Body
https://www.alibaba.com/showroom/peltier-chip.html Thay, I have had
an account with Alibaba for many years and have ordered sample
quantities of items from them. I really don"t know what the difference
is between the refrigeration and generator chips. May be something in
the semi-conductor material used. Alibaba is the cheapest source of
the Peltier Junctions that I have found. I got a ton of the Marlow Ind.
chips via salvage of Medical equipment and main frame computer systems.
Regarding the black body solar panels, please go back and read the
various articles that I have posed on my research. Recent break through
on black body technology is fantastic. The latest from Industry is a
total efficiency of greater than 99 percent absorptive! Thay! do your
homework and read all the references to get the whole picture!
https://www.aremco.com/news-item/new-hie-coat-840-c-high-temp-black-body-coating-offered/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body
Long, long ago I read an interesting article regarding the behavior of
infrared radiation and quickly picked up on the fact that photons in the
infrared / far-infrared region of light cannot penetrate a collector
glazing at acute angles. 45 degrees or less. A black body surface is a
near perfect receptor as well as a near perfect emmiter of photons.
Proof of this is the fact that you can make ice on a clear sky over
desert with a black body emmiter. The radiation into space of the IR
band photons leave the surface in a gross negative state thereby
creating temperatures below freezing. (Read my article What is Heat) The
secret is in ionization phenomenon. Now let's look at the powerful
ionization rays of full spectrum sun light. When the sunlight penetrates
the glazing of your solar collector and strikes your black body receptor
surface ,said surface becomes ionized gross positive due to photon
re-emmision in the far infrared and infrared spectrum. The preponderance
of this re-emmision from the black body surface is at 90 degrees to the
surface. Hmmm. Now understanding that the infrared spectrum cannot
penetrate the glazing (re-emmision, you just make your collector surface
into 90 degree trouths ( so that re-emmission is at a 45 degree angle
to underside glazing angle of incidence. A quarter silvered tempered
glazing is real important here. The collector is super efficient when
you encase the whole thing in thermal foam to prevent heat losses due to
overall collector heating. The unit that I built was a zeolyte based
collector and the super thermal efficient design sent the operating
temperatures over 200 degrees and shattered the glazing. The collector
back plane was made from a 4ft. X 8ft. sheet of mild steel bent in a
metal break with 8 inch wide 90 degree troughs which gave me a IR
re-emmision angle of incidence of 45 degrees (perponderence) You have
now cut your losses of energy to the lowest possible. The application
of the Peltier chip coating (array) to the front side and circulating
cooling water or air to the backside of collector plane will give you
more than 100 degree thermal differential across the chips thus yielding
a very efficient overall collector. 10X greater output over photovoltaic
collectors. Sure the cost is much greater but good investment. See:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection
https://physics.ucf.edu/~rep/publications/JournalPubs2010/ClearyGrating2010.pdf
On 1/16/2016 10:06 AM, Norman wrote:
PS:
Natural infrared
Sunlight, at an effective temperature of 5,780 kelvins, is composed of
nearly thermal-spectrum radiation that is slightly more than half
infrared. At zenith, sunlight provides an irradiance
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance>of just over 1 kilowatt
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt>per square meter at sea level.
Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared radiation, 445 watts is visible
light <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light>, and 32 watts is
ultraviolet <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet>radiation.^[10]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#cite_note-10>
On the surface of Earth, at far lower temperatures than the surface of
the Sun, almost all thermal radiation consists of infrared in various
wavelengths. Of these natural thermal radiation processes only lightning
and natural fires are hot enough to produce much visible energy, and
fires produce far more infrared than visible-light energy.
If you are going to collect it you have to know what you are dealing with!
On 1/16/2016 10:01 AM, Norman wrote:
Back in the "day" 1996 when we were doing the "Elemental Replication/
"holy water" experiments, the two Texas Instruments Chemist present told
of how they created a "black-body absorber" by acid etch burning of hard
chrome that produced a "blackest black" that you will ever see. Totally
absorbed all light with no re-emission at all. This really "intrigued
me for I was designing a very special "flat plate" solar collector, the
design of which no one had thought of! The design of a collector that
has "zero" re-emission means that you capture all of the solar influx
energy with practically no loss back to the atmosphere other than the
modest heating of the surrounding housing material. If you are
interested in the possibility of a Peltier Junction Collector, it is
wise to read the following document.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31267.pdf
There are other "tricks of the trade" which most "solar guys" are not
aware of.
Of course you cannot even think of designing "the perfect collector"
without reading and totally understanding the subject of absorption/
re-emission. Best start is: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared
"Enjoy"! Norm
On 1/15/2016 1:46 PM, Norman wrote:
Moray! Here is a rundown on the use of the Peltier Junction Chips from
back in the 60s. See;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_Electric_Boatwhere large
8 ton capable solid state cooling (very compact) units were used on all
the nuclear submarines since they had plenty of power available and
these units took up very little room. ( I have numerous photos) Second
generation computers and electronics used them for the obvious reasons
due to compactness. Salvaging out of this old technology was done to
recover the tons of 6061 extruded cooling and heating finned sinks. The
Peltier chips went into a bin where I got thousands of them for the
taking. I sold them for a buck apiece to my friend at B.G. Micro here
in Dallas for he had customers waiting to get there hands on them. The
wholesale price to Industry was at the time about $7.00 for the large 3
sq inch chip. The small chips were about $5.00. If the Electric Boat
Engineers had known about the "reverse" process, they would have bonded
via heat sinking putty the array of chips directly to the "cold" outer
hull of the submarines and supplied a volume of steam to the hot side to
deliver a tremendous amount of electric power from the vast area of the
metal hull. "Just saying"! Lol To answer your question, since there
is such a tremendous output/ sq. meter the Peltier solar panels would
be well worth the investment. There are many ways to get the needed
"heat differential" of which I can see your "brain massaging as I write
this"! Since the chip construction is mostly ceramic & metal alloy
construction, they can take a heat input much greater than I used and
would give many times the power output. I can envision the development
of a panel of similar dimensions as the solar panel with a continuous
laminated membrane of the required semiconductor component to provide
approximately 10 kw from 1X2 meter surface collector operating at 180
degrees under the glazing glass. Ground cool sinks could provide the
cooling water at near ambient temperatures! "Dead Nuts" simple! Norm
Roughly figuring, even using the Marlow Peltier large chips @ 3 sq, in.
(1550 sq, in. / meter sq.) = 516 chips x $5 = $2583 for a yield of
greater than 655 watts/ meter sq. Ain't shabby!
On 1/14/2016 9:59 PM, Mbking42 wrote:
Norm,
That is creative! A Peltier junction solar heat to electricity converter.
How cheap can an array of such junctions be made? Would it be
significantly cheaper than today's solar panels?
Good idea, Norm!
-Moray
-----Original Message-----
From: Norman <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>
To: Mbking42 <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>; jongen422
<[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>; jerrrysmith
<[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>; jsstone05
<[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>
Cc: jdecker <[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>;
patrickgbailey <[email protected]>
<mailto:[email protected]>; mleclair
<[email protected]> <mailto:[email protected]>
Sent: Thu, Jan 14, 2016 8:38 am
Subject: Re: Vortex cavitation energy
Moray! "total agreement" here! Here is something to "ponder"! While
studying Victor Schauberger's Implosion Vortex which I incorporated into
my Patent of the Hydrogen Generator, I naturally had to understand the
complex Hilsch tube vortex generator and how through "ion separation" at
tremendous rotational velocities of over a million rpm caused the more
dense, negative ionized air to migrate to the core discharge and exit as
sub zero flow while the "positive ionized air swirled with high heat
gain and exit at the hot air discharge port creating a mass flow
proportion of 75% cold air discharge compared to a 25% hot air
discharge. Heat differential ( this device) 40 degree F. cold air vs 270
degree hot air discharge from an input of 25 CFM @ 100 PSI, 100 degree
F. air. Different devices produce much colder and greater
differentials. Now when you consider that a "plasmoid" is a, "As you
just pointed out", "A poloidal rotation closing into a toroidal
rotation, a spiral closing on itself". I perceive the rapidly rotating
plasma toroidal ball as a complex implosion vortex (multiples) with a
core of heavily "negative ionized particles" with an outer mantle of
highly ionized "positive" particles. The infolding super high speed
rotation causes the "charge separation. The "positive" outer mantle give
the appearance of a "positive" event when in reality the core is
"Negative". and more dense. The implosion vortex proves this to be true.
Please give the following some thought!
Back in the early 90s I wrote a small piece on my ideas as to "What is
Heat"??? I posted this to KeelNet with no response. Since I was doing a
lot of salvage work on 1st & 2nd generation computer equipment I was
able to accumulate hundreds of Peltier Cooling Chips which are
manufactured by Marlow Industries here in Dallas. If you can provide a
DC current across this device and get "ion separation", a hot side and a
cold side. it would be 'logical" (as Spock would say) to assume that a
temperature differential across a junction device like this will yield a
DC current @ a given voltage i.e. wattage output. BTW, all of this was
posted to the KeelyNet after I performed the experiment with "no
comments"! I carefully set up a "hot" sink of heated water pumped
through a copper block (hot side) and a "cold"" sink, with normal tap
water flowing through a copper block on cold side! Here are the
results of the Peltier Junction Chip output.
Peltier Junction, small chip, 1.25" X 1.25" = 1.5625 sq." I used
several different heat/cold differentials to provide a wattage output graph.
116 F. - 65 F. = 51 F. differential = .35 A @ .63 VDC = .22 watts
119 F. - 63 F. = 56 F. differential = .40 A @ .69 VDC = .276 watts
158 F. - 63 F. = 95 F. differential = .70 A @ 1.21 VDC = .847 watts
163 F. - 62 F. = 101 F. differential = .80 A @ 1.29 VDC = 1.03 watts
Peltier Junction, large chip, 1.75" X 1.75" = 3.06 sq"
127 F. - 65 F. = 62 F. differential = .80 A @ .62 VDC = .496 watts
134 F. - 63 F. = 71 F. differential = .90 A @ .70 VDC = .63
watts
142 F. - 63 F. = 79 F. differential = 1.0 A @ .76 VDC = .76
watts
150 F. - 63 F. = 87 F. differential = 1.2 A @ .86 VDC = 1.03 watts
157 F. - 62 F. = 95 F. differential = 1.22 A @! .93 VDC = 1.13 watts
162 F. - 62 F. = 100 F. differential = 1.35 A @ 1.0 VDC = 1.35 watts
Now consider that the "accepted" solar heat influx, full daytime
sunlight is approximately one kilowatt / square meter.
Photovoltaic solar collectors are just breaking the 10% efficiencies of
converting the solar input into electrical output which means that they
are achieving approximately 100 watts per square meter of collector surface.
From the above Pelteir Junction table you can do a quick calculation
and realize that the output is vastly superior to solar!
The small chip puts out .659 watts / square inch X 1550 square inches /
square meter = 1021.765 watts / square meter @ 101 F. differential.
The large chip puts out .44 watts / square inch @ a temperature
differential of 100 F. yielding (1550 square inches / square meter)
683.8 watts / meter square. Quite a difference compared to the 100
watts / square meter for solar collectors. Any heat source with an
attendant cold sink can provide electric power via Peltier Junction far
superior to solar cells.
Flat plate collectors in direct sunlight can achieve collector
temperatures close to 180 F. so with a cold sink maintained by ambient
temp water you can greatly outperform standard solar collection
performance. I think "Spock" would agree!
My ideas as to just "What is Heat"! Crude by thought provocative! Norm
What is Heat #2
For about 10 years I have been studying the effects of
heating and cooling associated with the phase change of
liquids with the hope of building a simple generator of
electrical power around the phenomenon.The reason for this
interest is based on the theory that energy can be extracted
from the ambient background via thermal differentials.My
line of thinking really took off back when I experimented
with the all too familiar Peltier junction devices found in
electronic cooling devices.Would you believe that most
people do not understand how these devices move thermal
energy through a current flow across a semiconductor
junction.Historically we find thatGerman physicist,
Thomas Seebeck back in 1820 observed that when heat was
applied to a junction of copper and steel wire that
electrical energy resulted.Later in 1834 Jean Peltier
discovered that when a direct current was applied to two
dissimilar metals the junction got hot or cold.It was not
until 1838 that Emil Lenz clearly showed the importance of
both Seebeck and Peltier s discoveries by placing a drop of
water on the junction of dissimilar metals which froze then
melted when the polarity of the direct current was
reversed.These discoveries remained dormant for over 100
years because of the unavailability of semiconductor
materials which could provide the wide temperature
differentials.In the 1930 s semiconductor materials became
available which revived the electric cooling principles.In
the 1960 s many companies began building spot cooling
devices and refrigerators based on these effects using a
junction material of bismuth-telluride. Today more advanced
materials are used with the basic parameters of being a pore
thermal conductor but being an excellent electrical
conductor. The dissimilar materials must provide a high
coefficient of voltage temperature relationship.The first
Peltier devices that I experimented with back about 10 years
ago were built by Marlow Industries here in Dallas.With a
small temperature differential across the device a weak
current with an attendant voltage was developed.Increasing
the differential provided a proportional increase in current
and voltage.About 6 years ago I posted a chart of the
wattage generated from two different size Peltier chips on
the KeelyNet BBS.My curiosity was based on the puzzle of
how electron flow could move thermal energy across the
junctions and how electrical energy was produced by moving
thermal energy across the junction.This is a directly
reversible situation based on polarity.
Now let us look at a very familiar parallel process used in
refrigeration, cooling and heating devices employing phase
change material such as water and refrigerants.We have
always been led to believe that evaporating water provided
cooling effects which is a mechanical process. By the same
mechanical process we are provided heating effects by the
condensation of a gas back to a liquid phase change.Would
you believe that any material that undergoes a phase change
provides an attendant electrical effect.Back in 1840
Armstrong invented an electrostatic generator based on
escaping steam through insulated nozzles which provided one
of the most powerful devices of this type ever built.
Popular belief was that this was a frictional process with
the electrical output resulting from the steam friction
passing through the nozzles.After reading an old (1920 s)
Thermodynamics in Chemistry text book I realized that the
phase change of materials was an electrical phenomenon and
not purely mechanical.The atoms of the material lose or
gain electrons in the process which accounts for the
discrepancy in the energy equation when a material
transitions between phases.More energy is present after
the phase change back to the lower form or atomic state. The
text book stated that this phenomenon could not be
explained.When Jerry and I attended a Conference hosted by
Hal Puthoff down in Austin back about 6 years ago a
physicist from Austria presented a paper on the phase change
of water and the attendant electrical phenomenon which is
totally not understood by modern science.Now my suspicions
were confirmed that phase changes of materials are an
electrostatic phenomenon, which leads us to the fundamental
question of,What is heat?We were told in theschool
that heat is the presence of energy and cool is the absence
of energy.What is the form of this energy?Let us look at
a very simple example of heating which may explain this
process.When sunlight strikes an absorbing surface it is
heated because electrons in the material are converted to
photons which are emitted in the infrared band of light
leaving the material in a net positive state or hot.The
more electrons a material looses the hotter it becomes.Now
the inverse situation is explored by evaporating some water
from the surface of a material which leaves the surface in a
net negative state or cold.Heat or cold is based on the
ion relationship in the material.When we apply a flame
(ionizing) to a material we cause the emission of photons
which is basically stripping away electrons from the atomic
structure causing a gross net positive situation to occur.
Now we are getting a picture as to how an electric current
across the Peltier junction can transport thermal energy
(ions).Since the energy is in the form of presence or
absence of electrons then it is a simple explanation as to
how the process works.All phase change processes work the
same way basically via ion transport and are not mechanical
processes which we were taught.Everythingin chemistry is
an electrical or electrostatic process at the atomic level
based on the ionized state of the atoms involved.
At a Vanguard Science Roundtable discussion several years ago
we talked about the ion wind method of fire fighting in
which ionized air will extinguish a flame because of the
cooling effects.Now we see Patents issued based on
negative ion spraying of a surface causing it to rapidly
cool because it becomes net negative charged.This is a
very efficient method of air conditioning because an ion
generator operates at very high voltages with very little
current involved.It is possible to develop this ion
transport (thermal energy) to provide direct electrical
output from very subtle temperature differentials.Remember
that this is a direct reversible process where a thermal
differential will cause a development of current and voltage
as in the Peltier device.I hope that this dialog will
provide some food for thought out there on the KeelyNet.
Please provide some feedback on this very interesting line
of experimentation.Norm
BTW, when the Patent Office started researching "Super Conductivity"
they ran right into Tesla's work with the idea of using the Linde,
liquid air process to provide a super conductive Tesla Coil primary.
Tesla understood the power of a "Cold Sink" with electron densities of a
very high order! "Hmmmmn"!
On 7/10/2018 5:01 AM, Thaelin [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>
> Hi Norm:
> I have a few of these that were in the ice chests and such. You
> mention that some are coolers and others are generators. Can you
> elaborate on what the differences are? For someone out in the rough, a
> solar panel is a dead give away you are there. A black surface in the
> same area would be hard to notice if you were not really looking. This
> tech perks my interest for LV generation.
>
> thay
>
> --------------------------------------------
> On Mon, 7/9/18, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY]
> <[email protected]> wrote:
>
> Subject: Re: Fwd: Re: [EVGRAY] General info!
> To: [email protected]
> Date: Monday, July 9, 2018, 2:26 PM
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> Warren, I put together a one square ft. laminated
> panel that had
> 100 Peltier chips that proved the concept and yes,
> they do produce
> 10X more output per square meter of collector surface
> over the
> photovoltaic collectors with just the differential of
> 100 degrees
> F. It would take a pilot program funded to make sheets
> of these
> junctions. Dollars $$$$. Purchasing the Peltiers
> from Alibaba,
> China is the lowest prices I have found for the
> Generator chips.
> (bulk buy). BTW! They do make both chips,
> refrigeration and
> generator versions. Norm
>
>
>
>
> On 7/8/2018 12:36 PM,
> Warren Keillor
> [email protected]
> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> Norman
> If
> we can
> make test units, it would be good.
> Cheers
> Warren
>
>
>
> Sent
> from Yahoo Mail on Android
>
>
>
>
> On Sun, 8 Jul 2018 at 11:43 AM,
> Norman Wootan
> [email protected]
> [EVGRAY]
> <[email protected]>
> wrote:
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> I am searching my files as we
> write
> looking for Peltier tables of
> output. If
> sheets of bonded junctions
> would be made,
> this approach has 10X energy
> output over
> the photovoltaic approach per
> square ft.
> of space. Uses only temp
> differential
> from the ambient
> environment.
>
>
>
>
>
> On
> 7/8/2018 2:54 AM, Warren
> Keillor [email protected]
> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> Norman
> You
> have written the best
> essay on this
> subject I have ever
> read.
> What
> an interesting concept,
> well
> researched.
> By
> carefully stating the
> subject, you
> also leave the door open
> to further
> research on a collective
> basis, for
> a group effort to build
> practical
> applications.
> This
> paper deserves
> recognition in a
> serious scientific
> journal.
> Cheers
> Warren
>
> Sent
> from
> Yahoo Mail on
> Android
>
>
>
>
> On Sat, 7 Jul
> 2018 at 8:56
> PM, Norman Wootan
> [email protected]
> [EVGRAY]
> <[email protected]>
> wrote:
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> Try
> this one:
>
>
>
> What is
> Heat
> #3
>
>
>
>
> For about 10
> years
> I have been
>
> studying the
>
> effects of
> heating and
>
> cooling associated
> with
> the phase
> change
> of
> liquids with
> the
> hope of
>
> building a simple
>
> generator of
> electrical
> power
> around the
>
> phenomenon.
>
> The reason
> for
> this
> interest is
> based
> on the
> theory
> that energy
> can be
> extracted
> from the
>
> ambient background
> via
> thermal
>
> differentials.
>
> My
> line of
>
> thinking really
> took
> off back when
> I
> experimented
> with the all
> too
> familiar
>
> Peltier junction
>
> devices found in
> electronic
>
> cooling devices.
>
> Would you
>
> believe that most
> people do not
>
> understand how
> these
> devices move
>
> thermal
> energy
>
> through a current
> flow
> across a
>
> semiconductor
> junction.
>
> Historically
> we
> find that
> German
> physicist,
> Thomas
>
> Seebeck back in
> 1820
> observed that
> when
> heat was
> applied to a
>
> junction of copper
> and
> steel wire
>
> that
> electrical
> energy
> resulted.
>
> Later in
> 1834
> Jean Peltier
> discovered
> that
> when a direct
>
> current was
>
> applied to two
> Dissimilar
> metals
> the
>
> junction got hot
> or
> cold. It
> was
> not
> Until 1838
> that
> Emil Lenz
>
> clearly showed the
>
> importance of
> Both Seebeck
> and
> Peltier s
>
> discoveries by
>
> placing a drop of
> Water on the
>
> junction of
>
> dissimilar metals
> which
> froze then
> Melted when
> the
> polarity of
> the
> direct current
>
> was
> Reversed.
>
> These
>
> discoveries
>
> remained dormant
> for
> over 100
> Years because
> of the
>
> unavailability of
>
> semiconductor
> Materials
> which
> could
>
> provide the wide
>
> temperature
> Differentials.
>
> In the 1930
> s
> semiconductor
>
> materials became
> Available
> which
> revived the
>
> electric cooling
>
> principles.
>
> In
> The 1960 s
> many
> companies
> began
> building
> spot
> cooling
> Devices and
>
> refrigerators
> based
> on these
>
> effects using a
> Junction
>
> material of
>
> bismuth-telluride.
> Today
> more
>
> advanced
> Materials are
> used
> with the
> basic
> parameters
> of
> being a pore
> Thermal
>
> conductor but
> being
> an excellent
>
> electrical
> Conductor.
> The
> dissimilar
>
> materials must
>
> provide a high
> Coefficient
> of
> voltage
>
> temperature
>
> relationship.
>
> The first
> Peltier
>
> devices that I
>
> experimented with
> back
> about 10
>
> years
> ago were
> built
> by Marlow
>
> Industries here in
>
> Dallas. With
>
> a
> small
>
> temperature
>
> differential
> across
> the device
> a
> weak
> current with
> an
> attendant
>
> voltage was
>
> developed.
>
> Increasing
> the
>
> differential
>
> provided a
>
> proportional
>
> increase in
>
> current
> and voltage.
>
> About 6
> years
> ago I posted
> a
> chart of the
> wattage
>
> generated from two
>
> different size
>
> Peltier chips on
> the Keely Net
>
> BBS. My
>
> curiosity was
> based
> on the
> puzzle
> of
> how electron
> flow
> could move
>
> thermal energy
> across
> the
> junctions and
> how
> electrical
> energy
> was
>
> produced by moving
> thermal
> energy
> across the
>
> junction. This
> is a
> directly
> reversible
>
> situation based on
>
> polarity.
> Now let us
> look
> at a very
>
> familiar parallel
>
> process used in
> refrigeration,
>
> cooling and
>
> heating devices
>
> employing phase
> change
>
> material such as
> water
> and
>
> refrigerants.
>
> We have
> always been
> led to
> believe
> that
> evaporating
> water
> provided
> cooling
>
> effects which is a
>
> mechanical
>
> process. By the
>
> same
> mechanical
>
> process we are
>
> provided heating
>
> effects by the
> condensation
> of a
> gas back to a
> liquid
> phase
>
> change. Would
>
> you believe
> that
> any material
> that
> undergoes a
> phase
> change
> provides an
>
> attendant
>
> electrical effect.
>
> Back in
>
> 1840
> Armstrong
>
> invented an
>
> electrostatic
>
> generator based on
> escaping
> steam
> through
>
> insulated nozzles
> which
> provided one
> of the most
>
> powerful devices
> of
> this type ever
>
> built.
> Popular
> belief
> was that
> this
> was a
>
> frictional process
>
> with
> the
>
> electrical output
>
> resulting from the
> steam
> friction
> passing
>
> through the
>
> nozzles. After
>
> reading an old
> (1920
> s)
> Thermodynamics
> in
> Chemistry text
> book I
> realized
> that
> the
> phase change
> of
> materials was
> an
> electrical
>
> phenomenon and
> not purely
>
> mechanical.
>
> The atoms
> of the
> material
> lose
> or
> gain
>
> electrons in the
>
> process which
>
> accounts for the
> discrepancy
> in the
> energy
>
> equation when a
>
> material
> transitions
>
> between phases.
>
> More energy
> is
> present after
> the phase
> change
> back to the
> lower
> form or
> atomic
> state. The
> text book
> stated
> that this
>
> phenomenon could
> not
> be
> explained.
>
> When Jerry
> and I
> attended a
>
> Conference hosted
>
> by
> Hal Puthoff
> down
> in Austin
> back
> about 6 years
> ago
> a
> Physicist
> from
> Austria
>
> presented a paper
> on the
> phase
>
> change
> of water and
> the
> attendant
>
> electrical
>
> phenomenon which
>
> is
> totally not
>
> understood by
> modern
> science.
>
> Now my
>
> suspicions
> were
>
> confirmed that
> phase
> changes of
>
> materials are an
> electrostatic
>
> phenomenon, which
> leads
> us to the
>
> fundamental
> question of,
>
> What is
>
> heat? We
> were
> told in the
>
> school
> that heat is
> the
> presence of
> energy
> and cool is
> the
> absence
> of energy.
>
> What is the
> form
> of this
>
> energy? Let
> us
> look at
> a
> very simple
>
> example of heating
> which
> may explain
>
> this
> process.
>
> When
>
> sunlight strikes
> an
> absorbing
>
> surface it is
> heated
>
> because electrons
> in the
> material
> are
> converted to
> photons which
> are
> emitted in the
>
> infrared band of
>
> light
> leaving the
>
> material in a net
>
> positive state or
>
> hot. The
> more
>
> electrons a
>
> material loses the
> hotter
> it becomes.
>
> Now
> the inverse
>
> situation is
>
> explored by
>
> evaporating some
>
> water
> from the
>
> surface of a
>
> material which
> leaves
> the surface
> in
> a
> net negative
> state
> or cold.
>
> Heat or
> cold
> is based on
>
> the
> ion
>
> relationship in
> the
> material.
>
> When we
> apply
> a flame
> (ionizing) to
> a
> material we
> cause
> the emission
> of
> photons
> which is
>
> basically
>
> stripping away
>
> electrons from the
>
> atomic
> structure
>
> causing a gross
> net
> positive
>
> situation to
>
> occur.
> Now we are
>
> getting a picture
> as to
> how an
>
> electric current
> across the
>
> Peltier junction
> can
> transport
>
> thermal energy
> (ions).
>
> Since the
> energy
> is in the
> form
> of presence
>
> or
> absence of
>
> electrons then it
> is a
> simple
>
> explanation as to
> how the
>
> process works.
>
> All phase
> change
> processes
> work
> the
> same way
>
> basically via ion
>
> transport and are
> not
> mechanical
> processes
> which
> we were
>
> taught. Everything
>
> in
>
> chemistry is
> an electrical
> or
> electrostatic
>
> process at the
> atomic
> level
> based on the
>
> ionized state of
> the
> atoms
>
> involved.
> At a Vanguard
>
> Science Roundtable
>
> discussion several
> years
> ago
> we talked
> about
> the ion wind
> method
> of fire
>
> fighting in
> which ionized
> air
> will
>
> extinguish a flame
>
> because of the
> cooling
>
> effects. Now
> we see
> Patents
> issued
> based on
> negative ion
>
> spraying of a
>
> surface causing it
> to
> rapidly
> cool because
> it
> becomes net
>
> negative charged.
>
> This is a
> very
>
> efficient method
> of
>
> air-conditioning
>
> because an ion
> generator
> operates
> at very
> high
> voltages with
> very
> little
>
>
> current
>
> involved.
>
> It is
>
> possible to
>
> develop this ion
> transport
>
> (thermal energy)
> to
> provide direct
>
> electrical
> output from
> very
> subtle
>
> temperature
>
> differentials.
>
> Remember
> that this is
> a
> direct
>
> reversible process
> where
> a thermal
> differential
> will
> cause a
>
> development of
>
> current and
>
> voltage
> as in the
>
> Peltier device.
>
> I hope that
> this
> dialog will
> provide some
> food
> for thought
> out
> there on the
> Keely
> Net.
> Please
>
> provide some
>
> feedback on this
> very
> interesting
>
> line
> of
>
> experimentation.
>
> Norm
>
>
>
>
> On
>
> 7/7/2018 5:38 PM,
> [email protected]
> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>
>
>
>
>
>
> Norm,
>
>
>
>
> Part of
>
> your heat
>
> treatise was
>
> evaporated by
>
> yahoo, feel
>
> free to send
> to
> my email,
>
> very
>
> interesting
>
> topic that
>
> bummed me out
>
> when I hit
>
> "Would" and
>
> nothing
>
> further!
>
>
>
>
>
>
> In
>
> respect to my
>
> wireless
>
> energy
>
> experiment I
>
> have found PNP
> to
> be superior
> to
> NPN, maybe
>
> they shut off
>
> faster being
>
> always on or
>
> maybe the end
>
> result is more
>
> hole ish.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
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