Body
Hi Norman,
I have seen a big stack of thick aluminum plates with semiconductors displayed at a museum over here (https://energimuseet.dk/?lang=en https://energimuseet.dk/?lang=en) that looks somewhat like the ones from the Wikipedia article:
That was an old module from a DC line between Denmark and either Sweden or Norway. I don't remember exactly which one it was from. I think each semiconductor operated at around 1kV.
Here is a picture from a Danish newspaper article from 2013 showing some old (1976) stacked thyristor AC/DC DC/AC valves. The article showing the picture is about a new fourth DC transmission line being built at that site to expand to four separate HV DC lines.
Source: https://viborg-folkeblad.dk/Rundt-om-Viborg-kultur/Tjele-station-har-styr-paa-stroemforsyningen/artikel/110378 https://viborg-folkeblad.dk/Rundt-om-Viborg-kultur/Tjele-station-har-styr-paa-stroemforsyningen/artikel/110378.
Here is a link to a simplified schematic of the three HV DC lines from before the fourth on was build: https://web.archive.org/web/20050426152005/http://www.transmission.bpa.gov:80/cigresc14/Compendium/Skagerr%20Pictures.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20050426152005/http://www.transmission.bpa.gov:80/cigresc14/Compendium/Skagerr%20Pictures.pdf. It's high current at 1kA or more. And the modern ones from the fourth new DC line built this decade looks like this:
Source: http://www.jakobsen-blindkilde.dk/sk4-dc-bygninger-tjele.html http://www.jakobsen-blindkilde.dk/sk4-dc-bygninger-tjele.html
For a high resolution picture see this: http://news.cision.com/abb/i/the-hvdc-light-valve-hall-at-the-skagerrak-link---between-kristiansand-in-southern-norway-and-tjele-,c2142464 http://news.cision.com/abb/i/the-hvdc-light-valve-hall-at-the-skagerrak-link---between-kristiansand-in-southern-norway-and-tjele-,c2142464 and choose original resolution.
This article (https://www.tdworld.com/transmission/conversion https://www.tdworld.com/transmission/conversion) explains what is inside each of the stacked layers. Each layer has thyristors (SCRs) and IGBTs. The thyristors are liquid cooled on both sides which make the modules more compact. Each thyristor has an area of 8cm2 but thyristors of 130cm2 are also available for a current of 4.5kA.
Source of this figure is the above article.
Here is a link to the history of the four HVDC lines and the reason for the fourth line opening in 2014; https://www.cno.org.co/sites/default/files/archivosAdjuntos/10_felipe_sobrinho_hvdc_abb.pdf https://www.cno.org.co/sites/default/files/archivosAdjuntos/10_felipe_sobrinho_hvdc_abb.pdf
Here are some links about stacking transistors.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224478061_Series_operation_of_power_MOSFETs_for_high-speed_high-voltage_switching_applications https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224478061_Series_operation_of_power_MOSFETs_for_high-speed_high-voltage_switching_applications
https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1876610217323111/1-s2.0-S1876610217323111-main.pdf?_tid=178bb111-e4cf-483c-92ad-4f5fde7f3219&acdnat=1543891358_9c00b5a0b6617b8dc4b7afff941b2d9e https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1876610217323111/1-s2.0-S1876610217323111-main.pdf?_tid=178bb111-e4cf-483c-92ad-4f5fde7f3219&acdnat=1543891358_9c00b5a0b6617b8dc4b7afff941b2d9e
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/55e1/b9d916cc8282e52ba3c4414aab6d640d653c.pdf https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/55e1/b9d916cc8282e52ba3c4414aab6d640d653c.pdf
http://cmosedu.com/jbaker/papers/1992/RSI631992.pdf http://cmosedu.com/jbaker/papers/1992/RSI631992.pdf
Regards
Ole
---In [email protected], <nwootan@...> wrote :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current,, This is an excellent link as to how it is done. My main interest is in the solid state switching at super high currents and voltages.
On 12/3/2018 7:44 AM, Norman Wootan nwootan@... mailto:nwootan@... [EVGRAY] wrote:
Ole, here is a comment that we often overlook. See: HVDC avoids the heavy currents required to charge and discharge the cable capacitance https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance each cycle. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system may still be justified, due to other benefits of direct current links. HVDC uses voltages between 100 kV and 1,500 kV.
On 12/3/2018 7:38 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current For those on the Group who commented on the method of rapidly switching the current in the plasma arc event, please review the discarding of the old mercury method of switching over to the newer solid state devices that now hammer out AC power in the giga-watts from HVDC transmission lines operating up to 800KV See: https://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2016/04/proposed_underwater_cable_in_erie_canal_would_send_upstate_electricity_to_nyc.html https://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2016/04/proposed_underwater_cable_in_erie_canal_would_send_upstate_electricity_to_nyc.html
https://www.power-technology.com/features/featurethe-worlds-longest-power-transmission-lines-4167964/ https://www.power-technology.com/features/featurethe-worlds-longest-power-transmission-lines-4167964/
On 12/3/2018 7:07 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
Talk about going back, look at this TRUISM.
On 12/16/2015 2:38 AM, benj wrote:
> Where does the future of physics lie?
>
<snip>
I am reminded of Donald Rumsfeld, former Secretary Of Defense, who was
well known for saying:
"Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting
to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we
know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we
know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown
unknowns – the ones we don't know we don't know."
All the best, Bill
Sincerely, we are playing in the unknown
unknowns – the ones we don't know we don't know. Happy hunting. Norm
On 12/2/2018 12:32 PM, Norman Wootan wrote:
See attached.
On 12/2/2018 12:29 PM, Norman Wootan wrote:
Sometimes you just have to go back to 9th Grade Science Class to get a handle on things! See: "Convention"!
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-1/voltage-current/ https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-1/voltage-current/
On 12/2/2018 12:13 PM, Norman Wootan wrote:
I added Fredric & Angel on here cause they are working with the HVDC grid. Mick, here are several articles regarding the future power transmission capabilities. See: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3463111_Electric_fields_and_ion_currents_of_a_400_kV_HVDC_test_line https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3463111_Electric_fields_and_ion_currents_of_a_400_kV_HVDC_test_line https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current There is always a method behind my madness. Lol
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_currents https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_currents You cannot know where you are going without knowledge of the past.
On 12/2/2018 9:44 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
http://www.dbc.wroc.pl/Content/3458/high_voltage_engineering.pdf http://www.dbc.wroc.pl/Content/3458/high_voltage_engineering.pdf
A lot of very useful information here.
On 12/1/2018 5:48 AM, Norman Wootan nwootan@... mailto:nwootan@... [EVGRAY] wrote:
From the attached PDF, The Energy machine of T. Henry Moray
1) Work with a highly nonlinear system like a plasma, 2) drive it
far from equilibrium by an abrupt discharge, and 3) work with the
appropriate elementary particles which maximize their influence
when interacting with the zero-point energy. Your quote. Resolve the elementary particles.
Moray, from your book that I thoroughly enjoyed when it first came out. After careful consideration, I wish for you to prepare an update to your book as presentation at next years Tesla Tech Conference. With all our research into how to provoke the anti-parallel magnetic flux annihilation and reconnect phenomenon in the plasma arc at our local lab bench, it is fitting and proper for You to do this presentation. All of the basic leg work is at your disposal to use as you need.
See: http://www.physics.ucla.edu/plasma-exp/research/MagFieldAnnihilation/index.html http://www.physics.ucla.edu/plasma-exp/research/MagFieldAnnihilation/index.html
excerpt: In conclusion, the present simple experiment gives a self-consistent picture of energy conversion from magnetic fields to particles which is the essence of magnetic field line re-connection/annihilation. In X-points only partial field conversion is possible, in O-points the conversion is total. Irrespective of classical collisions the drift of electrons through ions creates instabilities and anomalous resistivity, which dissipates magnetic energy and heats particles, mainly electrons. Hall physics controls the vicinity of the null region which in MHD theories was simply described by a black box of non-ideal plasma.
Steven, after due consideration, I will decline to do this presentation this year and elect to draft Moray to do the honors at next Conference if he should desire to do so. All of my curiosity was driven from the start by studying all of the research into the field of Tesla and Plasma Physics. Norm
On 11/28/2018 10:26 AM, Mbking42 wrote:
Thanks, Norm.
Would you like to speak at the 2019 Tesla conference?
I think your discussion on snapping (recombining) magnetic field lines would be terrific.
-Moray
-----Original Message-----
From: Norman Wootan <nwootan@...> mailto:nwootan@...
To: Mbking42 <mbking42@...> mailto:mbking42@...
Sent: Wed, Nov 28, 2018 3:17 am
Subject: Acoustic cavitation
I scrapped down one of these machines for the HV power supply and
thought of your cavitation studies. See attached. Norm