Body
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack This coating achieves the
highest absorptivity of all!
On 7/10/2018 7:24 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
>
> https://www.alibaba.com/showroom/peltier-chip.html Thay, I have had an
> account with Alibaba for many years and have ordered sample quantities
> of items from them. I really don"t know what the difference is between
> the refrigeration and generator chips. May be something in the
> semi-conductor material used. Alibaba is the cheapest source of the
> Peltier Junctions that I have found. I got a ton of the Marlow Ind.
> chips via salvage of Medical equipment and main frame computer
> systems. Regarding the black body solar panels, please go back and
> read the various articles that I have posed on my research. Recent
> break through on black body technology is fantastic. The latest from
> Industry is a total efficiency of greater than 99 percent absorptive!
> Thay! do your homework and read all the references to get the whole
> picture!
>
> https://www.aremco.com/news-item/new-hie-coat-840-c-high-temp-black-body-coating-offered/
>
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body
>
> Long, long ago I read an interesting article regarding the behavior of
> infrared radiation and quickly picked up on the fact that photons in
> the infrared / far-infrared region of light cannot penetrate a
> collector glazing at acute angles. 45 degrees or less. A black body
> surface is a near perfect receptor as well as a near perfect emmiter
> of photons. Proof of this is the fact that you can make ice on a
> clear sky over desert with a black body emmiter. The radiation into
> space of the IR band photons leave the surface in a gross negative
> state thereby creating temperatures below freezing. (Read my article
> What is Heat) The secret is in ionization phenomenon. Now let's look
> at the powerful ionization rays of full spectrum sun light. When the
> sunlight penetrates the glazing of your solar collector and strikes
> your black body receptor surface ,said surface becomes ionized gross
> positive due to photon re-emmision in the far infrared and infrared
> spectrum. The preponderance of this re-emmision from the black body
> surface is at 90 degrees to the surface. Hmmm. Now understanding
> that the infrared spectrum cannot penetrate the glazing (re-emmision,
> you just make your collector surface into 90 degree trouths ( so that
> re-emmission is at a 45 degree angle to underside glazing angle of
> incidence. A quarter silvered tempered glazing is real important
> here. The collector is super efficient when you encase the whole
> thing in thermal foam to prevent heat losses due to overall collector
> heating. The unit that I built was a zeolyte based collector and the
> super thermal efficient design sent the operating temperatures over
> 200 degrees and shattered the glazing. The collector back plane was
> made from a 4ft. X 8ft. sheet of mild steel bent in a metal break with
> 8 inch wide 90 degree troughs which gave me a IR re-emmision angle of
> incidence of 45 degrees (perponderence) You have now cut your losses
> of energy to the lowest possible. The application of the Peltier chip
> coating (array) to the front side and circulating cooling water or air
> to the backside of collector plane will give you more than 100 degree
> thermal differential across the chips thus yielding a very efficient
> overall collector. 10X greater output over photovoltaic collectors.
> Sure the cost is much greater but good investment. See:
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection
> https://physics.ucf.edu/~rep/publications/JournalPubs2010/ClearyGrating2010.pdf
>
> On 1/16/2016 10:06 AM, Norman wrote:
>
> PS:
>
> Natural infrared
>
> Sunlight, at an effective temperature of 5,780 kelvins, is composed of
> nearly thermal-spectrum radiation that is slightly more than half
> infrared. At zenith, sunlight provides an irradiance
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance>of just over 1 kilowatt
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt>per square meter at sea level.
> Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared radiation, 445 watts is visible
> light <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light>, and 32 watts is
> ultraviolet <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet>radiation.^[10]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#cite_note-10>
>
> On the surface of Earth, at far lower temperatures than the surface of
> the Sun, almost all thermal radiation consists of infrared in various
> wavelengths. Of these natural thermal radiation processes only
> lightning and natural fires are hot enough to produce much visible
> energy, and fires produce far more infrared than visible-light energy.
> If you are going to collect it you have to know what you are dealing with!
>
> On 1/16/2016 10:01 AM, Norman wrote:
>
> Back in the "day" 1996 when we were doing the "Elemental Replication/
> "holy water" experiments, the two Texas Instruments Chemist present
> told of how they created a "black-body absorber" by acid etch burning
> of hard chrome that produced a "blackest black" that you will ever
> see. Totally absorbed all light with no re-emission at all. This
> really "intrigued me for I was designing a very special "flat plate"
> solar collector, the design of which no one had thought of! The
> design of a collector that has "zero" re-emission means that you
> capture all of the solar influx energy with practically no loss back
> to the atmosphere other than the modest heating of the surrounding
> housing material. If you are interested in the possibility of a
> Peltier Junction Collector, it is wise to read the following document.
> http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31267.pdf
> There are other "tricks of the trade" which most "solar guys" are not
> aware of.
> Of course you cannot even think of designing "the perfect collector"
> without reading and totally understanding the subject of absorption/
> re-emission. Best start is: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared
> "Enjoy"! Norm
>
> On 1/15/2016 1:46 PM, Norman wrote:
>
> Moray! Here is a rundown on the use of the Peltier Junction Chips
> from back in the 60s. See;
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_Electric_Boatwhere
> large 8 ton capable solid state cooling (very compact) units were
> used on all the nuclear submarines since they had plenty of power
> available and these units took up very little room. ( I have numerous
> photos) Second generation computers and electronics used them for the
> obvious reasons due to compactness. Salvaging out of this old
> technology was done to recover the tons of 6061 extruded cooling and
> heating finned sinks. The Peltier chips went into a bin where I got
> thousands of them for the taking. I sold them for a buck apiece to my
> friend at B.G. Micro here in Dallas for he had customers waiting to
> get there hands on them. The wholesale price to Industry was at the
> time about $7.00 for the large 3 sq inch chip. The small chips were
> about $5.00. If the Electric Boat Engineers had known about the
> "reverse" process, they would have bonded via heat sinking putty the
> array of chips directly to the "cold" outer hull of the submarines and
> supplied a volume of steam to the hot side to deliver a tremendous
> amount of electric power from the vast area of the metal hull. "Just
> saying"! Lol To answer your question, since there is such a
> tremendous output/ sq. meter the Peltier solar panels would be well
> worth the investment. There are many ways to get the needed "heat
> differential" of which I can see your "brain massaging as I write
> this"! Since the chip construction is mostly ceramic & metal alloy
> construction, they can take a heat input much greater than I used and
> would give many times the power output. I can envision the
> development of a panel of similar dimensions as the solar panel with a
> continuous laminated membrane of the required semiconductor component
> to provide approximately 10 kw from 1X2 meter surface collector
> operating at 180 degrees under the glazing glass. Ground cool sinks
> could provide the cooling water at near ambient temperatures! "Dead
> Nuts" simple! Norm
> Roughly figuring, even using the Marlow Peltier large chips @ 3 sq,
> in. (1550 sq, in. / meter sq.) = 516 chips x $5 = $2583 for a yield
> of greater than 655 watts/ meter sq. Ain't shabby!
>
> On 1/14/2016 9:59 PM, Mbking42 wrote:
>
> Norm,
>
> That is creative! A Peltier junction solar heat to electricity converter.
> How cheap can an array of such junctions be made? Would it be
> significantly cheaper than today's solar panels?
> Good idea, Norm!
>
> -Moray
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Norman <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>
> To: Mbking42 <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>; jongen422
> <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>; jerrrysmith
> <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>; jsstone05
> <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>
> Cc: jdecker <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>;
> patrickgbailey <[email protected]>
> <mailto:[email protected]>; mleclair
> <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>
> Sent: Thu, Jan 14, 2016 8:38 am
> Subject: Re: Vortex cavitation energy
>
> Moray! "total agreement" here! Here is something to "ponder"! While
> studying Victor Schauberger's Implosion Vortex which I incorporated
> into my Patent of the Hydrogen Generator, I naturally had to
> understand the complex Hilsch tube vortex generator and how through
> "ion separation" at tremendous rotational velocities of over a million
> rpm caused the more dense, negative ionized air to migrate to the core
> discharge and exit as sub zero flow while the "positive ionized air
> swirled with high heat gain and exit at the hot air discharge port
> creating a mass flow proportion of 75% cold air discharge compared to
> a 25% hot air discharge. Heat differential ( this device) 40 degree
> F. cold air vs 270 degree hot air discharge from an input of 25 CFM @
> 100 PSI, 100 degree F. air. Different devices produce much colder
> and greater differentials. Now when you consider that a "plasmoid"
> is a, "As you just pointed out", "A poloidal rotation closing into a
> toroidal rotation, a spiral closing on itself". I perceive the
> rapidly rotating plasma toroidal ball as a complex implosion vortex
> (multiples) with a core of heavily "negative ionized particles" with
> an outer mantle of highly ionized "positive" particles. The infolding
> super high speed rotation causes the "charge separation. The
> "positive" outer mantle give the appearance of a "positive" event when
> in reality the core is "Negative". and more dense. The implosion
> vortex proves this to be true.
> Please give the following some thought!
> Back in the early 90s I wrote a small piece on my ideas as to "What is
> Heat"??? I posted this to KeelNet with no response. Since I was doing
> a lot of salvage work on 1st & 2nd generation computer equipment I was
> able to accumulate hundreds of Peltier Cooling Chips which are
> manufactured by Marlow Industries here in Dallas. If you can provide
> a DC current across this device and get "ion separation", a hot side
> and a cold side. it would be 'logical" (as Spock would say) to assume
> that a temperature differential across a junction device like this
> will yield a DC current @ a given voltage i.e. wattage output. BTW,
> all of this was posted to the KeelyNet after I performed the
> experiment with "no comments"! I carefully set up a "hot" sink of
> heated water pumped through a copper block (hot side) and a "cold""
> sink, with normal tap water flowing through a copper block on cold
> side! Here are the results of the Peltier Junction Chip output.
>
> Peltier Junction, small chip, 1.25" X 1.25" = 1.5625 sq." I used
> several different heat/cold differentials to provide a wattage output
> graph.
>
> 116 F. - 65 F. = 51 F. differential = .35 A @ .63 VDC = .22
> watts
> 119 F. - 63 F. = 56 F. differential = .40 A @ .69 VDC = .276 watts
> 158 F. - 63 F. = 95 F. differential = .70 A @ 1.21 VDC = .847 watts
> 163 F. - 62 F. = 101 F. differential = .80 A @ 1.29 VDC = 1.03 watts
>
> Peltier Junction, large chip, 1.75" X 1.75" = 3.06 sq"
>
> 127 F. - 65 F. = 62 F. differential = .80 A @ .62 VDC = .496
> watts
> 134 F. - 63 F. = 71 F. differential = .90 A @ .70 VDC =
> .63 watts
> 142 F. - 63 F. = 79 F. differential = 1.0 A @ .76 VDC =
> .76 watts
> 150 F. - 63 F. = 87 F. differential = 1.2 A @ .86 VDC = 1.03
> watts
> 157 F. - 62 F. = 95 F. differential = 1.22 A @! .93 VDC = 1.13
> watts
> 162 F. - 62 F. = 100 F. differential = 1.35 A @ 1.0 VDC = 1.35 watts
>
> Now consider that the "accepted" solar heat influx, full daytime
> sunlight is approximately one kilowatt / square meter.
> Photovoltaic solar collectors are just breaking the 10% efficiencies
> of converting the solar input into electrical output which means that
> they are achieving approximately 100 watts per square meter of
> collector surface.
>
> From the above Pelteir Junction table you can do a quick calculation
> and realize that the output is vastly superior to solar!
> The small chip puts out .659 watts / square inch X 1550 square inches
> / square meter = 1021.765 watts / square meter @ 101 F. differential.
>
> The large chip puts out .44 watts / square inch @ a temperature
> differential of 100 F. yielding (1550 square inches / square meter)
> 683.8 watts / meter square. Quite a difference compared to the 100
> watts / square meter for solar collectors. Any heat source with an
> attendant cold sink can provide electric power via Peltier Junction
> far superior to solar cells.
>
> Flat plate collectors in direct sunlight can achieve collector
> temperatures close to 180 F. so with a cold sink maintained by ambient
> temp water you can greatly outperform standard solar collection
> performance. I think "Spock" would agree!
>
> My ideas as to just "What is Heat"! Crude by thought provocative!
> Norm
>
> What is Heat #2
>
> For about 10 years I have been studying the effects of
>
> heating and cooling associated with the phase change of
>
> liquids with the hope of building a simple generator of
>
> electrical power around the phenomenon.The reason for this
>
> interest is based on the theory that energy can be extracted
>
> from the ambient background via thermal differentials.My
>
> line of thinking really took off back when I experimented
>
> with the all too familiar Peltier junction devices found in
>
> electronic cooling devices.Would you believe that most
>
> people do not understand how these devices move thermal
>
> energy through a current flow across a semiconductor
>
> junction.Historically we find thatGerman physicist,
>
> Thomas Seebeck back in 1820 observed that when heat was
>
> applied to a junction of copper and steel wire that
>
> electrical energy resulted.Later in 1834 Jean Peltier
>
> discovered that when a direct current was applied to two
>
> dissimilar metals the junction got hot or cold.It was not
>
> until 1838 that Emil Lenz clearly showed the importance of
>
> both Seebeck and Peltier s discoveries by placing a drop of
>
> water on the junction of dissimilar metals which froze then
>
> melted when the polarity of the direct current was
>
> reversed.These discoveries remained dormant for over 100
>
> years because of the unavailability of semiconductor
>
> materials which could provide the wide temperature
>
> differentials.In the 1930 s semiconductor materials became
>
> available which revived the electric cooling principles.In
>
> the 1960 s many companies began building spot cooling
>
> devices and refrigerators based on these effects using a
>
> junction material of bismuth-telluride. Today more advanced
>
> materials are used with the basic parameters of being a pore
>
> thermal conductor but being an excellent electrical
>
> conductor. The dissimilar materials must provide a high
>
> coefficient of voltage temperature relationship.The first
>
> Peltier devices that I experimented with back about 10 years
>
> ago were built by Marlow Industries here in Dallas.With a
>
> small temperature differential across the device a weak
>
> current with an attendant voltage was developed.Increasing
>
> the differential provided a proportional increase in current
>
> and voltage.About 6 years ago I posted a chart of the
>
> wattage generated from two different size Peltier chips on
>
> the KeelyNet BBS.My curiosity was based on the puzzle of
>
> how electron flow could move thermal energy across the
>
> junctions and how electrical energy was produced by moving
>
> thermal energy across the junction.This is a directly
>
> reversible situation based on polarity.
>
> Now let us look at a very familiar parallel process used in
>
> refrigeration, cooling and heating devices employing phase
>
> change material such as water and refrigerants.We have
>
> always been led to believe that evaporating water provided
>
> cooling effects which is a mechanical process. By the same
>
> mechanical process we are provided heating effects by the
>
> condensation of a gas back to a liquid phase change.Would
>
> you believe that any material that undergoes a phase change
>
> provides an attendant electrical effect.Back in 1840
>
> Armstrong invented an electrostatic generator based on
>
> escaping steam through insulated nozzles which provided one
>
> of the most powerful devices of this type ever built.
>
> Popular belief was that this was a frictional process with
>
> the electrical output resulting from the steam friction
>
> passing through the nozzles.After reading an old (1920 s)
>
> Thermodynamics in Chemistry text book I realized that the
>
> phase change of materials was an electrical phenomenon and
>
> not purely mechanical.The atoms of the material lose or
>
> gain electrons in the process which accounts for the
>
> discrepancy in the energy equation when a material
>
> transitions between phases.More energy is present after
>
> the phase change back to the lower form or atomic state. The
>
> text book stated that this phenomenon could not be
>
> explained.When Jerry and I attended a Conference hosted by
>
> Hal Puthoff down in Austin back about 6 years ago a
>
> physicist from Austria presented a paper on the phase change
>
> of water and the attendant electrical phenomenon which is
>
> totally not understood by modern science.Now my suspicions
>
> were confirmed that phase changes of materials are an
>
> electrostatic phenomenon, which leads us to the fundamental
>
> question of,What is heat?We were told in theschool
>
> that heat is the presence of energy and cool is the absence
>
> of energy.What is the form of this energy?Let us look at
>
> a very simple example of heating which may explain this
>
> process.When sunlight strikes an absorbing surface it is
>
> heated because electrons in the material are converted to
>
> photons which are emitted in the infrared band of light
>
> leaving the material in a net positive state or hot.The
>
> more electrons a material looses the hotter it becomes.Now
>
> the inverse situation is explored by evaporating some water
>
> from the surface of a material which leaves the surface in a
>
> net negative state or cold.Heat or cold is based on the
>
> ion relationship in the material.When we apply a flame
>
> (ionizing) to a material we cause the emission of photons
>
> which is basically stripping away electrons from the atomic
>
> structure causing a gross net positive situation to occur.
>
> Now we are getting a picture as to how an electric current
>
> across the Peltier junction can transport thermal energy
>
> (ions).Since the energy is in the form of presence or
>
> absence of electrons then it is a simple explanation as to
>
> how the process works.All phase change processes work the
>
> same way basically via ion transport and are not mechanical
>
> processes which we were taught.Everythingin chemistry is
>
> an electrical or electrostatic process at the atomic level
>
> based on the ionized state of the atoms involved.
>
> At a Vanguard Science Roundtable discussion several years ago
>
> we talked about the ion wind method of fire fighting in
>
> which ionized air will extinguish a flame because of the
>
> cooling effects.Now we see Patents issued based on
>
> negative ion spraying of a surface causing it to rapidly
>
> cool because it becomes net negative charged.This is a
>
> very efficient method of air conditioning because an ion
>
> generator operates at very high voltages with very little
>
> current involved.It is possible to develop this ion
>
> transport (thermal energy) to provide direct electrical
>
> output from very subtle temperature differentials.Remember
>
> that this is a direct reversible process where a thermal
>
> differential will cause a development of current and voltage
>
> as in the Peltier device.I hope that this dialog will
>
> provide some food for thought out there on the KeelyNet.
>
> Please provide some feedback on this very interesting line
>
> of experimentation.Norm
>
>
> BTW, when the Patent Office started researching "Super Conductivity"
> they ran right into Tesla's work with the idea of using the Linde,
> liquid air process to provide a super conductive Tesla Coil primary.
> Tesla understood the power of a "Cold Sink" with electron densities of
> a very high order! "Hmmmmn"!
>
>
>
> On 7/10/2018 5:01 AM, Thaelin [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>
>> Hi Norm:
>> I have a few of these that were in the ice chests and such. You
>> mention that some are coolers and others are generators. Can you
>> elaborate on what the differences are? For someone out in the rough,
>> a solar panel is a dead give away you are there. A black surface in
>> the same area would be hard to notice if you were not really looking.
>> This tech perks my interest for LV generation.
>>
>> thay
>>
>> --------------------------------------------
>> On Mon, 7/9/18, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY]
>> <[email protected]> wrote:
>>
>> Subject: Re: Fwd: Re: [EVGRAY] General info!
>> To: [email protected]
>> Date: Monday, July 9, 2018, 2:26 PM
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> Warren, I put together a one square ft. laminated
>> panel that had
>> 100 Peltier chips that proved the concept and yes,
>> they do produce
>> 10X more output per square meter of collector surface
>> over the
>> photovoltaic collectors with just the differential of
>> 100 degrees
>> F. It would take a pilot program funded to make sheets
>> of these
>> junctions. Dollars $$$$. Purchasing the Peltiers
>> from Alibaba,
>> China is the lowest prices I have found for the
>> Generator chips.
>> (bulk buy). BTW! They do make both chips,
>> refrigeration and
>> generator versions. Norm
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On 7/8/2018 12:36 PM,
>> Warren Keillor
>> [email protected]
>> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> Norman
>> If
>> we can
>> make test units, it would be good.
>> Cheers
>> Warren
>>
>>
>>
>> Sent
>> from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On Sun, 8 Jul 2018 at 11:43 AM,
>> Norman Wootan
>> [email protected]
>> [EVGRAY]
>> <[email protected]>
>> wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> I am searching my files as we
>> write
>> looking for Peltier tables of
>> output. If
>> sheets of bonded junctions
>> would be made,
>> this approach has 10X energy
>> output over
>> the photovoltaic approach per
>> square ft.
>> of space. Uses only temp
>> differential
>> from the ambient
>> environment.
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On
>> 7/8/2018 2:54 AM, Warren
>> Keillor [email protected]
>> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> Norman
>> You
>> have written the best
>> essay on this
>> subject I have ever
>> read.
>> What
>> an interesting concept,
>> well
>> researched.
>> By
>> carefully stating the
>> subject, you
>> also leave the door open
>> to further
>> research on a collective
>> basis, for
>> a group effort to build
>> practical
>> applications.
>> This
>> paper deserves
>> recognition in a
>> serious scientific
>> journal.
>> Cheers
>> Warren
>>
>> Sent
>> from
>> Yahoo Mail on
>> Android
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On Sat, 7 Jul
>> 2018 at 8:56
>> PM, Norman Wootan
>> [email protected]
>> [EVGRAY]
>> <[email protected]>
>> wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> Try
>> this one:
>>
>>
>>
>> What is
>> Heat
>> #3
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> For about 10
>> years
>> I have been
>>
>> studying the
>>
>> effects of
>> heating and
>>
>> cooling associated
>> with
>> the phase
>> change
>> of
>> liquids with
>> the
>> hope of
>>
>> building a simple
>>
>> generator of
>> electrical
>> power
>> around the
>>
>> phenomenon.
>>
>> The reason
>> for
>> this
>> interest is
>> based
>> on the
>> theory
>> that energy
>> can be
>> extracted
>> from the
>>
>> ambient background
>> via
>> thermal
>>
>> differentials.
>>
>> My
>> line of
>>
>> thinking really
>> took
>> off back when
>> I
>> experimented
>> with the all
>> too
>> familiar
>>
>> Peltier junction
>>
>> devices found in
>> electronic
>>
>> cooling devices.
>>
>> Would you
>>
>> believe that most
>> people do not
>>
>> understand how
>> these
>> devices move
>>
>> thermal
>> energy
>>
>> through a current
>> flow
>> across a
>>
>> semiconductor
>> junction.
>>
>> Historically
>> we
>> find that
>> German
>> physicist,
>> Thomas
>>
>> Seebeck back in
>> 1820
>> observed that
>> when
>> heat was
>> applied to a
>>
>> junction of copper
>> and
>> steel wire
>>
>> that
>> electrical
>> energy
>> resulted.
>>
>> Later in
>> 1834
>> Jean Peltier
>> discovered
>> that
>> when a direct
>>
>> current was
>>
>> applied to two
>> Dissimilar
>> metals
>> the
>>
>> junction got hot
>> or
>> cold. It
>> was
>> not
>> Until 1838
>> that
>> Emil Lenz
>>
>> clearly showed the
>>
>> importance of
>> Both Seebeck
>> and
>> Peltier s
>>
>> discoveries by
>>
>> placing a drop of
>> Water on the
>>
>> junction of
>>
>> dissimilar metals
>> which
>> froze then
>> Melted when
>> the
>> polarity of
>> the
>> direct current
>>
>> was
>> Reversed.
>>
>> These
>>
>> discoveries
>>
>> remained dormant
>> for
>> over 100
>> Years because
>> of the
>>
>> unavailability of
>>
>> semiconductor
>> Materials
>> which
>> could
>>
>> provide the wide
>>
>> temperature
>> Differentials.
>>
>> In the 1930
>> s
>> semiconductor
>>
>> materials became
>> Available
>> which
>> revived the
>>
>> electric cooling
>>
>> principles.
>>
>> In
>> The 1960 s
>> many
>> companies
>> began
>> building
>> spot
>> cooling
>> Devices and
>>
>> refrigerators
>> based
>> on these
>>
>> effects using a
>> Junction
>>
>> material of
>>
>> bismuth-telluride.
>> Today
>> more
>>
>> advanced
>> Materials are
>> used
>> with the
>> basic
>> parameters
>> of
>> being a pore
>> Thermal
>>
>> conductor but
>> being
>> an excellent
>>
>> electrical
>> Conductor.
>> The
>> dissimilar
>>
>> materials must
>>
>> provide a high
>> Coefficient
>> of
>> voltage
>>
>> temperature
>>
>> relationship.
>>
>> The first
>> Peltier
>>
>> devices that I
>>
>> experimented with
>> back
>> about 10
>>
>> years
>> ago were
>> built
>> by Marlow
>>
>> Industries here in
>>
>> Dallas. With
>>
>> a
>> small
>>
>> temperature
>>
>> differential
>> across
>> the device
>> a
>> weak
>> current with
>> an
>> attendant
>>
>> voltage was
>>
>> developed.
>>
>> Increasing
>> the
>>
>> differential
>>
>> provided a
>>
>> proportional
>>
>> increase in
>>
>> current
>> and voltage.
>>
>> About 6
>> years
>> ago I posted
>> a
>> chart of the
>> wattage
>>
>> generated from two
>>
>> different size
>>
>> Peltier chips on
>> the Keely Net
>>
>> BBS. My
>>
>> curiosity was
>> based
>> on the
>> puzzle
>> of
>> how electron
>> flow
>> could move
>>
>> thermal energy
>> across
>> the
>> junctions and
>> how
>> electrical
>> energy
>> was
>>
>> produced by moving
>> thermal
>> energy
>> across the
>>
>> junction. This
>> is a
>> directly
>> reversible
>>
>> situation based on
>>
>> polarity.
>> Now let us
>> look
>> at a very
>>
>> familiar parallel
>>
>> process used in
>> refrigeration,
>>
>> cooling and
>>
>> heating devices
>>
>> employing phase
>> change
>>
>> material such as
>> water
>> and
>>
>> refrigerants.
>>
>> We have
>> always been
>> led to
>> believe
>> that
>> evaporating
>> water
>> provided
>> cooling
>>
>> effects which is a
>>
>> mechanical
>>
>> process. By the
>>
>> same
>> mechanical
>>
>> process we are
>>
>> provided heating
>>
>> effects by the
>> condensation
>> of a
>> gas back to a
>> liquid
>> phase
>>
>> change. Would
>>
>> you believe
>> that
>> any material
>> that
>> undergoes a
>> phase
>> change
>> provides an
>>
>> attendant
>>
>> electrical effect.
>>
>> Back in
>>
>> 1840
>> Armstrong
>>
>> invented an
>>
>> electrostatic
>>
>> generator based on
>> escaping
>> steam
>> through
>>
>> insulated nozzles
>> which
>> provided one
>> of the most
>>
>> powerful devices
>> of
>> this type ever
>>
>> built.
>> Popular
>> belief
>> was that
>> this
>> was a
>>
>> frictional process
>>
>> with
>> the
>>
>> electrical output
>>
>> resulting from the
>> steam
>> friction
>> passing
>>
>> through the
>>
>> nozzles. After
>>
>> reading an old
>> (1920
>> s)
>> Thermodynamics
>> in
>> Chemistry text
>> book I
>> realized
>> that
>> the
>> phase change
>> of
>> materials was
>> an
>> electrical
>>
>> phenomenon and
>> not purely
>>
>> mechanical.
>>
>> The atoms
>> of the
>> material
>> lose
>> or
>> gain
>>
>> electrons in the
>>
>> process which
>>
>> accounts for the
>> discrepancy
>> in the
>> energy
>>
>> equation when a
>>
>> material
>> transitions
>>
>> between phases.
>>
>> More energy
>> is
>> present after
>> the phase
>> change
>> back to the
>> lower
>> form or
>> atomic
>> state. The
>> text book
>> stated
>> that this
>>
>> phenomenon could
>> not
>> be
>> explained.
>>
>> When Jerry
>> and I
>> attended a
>>
>> Conference hosted
>>
>> by
>> Hal Puthoff
>> down
>> in Austin
>> back
>> about 6 years
>> ago
>> a
>> Physicist
>> from
>> Austria
>>
>> presented a paper
>> on the
>> phase
>>
>> change
>> of water and
>> the
>> attendant
>>
>> electrical
>>
>> phenomenon which
>>
>> is
>> totally not
>>
>> understood by
>> modern
>> science.
>>
>> Now my
>>
>> suspicions
>> were
>>
>> confirmed that
>> phase
>> changes of
>>
>> materials are an
>> electrostatic
>>
>> phenomenon, which
>> leads
>> us to the
>>
>> fundamental
>> question of,
>>
>> What is
>>
>> heat? We
>> were
>> told in the
>>
>> school
>> that heat is
>> the
>> presence of
>> energy
>> and cool is
>> the
>> absence
>> of energy.
>>
>> What is the
>> form
>> of this
>>
>> energy? Let
>> us
>> look at
>> a
>> very simple
>>
>> example of heating
>> which
>> may explain
>>
>> this
>> process.
>>
>> When
>>
>> sunlight strikes
>> an
>> absorbing
>>
>> surface it is
>> heated
>>
>> because electrons
>> in the
>> material
>> are
>> converted to
>> photons which
>> are
>> emitted in the
>>
>> infrared band of
>>
>> light
>> leaving the
>>
>> material in a net
>>
>> positive state or
>>
>> hot. The
>> more
>>
>> electrons a
>>
>> material loses the
>> hotter
>> it becomes.
>>
>> Now
>> the inverse
>>
>> situation is
>>
>> explored by
>>
>> evaporating some
>>
>> water
>> from the
>>
>> surface of a
>>
>> material which
>> leaves
>> the surface
>> in
>> a
>> net negative
>> state
>> or cold.
>>
>> Heat or
>> cold
>> is based on
>>
>> the
>> ion
>>
>> relationship in
>> the
>> material.
>>
>> When we
>> apply
>> a flame
>> (ionizing) to
>> a
>> material we
>> cause
>> the emission
>> of
>> photons
>> which is
>>
>> basically
>>
>> stripping away
>>
>> electrons from the
>>
>> atomic
>> structure
>>
>> causing a gross
>> net
>> positive
>>
>> situation to
>>
>> occur.
>> Now we are
>>
>> getting a picture
>> as to
>> how an
>>
>> electric current
>> across the
>>
>> Peltier junction
>> can
>> transport
>>
>> thermal energy
>> (ions).
>>
>> Since the
>> energy
>> is in the
>> form
>> of presence
>>
>> or
>> absence of
>>
>> electrons then it
>> is a
>> simple
>>
>> explanation as to
>> how the
>>
>> process works.
>>
>> All phase
>> change
>> processes
>> work
>> the
>> same way
>>
>> basically via ion
>>
>> transport and are
>> not
>> mechanical
>> processes
>> which
>> we were
>>
>> taught. Everything
>>
>> in
>>
>> chemistry is
>> an electrical
>> or
>> electrostatic
>>
>> process at the
>> atomic
>> level
>> based on the
>>
>> ionized state of
>> the
>> atoms
>>
>> involved.
>> At a Vanguard
>>
>> Science Roundtable
>>
>> discussion several
>> years
>> ago
>> we talked
>> about
>> the ion wind
>> method
>> of fire
>>
>> fighting in
>> which ionized
>> air
>> will
>>
>> extinguish a flame
>>
>> because of the
>> cooling
>>
>> effects. Now
>> we see
>> Patents
>> issued
>> based on
>> negative ion
>>
>> spraying of a
>>
>> surface causing it
>> to
>> rapidly
>> cool because
>> it
>> becomes net
>>
>> negative charged.
>>
>> This is a
>> very
>>
>> efficient method
>> of
>>
>> air-conditioning
>>
>> because an ion
>> generator
>> operates
>> at very
>> high
>> voltages with
>> very
>> little
>>
>>
>> current
>>
>> involved.
>>
>> It is
>>
>> possible to
>>
>> develop this ion
>> transport
>>
>> (thermal energy)
>> to
>> provide direct
>>
>> electrical
>> output from
>> very
>> subtle
>>
>> temperature
>>
>> differentials.
>>
>> Remember
>> that this is
>> a
>> direct
>>
>> reversible process
>> where
>> a thermal
>> differential
>> will
>> cause a
>>
>> development of
>>
>> current and
>>
>> voltage
>> as in the
>>
>> Peltier device.
>>
>> I hope that
>> this
>> dialog will
>> provide some
>> food
>> for thought
>> out
>> there on the
>> Keely
>> Net.
>> Please
>>
>> provide some
>>
>> feedback on this
>> very
>> interesting
>>
>> line
>> of
>>
>> experimentation.
>>
>> Norm
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On
>>
>> 7/7/2018 5:38 PM,
>> [email protected]
>> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> Norm,
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> Part of
>>
>> your heat
>>
>> treatise was
>>
>> evaporated by
>>
>> yahoo, feel
>>
>> free to send
>> to
>> my email,
>>
>> very
>>
>> interesting
>>
>> topic that
>>
>> bummed me out
>>
>> when I hit
>>
>> "Would" and
>>
>> nothing
>>
>> further!
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> In
>>
>> respect to my
>>
>> wireless
>>
>> energy
>>
>> experiment I
>>
>> have found PNP
>> to
>> be superior
>> to
>> NPN, maybe
>>
>> they shut off
>>
>> faster being
>>
>> always on or
>>
>> maybe the end
>>
>> result is more
>>
>> hole ish.
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> #yiv7877672524 #yiv7877672524 --
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>>
>