much can be done in
>
> development of laboratory rigs, condenser research and dielectric
>
> development, which do not require anything like the same
>
> cerebral capacity to get results and make a practical contribution.
>
> As gravity is likely to be linked with the new particles, only
>
> the highest powered particle accelerators are likely to be of use
>
> -13-
>
> in further fundamental knowledge.The country with the biggest
>
> tools of this kind is in the best position to examine the
>
> characteristics of the particles and from these countries the
>
> greatest advances seem most likely.
>
> Though the United States has the biggest of the bevatrons -
>
> the Berkeley bevatron is 6.2 bev - the Russians have a 10 bev
>
> accelerator in construction which, when it is completed, will
>
> be the world's largest.At Brookhaven a 25 bev instrument is
>
> in development which, in turn, will be the biggest.Other
>
> countries without comparable facilities are of course at a
>
> great disadvantage from the outset in the contest to discover the
>
> explanations of gravity.Electrogravitics, moreover, unfortunately
>
> competes with nuclear studies for its facilities.The clearest
>
> thinking brains are bound to be attracted to locations where the
>
> most extensive laboratory equipment exists.So, one way and
>
> another, results are most likely to come from the major
>
> countries with the biggest undertakings.Thus the nuclear
>
> facilities have a direct bearing on the scope for electrogravitics
>
> work.
>
> The OEEC report in January made the following points:-
>
> The U.S. has six to eight entirely different types of reactor in
>
> operation and many more under construction.Europe has now
>
> two different types in service.
>
> The U.S. has about 30 research reactors plus four in Britain,
>
> two in France.
>
> The U.S. has two nuclear-powered marine engines.Europe has
>
> none, but the U.K. is building one.
>
> Isotope separation plants for the enrichment of uranium in
>
> the U.S. are roughly 11 times larger than the European
>
> plant in Britain.
>
> Europe's only heavy water plant (in Norway) produces somewhat
>
> less than one-twentieth of American output.
>
> In 1955 the number of technicians employed in nuclear energy
>
> work in the U.S. was about 15,000; there are about 5,000 in
>
> Britain, 1,800 in France, and about 1,000 in the rest of
>
> Europe.But the working party says that pessimistic conclusions
>
> should not be drawn from these comparisons.European nuclear
>
> energy effort is evenly divided at the moment, but some
>
> countries have notable achievements to their credit and important
>
> developments in prospect.The main reason for optimism is
>
> that, taken as a whole, "Europe's present nuclear effort falls
>
> very far short of its industrial potential".
>
> Though gravity research, such as there has been of it,
>
> has been unclassified, new principles and information gained
>
> from the nuclear research facilities that have a vehicle application
>
> is expected to be withheld.
>
> The heart of the problem to understanding gravity is likely
>
> to prove to be the way in which the very high energy sub-nuclear
>
> particles convert something, whatever it is, continuously and
>
> automatically into the tremendous nuclear and electromagnetic
>
> forces.Once this key is understood, attention can later be
>
> directed to finding laboratory means of duplicating the process
>
> and reversing its force lines in some local environment and
>
> returning the energy to itself to produce counterbary.Looking
>
> beyond it seems possible that gravitation will be shown to be a
>
> part of the universal electro-magnetic processes and controlled
>
> -15-
>
> in the same way as a light wave or radio wave.This is a synthesis
>
> of the Einstein and Hlavaty concepts.Hence it follows that though
>
> in its initial form the mechanical processes for countering
>
> gravity may initially be massive to deal with the massive forces
>
> involved, eventually this could be expected to form some central
>
> power generation unit.Barycentric control in some required
>
> quantity could be passed over a distance by a form of radio
>
> wave.The prime energy source to energise the waves would
>
> of course be nuclear in its origins.
>
> It is difficult to say which lines of detailed development
>
> being processed in the immediate future is more likely to yield
>
> significant results.Perhaps the three most promising are:
>
> first, the new attempt by the team of men led by Chamberlain
>
> working with the Berkeley bevatron to find the anti-neutron,
>
> and to identify more of the characteristics of the anti-proton*
>
> and each of the string of high energy particles that have been
>
> discovered during recent operations at 6.2 bev.
>
> A second line of approach is the United States National
>
> Bureau of Standards program to pin down with greater accuracy
>
> the acceleration values of gravity.The presently accepted figure
>
> ___________________________________________________________
>
> *The reaction is as follows:protons are accelerated to 6.2 bev,
>
> and directed at a target of copper.When the proton projectile
>
> hits a neutron in one of the copper atoms the following emerge:
>
> the two original particles (the projectile and the struck neutron)
>
> and a new pair of particles, a proton and anti-proton.The
>
> anti-proton continues briefly until it hits another proton, then
>
> both disappear and decay into mesons.
>
> ___________________________________________________________
>
> -16-
>
> of 32.174 feet per second per second is known to be not
>
> comprehensive, though it has been sufficiently accurte
>
> for the limited needs of industry hitherto.The NBS program
>
> aims at re-determining the strength of gravity to within one
>
> part of a million. The present method thas been to hold a ball
>
> 16 feet up and chart the elapsed time of descent with electronic
>
> measuring equipment.The new program is based on the old, but
>
> with this exceptional degree of accuracy it is naturally immensely
>
> more difficult and is expected to take 3 years.
>
> A third promising line is the new technique of measuring
>
> high energy particles in motion that was started by the
>
> University of California last year.This involves passing
>
> cosmic rays through a chamber containing a mixture of gas,
>
> alcohol and water vapour.This creates charged atoms, or
>
> positive ions, by knocking electrons off the gas molecules.A
>
> sudden expansion of the chamber results in a condensation of
>
> water droplets along the track which can be plotted on a
>
> photographic plate.This method makes it easier to assess the
>
> energy of particles and to distinguish one from the other.It
>
> also helps to establish the characteristics of the different
>
> types of particles.The relationship between these high energy
>
> particles, and their origin, and characteristics, have a bearing
>
> on electrogravitics in general.
>
> So much of what has to be discovered as a necessary
>
> preliminary to gravity is of no practical use by itself.There is
>
> no conceivable use, for instance, for the anti-proton, yet its
>
> discovery even at a cost of $9-million is essential to check the
>
> mathematics of the fundamental components of matter.Similarly
>
> it is necessary to check that all the nuclear ghosts that have been
>
> postulated theoretically do in fact exist.It is not, moreover,
>
> sufficient, as in the past, only to observe the particles by
>
> -17-
>
> radiation counters.In each instance a mechanical maze has to
>
> be devised and attached to a particle accelerator to trap only
>
> the particle concerned.Each discovery becomes a wedge for
>
> a deeper probe of the nucleus.Many of the particles of very high
>
> energy have only a fleeting existence and collisions that give
>
> rise to them from bevatron
>
> --
>
> ZE [email protected] +351 53 22244ZarSoft Corporation
>
> "Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't go
> away."
>
> Philip K. Dick
>
> </PRE>
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