Re: [EVGRAY] Re: Chernetsky

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Norman Wootan <[email protected]>

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------------------------------------------------------------------------

*Floyd A. SWEET*

*Space Quanta Magnifier*
*(Vacuum Triode Amplifier)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

*
Floyd A. "Sparky" Sweet*

*Contents*

*(1) F. Sweet : Nothing is Something...*
*(2) F. Sweet & T. Bearden : Utilizing Scalar Electromagnetics to
Tap Vacuum Energy*
*(3) W. Rosenthal : Floyd Sweet's VTA*
*(4) Notes*
*(5) Diagrams, Photographs & Video*
*(6) Jerry Decker : A Possible Key to the VTA*
*(7) Letter : T. Bearden to Dr Jon Noring*
*(8) T. Bearden : Progress report on the Sweet Vacuum Triode*

*Special thanks to: Jerry Decker/KeelyNet, J.L. Naudin, Tom Bearden
& Walt Rosenthal*
*Discussion Group: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Sweet_VTA*

------------------------------------------------------------------------

*Nothing Is Something:*
*The Theory and Operation of a Phase-Conjugated Vacuum Triode*

by
*
Floyd A. "Sparky" Sweet*

(June 24th, 1988)

*[ Source: http://jnaudin.free.fr ]*

*Theoretical Overview*

/Nothing/, on the cosmological scale, is virtually everything. It is
the home of all the invisible fields, rippling with the activity of
every real force. Every kind of matter produces a field, the field
all mesh in complex ways, often causing interference with other
fields. Fields are the "stuff" of the virtual vacuum. A light
particle is nothing more than a large interference in the
electromagnetic field. Apart from interaction with matter of other
fields a field will not be changed in the vacuum. It will not go
away; it cannot. Fields are a fundamental part of the vacuum
structure itself. Fields in their most quiescent state form the
virtual vacuum itself. Even when everything that can be removed from
a vacuum has been removed, the Higgs field remains. `"Imagine the
entire universe permeated with a constant magnetic field". One need
not imagine, for it is true. It is clear from experimentation that
certain results appear that are not explainable without the presence
of a field. The field consists of an infinite number of
one-dimensional North and South poles in an incoherent state-
incoherent due to the presence of a multitude of other interfering
fields formed by other North and South poles, or particles or
quanta. Thus the virtual vacuum is far from empty, far from nothing,
it is rather seething with potential energy as the primordial
powerhouse of everything in the universe.

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As postulated by Einstein in his famous equation E = MC^2 , energy
is a kind of matter. So even the energy of distant starlight must be
accounted for in any holistic view of physical reality. The vacuum
itself is literally popping with virtual particles that appear and
disappear in the field during instants too brief to be measured.
Virtual particles with lifetimes or dwelltimes too short for the
name "particles" to be appropriate. As a result the generated fields
are always in some state of flux. However, under the influence of a
generated Motional Electromagnetic field parts of the normally
chaotic virtual field break off from randomness and form a more
coherent region. This region consists of a structured portion of the
spacetime continuum which by its very nature seems to attract more
virtual particles (This increase in particle density has been
verified by lab experiments conducted the week of June 19, 1988).
This higher concentration of particles develops a warping of the
spacetime continuum where negative energy is produced in abundance.
The existence of this condition via direct engineering of the
virtual state allows for the safe generation of electrical energy.
This condition, in essence, forms the underlying principle of
operation of the Phase-Conjugated Vacuum Triode. This device,
however, produces negative energy which is the reverse of the
conventional positive energy generated by all devices in service
today. The arc generated by a short-circuit in a negative energy
system is excessively bright and cold, producing barely an audible
hiss with no explosive force. Melting of conductors does not occur
and this type of negative current passes through the human body with
only the feeling of a chill. Conductors remain cool under load while
only tiny cross-sectional areas of copper are required to convey
many hundreds of watts of power. Although all of this seems nearly
unbelievable, only what has been demonstrated in the laboratory has
been described in this paper. The source of energy is unlimited, the
virtual vacuum of space itself structured by a motional
electromagnetic field is the powerhouse.

*The Nature of Space*

Space itself is the ability to accommodate energy. Consider for a
moment the following illustration: A signal (energy) is transmitted
from point A to point B. A and B are separated by a finite distance.
Consider three periods of time:

1) The signal is launched from A.
2) The signal resides in the space between A and B.
3) The signal arrives at B.

If (3) occurs simultaneously with (1) we say that the signal has
traveled at infinite velocity. The signal has never resided in the
intervening space and therefore _there exists no space between A and
B_. A is virtually at the same point in space as B. For real space
to exist between A and B it is necessary that a signal travelling
between them be "lost" with reference to both points for a finite
period of time.

Now we know that for real space to exist between two points a signal
travelling between them will propagate at a finite velocity . If a
signal will not travel between two points, as in the case when c =
0, then we can also conclude that there is no link or intervening
space between them. We have no means of detecting either an infinite
velocity-supporting space or zero-velocity space, so they do not
exist as usable scientific concepts. If space cannot accommodate a
signal it has no function and no reality. We are left then with the
only real space, the home of the real and virtual vacuum. Space
which supports a finite, nonzero velocity where .

The above discussion dealt with a definition of space and the
propagation velocity it will support. A similar argument applies to
the impedance of space. A medium can only accommodate positive
energy if the medium resists it to a reasonable degree. Neither an
infinitely strong spring nor an infinitely weak one can absorb or
accommodate energy by being compressed. Neither an infinitely large
mass nor an infinitely light mass can absorb or accommodate energy
imparted by collision. The same holds true for space. Energy cannot
enter space of zero impedance (i.e; ) any more than a force can bear
on a mass of zero magnitude. Similarly, energy could not enter space
of infinite impedance. It follows therefore, that necessary
properties of real space are:

1) finite propagation velocity
2) finite impedance.

Continuing our discussion of space and the values of c, Z_o , µ, we
take as given that real space sustains non-zero finite impedance and
velocity as follows:

where: µ and are characteristics of a unit volume.

As yet we have not arrived at volume, which implies real space. At
this point in our discussion we have merely described c and Z_o .
Therefore, we can only define µ and in terms of them. Algebraically
it can be shown that:

Although we have said that the fundamental characteristics of space
are c and Z_o , perhaps it is better to say that they are t and Z_o
, where t is the time delay through a finite segment of space
replacing c, the velocity through that segment. It is profitable to
move away from the idea of constant velocity c travelling through
space which leads one to conceptualization of a segment of space
which traversed in 1 nanosecond (nsec) is 1 foot long. If one starts
with a conceptual frame in which space is in terms of t, a segment
of space can easily be though of as 1 nsec wide, and the energy
entering it appears leaving it 1 nsec later. Subsidiary concepts of
length and velocity can then be deduced as needed. We could
alternately say that space was (a) 1 foot wide with a propagation
velocity of 1 foot/nsec, or (b) 2 feet wide with a velocity of 2
feet/nsec. Fundamental to the proposed world view is the reality
that no experiment could help us decide between (a) and (b). The
essence of space is time, not distance, and only one propagation
velocity () is possible through a segment of space. Thus, time
through a segment is
intimately related to the length of the segment. Propagation which
is not at the speed of light cannot exist according to this world view.

*General Description of Energy Transfer*

Consider energy, flowing straight and level down the proximity of a
transmission line. The energy does not know the width of the channel
through which it is passing. If the energy reaches a point where the
dielectric changes (but not the geometry), some of it will continue
on and some of it will reflect. If the energy reaches a change in
the width of the transmission line some will reflect and some will
continue as well. The energy current will not know whether:

(a) the dielectric is changing, or
(b) the geometry is changing.

Energy current does not have directional inertia, so that (a) is
equivalent to (b). Energy current _does_ have an aspect ratio. If
the aspect ratio is forced to change, some of the flowing energy
will reflect in order to assure that its _total_ aspect ratio
remains constant. Crudely, the aspect ratio is similar to the ratio
of E to H, or the same as the ratio of to µ. The aspect ratio of
energy current is much like the aspect ratio of space. While the
aspect ratio of space can change, it fundamental velocity cannot
really change. This parameter becomes merely our way of
conceptualizing time delay when energy resides in a region of space.

A /B = Aspect Ratio

Uniform space has only two parameters:

1) aspect ratio
2) time delay.

Aspect ratio defines the shape of energy entering a given region of
space, but not its amplitude. Velocity or length define the time
during which the properly shaped energy can be accommodated by a
region of space. Aspect ratio is really a definition of the relative
compatibility of adjacent regions of space. Does flowing energy
current largely travel unimpeded through an interface, or does it
largely reflect at the interface? Space has quiet zones through
which energy glides virtually unreflected. There are also noisy
zones where energy current becomes incoherent, bounces about and
splits apart. Noisy zones in space have either rapidly changing
geometry or rapidly changing impedance ().

*Electromagnetic Energy*

The rate of flow of energy through a surface can be calculated as a
function of E and H. Specifically this flow is equivalent to E*.*H
per unit area. This energy flows at the speed of light through a
medium where . E and H are in quadrature and are normal to the
direction of the energy flow. The energy density is therefore:
E*.*H/c. If two signals of equal magnitude (assume E/2 & H/2) are
travelling through each other in opposite directions the energy
density is calculated as follows:

If the directions of the two signals are such that opposite H-fields
cancel and E-fields add, an apparently steady E-field will be
created. The energy density of the fields remain as calculated
above, but the value of the E-field will double from E/2 to E. It is
a simple matter using the equations and for a team wave to get rid
of H and c and so convert the first equation into the well known
equation for energy density in the so-called electrostatic field:

Similarly, if two signals flow through each other in such a way as
to give the appearance of a steady magnetic field as a result of
their E-field canceling it is easily shown using the above equations
to cancel out H and c so that:

Modern physics is based upon the faulty assumption that
electromagnetics contains two kinds of energy: electric and
magnetic. This assumption leads to a Baroque view of physical
reality. Under that view energy seems to be associated with the
square of the field intensity rather than a more reasonable view
that it is linearly proportional to field intensity. It is worth
remembering that neither Einstein nor most modern physicists were or
are familiar with the concept of energy currents described herein.
However, their work still survives by ignoring the energy current
concept, scalar electromagnetics, the works of T. E. Bearden,
Kaluza-Klein, and others who dispute Heaviside's interpretations of
Maxwell's equations.

*The Fallacy of Displacement Current*

Conventional electromagnetic theory proposes that when an electric
current flows down a wire into a capacitor it spreads out across the
plate, producing an electric charge on the plate which in turn leads
to an electric field between the capacitor plates. The valuable
concept of continuity is then retained by postulating "after
Maxwell" a displacement current. This current is a manipulation of
the electric field (E) between the capacitor plates which has the
dimensions of electric current and completes the flow of electricity
in the circuit. This approach permits us to retain Kirchoff's laws
and other valuable concepts even though superficially it appears
that at the capacitor there is a break in the continuous flow of
electric current. The flaw in this model appears when we notice that
the current entered the capacitor at only one point on the capacitor
plate. We then are left with the major difficulty of explaining how
the electric charge flowing down the wire suddenly distributes
itself uniformly across the entire capacitor plate, at a velocity in
excess of the speed of light. This paradoxical situation is created
by a flaw in the basic model. Work in high speed logic conducted by
Ivor Catt has shown that the model of lumped capacitance is faulty
and displacement current is an artifact of the faulty model. Since
any capacitor behaves similarly to a transmission line it is no more
necessary to postulate a displacement current for the capacitor than
it is necessary to do so for a transmission line. The excision of
"displacement current" from electromagnetic theory has been based on
arguments which are independent of the classic dispute over whether
the electric current causes the electromagnetic field, or vice versa.

*The Motional E-Field*

Of all the known fields --- electric, magnetic, gravitational and
motional E-field --- the only ones incapable of being shielded are
the induced motional E-field and the gravitational field. The nature
of the motionally induced electric field is quite unique; in order
understand it more fully we must start by parting with a few
misleading paradigms. When magnetic flux is moved perpendicularly
across a conductor an electromotive force (emf) is
electromagnetically induced "within'' the conductor. "Within" is an
artifact of the commonly used analogy comparing the flow of electric
current within a wire to the flow of water within a pipe. This is a
most misleading model theoretically. The true phenomenon taking
place has little been thought of as involving the production of a
spatially distributed electric field. We can see that the model's
origins likely arose from the operation called "flux cutting", a
most deceiving and misleading term. A better term, "time varying
flux modulation", does not imply any separation of lines of flux.
Truly, lines of flux are always in closure upon themselves and are
mathematically expressed as line integrals. It is fallacious to use
the term "cutting", which implies time varying separation which does
not in fact ever occur. A motionally induced E-field is actually
created within the space occupied by the moving magnetic flux
described above. This field is present therein, whether or not a
conductor is present in the space. In terms of a definition we can
say that, when magnetic flux of vector intensity moved across a
region of space with vector velocity, electromagnetically induced
electric field vector BxV appears in the space at right angles to
both and. Therefore,

(1)

It is this field that is related to gravity, it is virtually
unshieldable. This field may be called the Motional E-field.
According to T.E. Bearden, "It seems that the charged particles in
the atom (electrons and protons) act like tiny magnets. Their motion
in the space surrounding the atom would create this motional
E-field". The field created by both the positive and negative
charges would cancel to some degree, but due to the high orbital
velocity of the negative electron relative to that of the positive
proton the induced field of the electron should dominate the
resulting field. The field produced as a result of these charges
would vary proportionally to the inverse square of distance similar
to gravity. The field produced by the translational motion of the
charges would vary inversely as the cube of distance. This concept
totally unites the electromagnetic and gravitational field theories
and accounts for the strong and weak forces within the atom.

*Field Super-Position & The Vacuum Triode*

Electromagnetic induction with no measurable magnetic field is not
new. It is well known that in the space surrounding a properly wound
toroidal coil there is no magnetic field. This is due to the
superposition of the fields. However, when alternating current is
surging through a transformer an electric field surrounds it. When
we apply the principle of superposition to the vacuum triode it
becomes more obvious how the device is in fact operating.

The principle of superposition states that "In order to calculate
the resultant intensity of superimposed fields, each field must be
dealt with individually as though the other were not present". The
resultant is obtained by vector addition of each field considered
singularly. Consider for a moment the construction of the triode
which includes the bifilar coils located within the fields of the
two conditioned magnets. When the current in one half of the
conductors in the coils (i.e., one of the bifilar elements in each
coil) of the device is moving up, both the current and the magnetic
field follow the right-hand rule. The resultant motional E-field
would be vertical to both and inwardly directed. At the same time
the current in the other half of the conductors in the coils is
moving down and both the current and magnetic field follow the
right-hand rule. The resulting motion E-field is again vertical to
both and inwardly directed. Thus, the resultant field intensity is
double the intensity attributable to either one of the set of coil
conductors taken singularly. Expressed mathematically;

where:

(2)

The first term in the equation represents the flow of the magnetic
field when the electrons are moving in one direction, while the
second term defines the flow of the magnetic field when the
electrons are moving in the other direction. These measurements
indicate that field intensity is directly proportional to the square
of the current required by the load placed on the device. This is
due to its proportional relationship with the virtual value of the
magnetic field which theory states is proportional to the current.
Electrometer readings were always close to parabolic, thus
indicating that the source was of infinite capacity. It was further
determined through experiment that the magnetic field does not
change with temperature. Also, there is no reason yet identified
which would lead one to believe that electron drift velocity
changes. It has been found remarkable that the vacuum triode runs
approximately 20°F below ambient.

*Induced Electromotive Force: Positive Energy*

When an emf. is impressed on a closed metallic circuit, current
results. The emf along a closed path C in space is defined as the
work per unit charge (W/Q) done by the electromagnetic fields on a
small test charge moved along path C. Since work is the line
integral of force (F), the work per unit charge is the line integral
of force per unit charge. Letting F/Q denote the vector
electromagnetic force per unit charge (in newtons per coulomb) we have

(3)

The scalar product (F/Q) dtdl is the product of (F/Q) * cos dl with
denoting the angle between vectors F/Q and dl.

The electric force per unit charge is the electric field intensity
(E) in volts/meter. The magnetic force per unit charge is V x B
where V denotes the velocity of the test charge in meters per second
and B denotes the magnetic flux density in webers/M^2 . In terms of
the smaller angle between V and B, the cross product of V and B is a
vector having the magnitude VB sin. The direction of vector VxB is
normal to the plane which contains vectors V and B in accordance
with the right-hand rule (i.e., VxB is in the direction of the thumb
while the fingers curl through the angle from V toward B). Since the
total force per unit charge is E + VB the total emf in terms of the
fields is:

(4)

It appears from eq. (4) that the emf depends on the forward velocity
with which the test charge is moved along the path C. This, however,
is not the case. If V and dl in eq. (4) have the same direction then
their associated scalar product is zero. Thus, only the component of
V which is not in-line with dl (i.e. = 0) can contribute to the
emf.. This component has value only if the differential path length
dl has a sideways motion. Thus, V in eq. (4) represents the sideways
motion, if any, of dl. The fields E and B in eq.(4) could well be
represented as functions of time as well as functions of the space
coordinates. In addition, the velocity V of each differential path
length dl may vary with time. However, eq. (4) correctly expresses
the emf or voltage drop along path C as a function of time. That
component of the emf consisting of the line integral V x B is the
motional E-field since it has value ony when path C is moving
through a magnetic field, traversing lines of magnetic flux. For
stationary paths there is no motional E-field and the voltage drop
is simply the integral of the electric field E. Emfs are generated
by devices that separate charge. A familiar example is the battery
which utilizes chemical forces to separate charge. Other examples
include the heating of a thermocouple, exposure of a photovoltaic
cell to incident light, or the rubbing together of different
materials (electrostatic charge separation). Electric fields are
also produced by time varying magnetic fields. This principle is
extensively exploited to produce conventional electric power in the
utility industry.

The line integral of electric field intensity E around any closed
path C equals -d/dt, with representing the magnetic flux over any
surface S having the closed path C as its contour. The positive side
of the surface S and the direction of the line integral around
contour C are related by the right-hand rule (the curled fingers are
oriented so as to point around the loop in the direction of the
integration and the extended thumb points out the positive side of
the surface S.) The magnetic flux is the surface integral of
magnetic flux density B as shown below:

(5)

In eq. (5) the vector differential surface ds has an area of ds and
is directionally normal to the plane of ds out of the positive side.
The partial time derivative of is defined as:

(6)

This is referred to as the _magnetic current_ through surface S. For
moving surface S the limits of the surface integral in eq. (6) are
functions of time but the equation is still applicable. It is
important to clarify at this point that when we evaluate the value
of d/dt over a surface that is moving in the proximity of magnetic
field activity _we treat the surface for the instant under
consideration as though it were stationary_. The partial time
derivative ofis the time rate of change of flux through surface S
due only to a changing magnetic field density B. Any increase ofdue
to the motion of the surface in the B-field is _not_ included in
that calculation.

Continuing this discussion leads us to note that an electric field
must be present in any region containing a time varying magnetic
field. This is shown by eq. (7) displayed below:

(7)

In this equation is the magnetic flux in webers out of the positive
side of any surface having path C as its contour. Combining eq. (7)
above with eq. (4) we are able to calculate the emf about a closed
path C. This is shown below:

(8)

and in another form

(9)

Thus, the emf around a closed path consists in general of two
components. The component d/dt is the variational emf and the second
component is the motional E-field. In eq.(9) (V x B)dl can be means
of a vector identity be replaced with B*(V x dl)A. V is the sideways
velocity of dl, the vector Vxdl has magnitude Vdl and a direction
normal to the surface ds swept out by moving length dl in time d.
Letting B_n denote the component of B normal to this area we can see
that -B*(v x dl) becomes -B_n Vdl and eq.(9) can be rewritten as:

(10)

Clearly, the integral of B_n V around the closed contour C with
sideways velocity of magnitude V for each length dl traversed is
simply the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the
surface bounded by C. This change is due directly to the passage of
path C through lines of magnetic flux. Hence, the complete
expression of emf above in eq.(10) is the time rate of change of the
magnetic flux over any surface S bounded by the closed path C, due
to the changing magnetic field and the movement of the path through
the magnetic field. eq.(10) may be written:

(11)

/Note/: The only difference between eq.(7) and eq.(11) is that
eq.(7) contains only the variational emf while eq.(11) is the sum of
the variational and motional emf's. In eq.(7) the partial time
derivative of magnetic fluxis the rate of flux change due only to
the time varying magnetic field while eq.(11) includes the total
time derivative of the rate of flux change due to the time varying
magnetic field and path C's passage through the magnetic field. If
the closed path C is not passing through lines of magnetic flux then
eq.(7) and eq.(11) are equivalent.

It is also important to point out that d/dt in eq.(11) does not
necessarily mean the total time rate of change of the fluxover the
surface S. For example, the flux over surface S is bounded by the
closed contour C of the left portion of the electric circuit shown
in Figure 1. The flux is

changing as the coil is unwound by the rotation of the cylinder as
illustrated. However, since B is static there is no variational emf
and since the conductors are not modulating lines of flux there is
no motional emf. Thus, d/dt in eq.(11) is zero even the flux is
changing with time. Note that d/dt was defined as representing the
right hand part of the expression in e.(10) and d/dt must not be
more broadly interpreted.

In the application of the presented equations it is required that
one refer all flux densities and movements to a single specified
coordinate system. In particular, the velocities will all be with
respect to this system alone and not interpreted as relative
velocities between conductors or moving lines of flux. The
coordinate system is arbitrarily selected and the magnitudes of
variational and motional fields depend upon the selection.

*Example #1*

A fundamental electric generator is shown in Figure 2. The parallel
stationary conductors separated by distance l have a moving
conductor connected to across them.

The circuit is completed by a moving conductor connected to the
parallel conductors by means of two sliding taps. This conductor is
located at y = 0 when time t = 0, and moves to the right at a
constant velocity V = Vay. The applied flux B is represented by dots
on Figure 2 and has a magnitude that equals B = B_o cosB_y cos wt
ax. The unit vectors in the directions of the respective coordinate
axes are ax, ay, and az.

/Solution/: Let S denote the plane rectangular surface bounded by
the closed electric circuit, with a positive side selected as the
side facing the reader. The counterclockwise emf around the circuit
is d/dt with signifying the magnetic flux out of the positive side
of S (As ds = 1 dy ax). The scalar product B*ds is B_o l cos B_y ,
cost dy; integrating from y = 0 to y = y gives:

(12)

with y_1 denoting the instantaneous y position of the moving wire.
The counterclockwise emf is found by replacing y with vt and
evaluating d/dt. The result is

(13)

The variational (transformer) component is which is determined with
aid of eq.(12) to bewhere y = vt. This is the first component on the
right side of eq.(13).

/Note/: y_1 was treated as a constant when evaluating the partial
time derivative of.

The motional E-field is the line integral of V x B along the path of
the moving conductor. As V x B is and As dl is dz ax evaluation of
the integral of/dz/ from Z = 0 to Z = 1 results in a motional E-field of

This component results from modulation of the lines of flux by the
moving conductor. If the voltmeter draws no current, there can be no
electromagnetic force on the free electrons of the wire. Therefore,
the emf along the path of the metal conductors including the moving
conductor is zero.

*Example #2*

Suppose the conductor with the sliding taps is stationary (V = 0)
and it is located at y = y_1 . Also suppose the magnetic field B is
produced by a system of moving conductors not shown in Figure 2
which are travelling with a constant velocity V = Vay . At time t =
0 the magnetic field B is Bo sinBy ax. Determine the voltage across
the voltmeter.

/Solution/: There is no motional E-field because the conductors in
Figure 2 are at rest (stationary) with respect to our selected
coordinate system. However, the magnetic field at points fixed with
respect to the coordinate system is changing with time and as a
result there is a variational e.m.f. Since the B-field at t = 0 is B
0 sinBy ax and has a velocity of V = Vay it can be calculated that
the B-field as a function of time is B_o sin [B(y-vt)] ax. This is
verified by noting that an observer located at y at time t = 0 who
is travelling at the constant velocity (V = Vay) of the moving
current would have a y coordinate of y = y + Vt and an accordingly
different expression for B. He would observe a constant field where
the magnetic current density is:

The counterclockwise emf can be arrived at by taking the negative of
an integral of the above expression for the rectangular surface
bounded by the electric circuit with the positive side facing the
reader with the limits of zero and y. The resulting emf equals:

which is the voltage across the meter.

*Induced Motional Field: Negative Energy*

Conventional theory says that electric fields and magnetic fields
are different things. Consider for a moment a charge with an
electric field around it. If the charge is moved a magnetic field
develops and the moving charge constitutes a current. If an observer
were to move along with the charge, he would see no relative motion,
no current, and no magnetic field. A stationary observer would see
motion, current and a magnetic field. It would appear that a
magnetic field is an electric field observed from a motional
reference frame. Similarly, if we take a mass with a gravity field
around it and we move the mass and create a mass current, a new
field is also created. It is a different kind of gravity field with
no source and no sink. It is called the Protational field also known
as the "Lense-Thirring Effect". This field an its governing
principles will form the basis for future anti-gravity devices.

Within the confined area of the Vacuum Triode box, the spacetime
continuum is reversed by the fields that are produced in the
presence of excited coherent space flux quanta. These quanta have
been attracted from and ultimately extracted from the virtual
vacuum, the infinitely non-exhaustible Dirac Sea. For a more
detailed mathematical format see Appendix A, a paper on "The Phase
Conjugate Vacuum Triode" by T.E. Bearden, April 23, 1987. Much of
the theory which likely applies to the vacuum triode has been
developed in the field of phase conjugate optics.

With regards to over-unity phenomena it is important to note that so
long as positive energy is present in a positive/flowing time regime
unity and over-unity power gains are not possible. The summation of
the losses due to resistance, impedance, friction, magnetic
hysteresis and eddy currents and windage losses of rotating
machinery will always reduce overall efficiency below unity for a
closed system. The laws of conservation of energy always apply to
all systems. However, the induced motional E-field changes the
system upon which those laws need be applied. Since the vacuum
triode operates in dimensions more than four and provides a line
between the multi-dimensional reality of the quantum state and a
link between Dirac Sea we are now dealing with an open-ended system,
not the closed system within which all conservation and
thermodynamic laws were developed. To achieve unity, the summation
of all magnetic and ohmic losses must equal zero. To achieve this
state negative energy and resistance moves to zero and all energy
flows along the outside of conductors in the form of a special space
field. Negative energy is fully capable of lighting incandescent
lights, running motors, and performing all of the functions of
positive energy tested to date. When run in parallel with positive
energy however, cancellation (annihilation) of opposing power types
occurs. This has been fully tested in the laboratory.

Once unity has been achieved and the gate to the Dirac Sea opened,
over-unity is affected by loading the open gate more and more which
opens it further to the point where direct communication/interaction
with the nucleus of the atom itself is achieved. Output of the
vacuum triode is not proportional to the excitation input as the
output produced by the device is directly proportional to the load
which is placed upon it. That load is the only dependent variable
for device output. The triode's output voltage and frequency always
remains constant due to the conditioning of the motional E-field in
the permanent magnets and the small regulated excitation signal
which is provided through a small oscillator. Regulation remains
constant, output locks into an in-phase condition (cos = 1 Kvar = 1)
under all load characteristics.

The vacuum triode is a solid state device consisting of conditioned
permanent magnets capable of producing a motional field. This field
opens the gate to the Dirac Sea where negative energy is able to
flow from an into the triode's receiving coils. The coils are very
small diameter copper wire but are capable of producing in excess of
5 kilowatts of useful power; this in itself is a clear indicator
that the type of electrical energy provided by the device is not
conventional. The wire sizes employed by the device would not be
capable of carrying such large currents without excessive heat gain,
however, the triode's coils actually run cooler when loaded at 5 kW.

The fundamental magnets have been broken free of their binding
forces which constrained them to be steadystate single pole uniform
magnetic flux devices. They are now able to simply support mass, as
demonstrated with the transformer steel illustration. They can now
easily be made to adopt a dynamic motional field by applying a tiny
amount of excitation. Specifically, 10V @ 1 mA (10 mW) of excitation
at 60 Hz. will enable the coils of the triode to receive from the
Dirac Sea in excess of 5000 watts of usable negative energy; how
much more can safely be removed has not yet been determined.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

/
Proc. 26th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference/
(August 4-9, 1991, Boston, MA):

*Utilizing Scalar Electromagnetics to Tap Vacuum Energy*

by
*Floyd Sweet*
(Association of Distinguished American Scientists)

*Thomas E. Bearden*
(Association of Distinguished American Scientists)

*Abstract*

Based on E.T. Whittaker's previously unnoticed 1903-1904 papers
which established a hidden bidirectional EM wave structure in a
standing forcefield free scalar potential, a method of directly
engineering the ambient potential of the vacuum has been developed
and realized experimentally.

Adding Whittaker's engineerable hidden variable theory to classical
electromagnetics, quantum mechanics, and general relativity
produces supersets of each discipline. These supersets are joined by
the common Whittaker subset, producing a unified field theory that
is engineerable and tested.

By treating the nucleus of the atom as a pumped phase conjugate
mirror, several working model energy units have been produced which
excite and organize the local vacuum, increase the local virtual
photon flux between local vacuum and nucleus, establish coherent
self-oscillations between the local excited vacuum and the affected
nuclei, utilize the self-oscillating standing wave for self-pumping
of the nuclei/mirrors, introduce a very tiny signal wave to the
mirrors, and output into an external load circuit a powerful,
amplified, time-reversed phase conjugate replica wave at 60 Hertz
frequency and nominal 120 volt sine wave power.

Several models have been built, ranging from 6 watts early on to one
of 5 kilowatts. Both closed batteryless systems with damped positive
feedback and open loop systems with battery-powered input have been
successfully built. Open loop power gains of from 5 x 104 to 1.5 x
106 have been achieved.

Antigravity experiments have also been successfully conducted where
the weight of the unit was reduced by 90% in controlled experiments,
with a signal wave input of 175 microwatts and an output of 1 kilowatt.

The basic theory of the device is briefly explained and experimental
results presented. In the demonstration session, a videotape of one
operating open-loop unit with a 1.5 x 106 power gain is planned, as
is the demonstration of an actual working model closed-loop system
with a nominal rating of 500 watts, and without external power input
of any kind.

The units are solid state, with no moving parts. Each of them
comprises a unique form of self-powered vacuum triode of
extraordinary gain, where the cathode power and plate power are
freely furnished by the vacuum, and only a small grid signal need be
furnished either from an external power source or by clamped
positive feedback from the device's output. The output is negative
energy, and some of its unique characteristics are pointed out.

Implications of the experimental application of the Sweet vacuum
triode, the Bearden approach to the nucleus as a pumped phase
conjugate mirror, and the unified field theory based on Whittaker's
engineerable hidden variable scalar EM potential theory, are also
briefly addressed.

Note: This paper has been prepared by Bearden, the second author
listed, hereinafter called "the author", with full concurrence of
the inventor of the vacuum triode, inventor and magnetics engineer
Sweet, the first author listed.

*Scalar Electromagnetics*

In 1837 Sir W.R. Hamilton said, "The notion of time may be unfolded
into an independent pure science... a science of pure time is
possible."

As is well known, the fundamental units utilized in physics are
arbitrary. It is even possible to construct all of physics on a
single unit, time. This oddity shows the truth in Hamilton's
statement; it is even more odd, because quantum mechanically time is
not an observable. This means that the observable world can be
modeled completely in terms of the nonobservable, which is
essentially what modern quantum mechanics is now doing.

Hamilton viewed his magnificent quaternions as essentially having
accomplished the mathematical structuring of time. Maxwell's
original EM theory, as is well-known, was modeled in Hamilton's
quaternions, not in the highly curtailed Heaviside/Hertz vectors
erroneously taught today as "Maxwell's theory."

Not a single one of the present so-called "Maxwell's" vector
equations ever appeared in a book or paper by James Clerk Maxwell.

For some years the author has worked on an extended electromagnetics
theory, involving the scalar component of the quaternion. [ref. 1]

In Maxwell's original quaternion theory, this scalar component often
remains when the directional components zero. Further, it then
enfolds vectors and functions of vectors inside, in a hidden
variable manner. Specifically, the author has patterned a unified
field theory concept upon the previously unnoticed but remarkable
early work of E.T. Whittaker. [ref. 2]

In two fundamental papers in 1903 and 1904, Whittaker showed that
all present vector EM can be replaced by scalar potential
interferometry, and that bidirectional harmonic EM plane wave sets
could be used to produce a standing wave of force-field-free
potential (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1: Cross-section of Whittaker spherical EM potential wave.

Thus Whittaker anticipated the quantum mechanical Aharonov/Bohm
effect by 55 years, including extending it to the macroscopic world
instead of the mesoscopic realm where it has been established to
date. [ref. 3]

In modern terms, Whittaker showed how to turn EM wave energy into
electrogravitational potential energy, then how to interfere two
such scalar potential waves to recover electromagnetic energy, even
at a distance. [ref. 4]

This unrecognized work is of great importance: when applied to
modern physics, it produces supersets of quantum mechanics (QM),
classical electromagnetics (EM), and general relativity (GR).

Further, all three extended disciplines unify on their common
Whittaker subset, in a testable and engineerable fashion. [ref. 5]

[This figure could not be effectively depicted in ASCII. See the
original paper]
Figure 2: Infolded EM plane wave structure of a Whittaker wave.

*The Nucleus as a PPCM and Triode*

The author has also considered the highly nonlinear nucleus of the
atom as a pumped phase conjugate mirror (PPCM), having found no
other consideration of same in the literature.

The author also dubbed a PPCM a "triode," since the amplified phase
conjugate replica of the signal wave is much like the amplified
output of a triode, and the signal wave input to a PPCM is much like
a triode's grid signal input. The PPCM pump wave then corresponds
roughly to the power input to the cathode and plate of a triode.
[ref. 6]

Figure 3 diagrammatically shows the PPCM with correspondence to a
triode. [Referring to figure 3]

Up to all the power in the pump waves A1 and A2 may be output in
phase conjugate replica wave A3 in response to a small signal wave
input A1.

[This figure could not be effectively depicted in ASCII. See the
original paper]
Figure 3: A pumped phase conjugate mirror.

*Vacuum Triode background*

About seven years ago, the author was privileged to see and examine
an invention of Mr. Floyd Sweet, that produced about 6 watts of
electrical power from the vacuum itself.

This remarkable device, which the author dubbed a vacuum triode, in
a single unit utilized most of the scalar EM concepts the author had
so painfully and slowly formulated over the years.

Sweet, a brilliant inventor with a remarkable knowledge of
magnetics, had utilized barium ferrite magnets and special coils to
produce a solid-state device that successfully tapped the vacuum
energy.

The author quickly put together a theoretical concept for the
energy-tapping mechanism, based on treatment of the nucleus as a
PPCM and Whittaker's scalar EM potential unified field theory. [ref. 7]

The author furnished the technical concept, treating the nucleus as
a pumped phase conjugate mirror, to the inventor along with copies
of Whittaker's papers.

*Sweet's Synthesis and Extension*

Sweet is also a brilliant EM theoretician, working in four, five, or
even six dimensions with ease. He immediately synthesized the entire
PPCM and Whittaker theory, and developed a complete theoretical
treatment of the device. [ref. 8]

He also increased the nuclear potential utilized in the activated
nuclei of the device, which increased the pumping energy and hence
the energy output. He next produced an open-loop vacuum triode (VT)
with an output of 500 watts, for an input of 33 microwatts.

Thereafter he produced several other models, including closed-loop
systems and one with 5-KW output.

*Purpose of This Paper*

Our purpose is to explain the detailed scalar EM concept of the
operation of the vacuum triode, since it is a universal method for
cohering and tapping useful EM energy from the vacuum.

The author believes that this mechanism is the fundamental mechanism
that must be invoked in any over-unity device that
electromagnetically extracts vacuum energy as electromagnetic effects.

We also intend to demonstrate a full working model of the device at
this conference. Sweet's detailed theoretical treatment will be
completed and submitted to a major journal shortly, to complete the
scientific exposition of the new methodology.

I must also express my deep admiration for my brilliant inventor
colleague. It has been a privilege to work with him, though under
great difficulties and at a distance. He has developed several other
related devices that are of great importance to the emerging new
physics of vacuum engineering, in the sense referred to by Lee.
[ref. 9]

To mention just one, he has produced a magnetic lens which
apparently can directly display the vacuum's virtual particle flux,
or a good analog of it. So far as I am aware, this is the only
extant instrument today that can perform this feat.

When the vacuum triode has been proven to the scientific community,
it is my intention to nominate Sweet for the Nobel Prize he so
richly deserves, and seek high scientific endorsements for the
recommendation.

*Entropy*

As is well known, in any closed dynamic system the order existing in
it will gradually be dissipated, as more and more interactions
occur. This leads to the notion of entropy as the increasing
disorder in such systems. The assumptions are

(1) a closed system, and
(2) a positive flow of time for the components of the system.

Actually no such thing as a completely closed system exists in
nature. Every mass system is open to virtual particle flux exchange
with the vacuum, for example, particularly in the nucleus of its
atoms, where the bulk of its mass is located.

However, the closed system assumption is reasonably approximated by
a great many systems which are in stable thermodynamic equilibrium,
or nearly so.

On the other hand, in an open system far from thermodynamic
equilibrium, the second law of thermodynamics does not necessarily
apply, because the system violates both the closed system assumption
and its equilibrium approximation. [ref.10]

*Time Reversal*

Since being discovered in 1972 in the open Soviet literature, the
time-reversed (phase conjugate) EM wave has also been known. The
phase conjugate EM wave is truly time-reversed, as has been shown
experimentally. Since the time-reversed EM wave violates the second
major assumption, the second law of thermodynamics need not
necessarily hold for time-reversed entities.

Putting all this together, if one wishes negentropy and hence
increased energy in a system, the candidate suggested would appear
to be a system that was strongly

(1) open loop,
(2) time-reversed, and
(3) far from thermodynamic equilibrium.

A good overview of time-reversal in physics has been provided by
Sachs. [ref. 11]

*Engineering the Nucleus*

Since the nucleus already provides a myriad of time-reversed
processes, engineering the nucleus of an atom is a very good
candidate for practical negentropy.

To engineer the nucleus directly, a Whittaker potential is first
artificially constructed, by composing a harmonic set of
phase-locked EM wave/antiwave pairs. It is accented that the
antiwaves must be true phase conjugates; otherwise they will not
constitute a gradient-free Whittaker standing potential wave.

In addition, at least one harmonic interval must be used, and
additional harmonic sets are most desirable. The reason is that a
space-time lattice must be formed in the vacuum, where the energy is
additive spatially but oppositive in t-dot, the rate of flow of
time, in the fourth dimension.

So a time-structure is required as well as a spatial structure,
which is what is provided by /n/ bidirectional harmonic Whittaker EM
wave sets, where /n/ is an integer greater than 1.

Once a specific Whittaker structure has been chosen, the local
lattice of space-time is established. This establishes phase-locked
lattice groupings of coupled photon/antiphoton pairs, or of
gravitons. In turn, this Whittaker-structured vacuum now contains
specific graviton vacuum engines, which directly engineer and
structure the vacuum's virtual particle flux (VPF) exchange with the
nucleus. [ref.12]

The nucleus is highly nonlinear, hence strongly phase conjugative,
or time-reversed. The ambient potential of the local vacuum
surrounding the nucleus is in a violent virtual photon exchange with
it, accounting for its electrical charge.

Since the preponderant charge is positive, from the viewpoint of the
ordinary light observer whose light interacts with electron shells,
the nucleus may be taken to exhibit time reversal (phase conjugation).

*Energy, Time, and Gravitons*

We take the definition of "energy" to be fundamentally an ordering
imposed upon the VPF of vacuum. We take photon scattering from the
electron shells of atoms to be the fundamental exterior mechanism
producing forward flow of external observer time.

It then follows that "time's arrow" for the EM observer is due to
the universal scattering of photons from electron shells.

In this view, forward (positive) time flow and entropy are due to
the same primary action: photon scattering from electron shells. It
is unfortunate that the concept of "positive" energy has been tied
to, and defined in terms of, the scattering and dissipation of VPF
order as work, or energy expended.

Via the standard labeling, then, negative energy is the
reconstitution of order in the vacuum VPF. It should be noted that,
in a PPCM, dissipative or external pump wave stress energy can be
scavenged and re-emitted in perfect order as the phase conjugate
replica. This is a negentropic process, for it is capable of turning
disorder into order. [ref. 13]

In the time-reversed PPCM nucleus, we should expect to see
appreciable negative energy, that is, energy removed from the EM
scattering domain. This includes the binding energy of the nucleus,
and the gravitational (G) potential energy of the EM energy removed
from the "scattering interaction realm" and locked into the mass.

Following Sakharov, we hold that the G-field is not a fundamental
field of nature, but a composite caused by, or made from, other
fields. [ref. 14]

To the first order, we assume the G-potential is comprised of
coupled photon/antiphoton pairs, on the average, where the
statistical coupled spin-2 photon/antiphoton pair is a graviton.
[ref. 15]

We follow the modern view of the field: because of vacuum
fluctuations, rigorously one no longer speaks of "the" field, but of
the probability of a particular field configuration. [ref. 16]

We also hold the vacuum to be composed of potentials, and regard the
three terms space-time, vacuum, and scalar potential as essentially
synonymous.

*Newton's Third Law and the Detection Process*

The VPF EM stress of the local vacuum immediately surrounding the
nucleus may be decomposed a la Whittaker into opposing bidirectional
EM plane waves/forces. Thus the nonlinear nucleus may be regarded as
a pumped phase conjugate mirror, normally with a gain of one.

In this view, Newton's third law reaction force is generated because
the so-called "photon" interaction with an atom is in fact a
graviton reaction involving a photon/antiphoton pair that is decoupled.

The decoupled photon normally is absorbed and reradiated by an
orbital electron, while the decoupled antiphoton interacts with the
nucleus, producing a time-reversed twin of the external force, or,
in other words, Newton's third law reaction force, which gives a
slight recoil of the nucleus.

Half of every measurement physicists normally make is discarded,
with the missing half accounting only for Newtonian reaction in the
meter or instrument, which is usually ignored.

The fact that half of our measurement interactions are ignored is
occasionally discovered and noted by physicists, who may even write
a paper pointing it out, but no change is instituted in the
foundations. [ref. 17 and 18]

*Semiconducting Vacuum and Self-Oscillation*

The vacuum immediately surrounding the nucleus is structured by the
nucleus, and is itself nonlinear and capable of acting as a
semiconductor. [ref. 19]

Since both this immediately local semiconductor vacuum and the
nucleus it surrounds are highly nonlinear, then nonlinear resonance
can conceivably be established between them.

Further, since the resonating system in such case is an open system
away from thermodynamic equilibrium, the oscillation can be
self-sustaining. Such self-oscillation of the pumping of a PCM is
already well known in the nonlinear optical literature, particularly
with compounds containing barium. [ref. 20]

*The Vacuum Triode: The Basic Concept*

As is well known, a stress can be decomposed into opposing sets of
forces. But quantum mechanically, the forces we are interested in
with our work here are all caused electromagnetically, by the
exchange of virtual photons. Even mechanical force, according to QM,
is caused in this manner. Thus opposing electromagnetic or
mechanical "stress" sets of bidirectional EM forces are
microscopically equivalent to the notion of pump waves in nonlinear
optics.

Hence under the proper conditions, it follows that trapped EM stress
energy of the vacuum can be utilized to "pump" the nucleus. Treating
the stress-pumped nonlinear nucleus as a PPCM, it follows that the
stress energy of the vacuum can be tapped by a 4-wave mixing
mechanism in the atomic nucleus, to provide amplified phase
conjugate EM wave outputs from the atom in response to small signal
wave inputs. [21]

In the proper nonlinear material, the material may act as a PPCM, in
which case there exists a suitable connection between the material's
atomic nuclei and its external electromagnetic lattice bonds, and
the amplified phase conjugate replica wave generated in the nucleus
will be emitted from the material as an EM wave field. This field
can then be tapped by suitable means and output to an external load
circuit.

Block Diagram of the Vacuum Triode*: *Figure 4 shows a basic block
diagram of the vacuum triode process, utilized by Sweet in several
laboratory vacuum energy devices. These devices have ranged from a
nominal 500 watt output in a 6 lb device to 5 kilo watts for a
heavier unit. Gains have ranged from 50,000 to 1,500,000 for
open-loop systems. Both open-loop and closed-loop systems have been
built and tested.

Figure 4 shows a combined block diagram for either a closed-loop or
open-loop system. In the open-loop system, a barium ferrite magnetic
material is used as a pumped phase conjugate mirror.

In the "standard" design, two opposing PPCMs are used. The advantage
of this dual combination is the use of self-targeting (repetitive
phase conjugation, signal by signal). This has the effect of

(1) stabilizing the Whittaker field, and
(2) producing a quantum potential between the two mirrors, so the
mirrors and the Whittaker potential between them are essentially one
single space-time entity.

Discussion of a quantum potential is beyond the scope of this paper,
but the technical mechanism for creating one has been previously
presented by the author on several occasions. [ref. 22]

First we will explain the open-loop operation of the vacuum triode.
In Figure 4, on the right an external 60 Hz, nominal 10 volt AC sine
wave of several tens of microwatts in power is input into the
stabilized field of the barium ferrite magnet structure, where it
modulates the field, producing a signal wave input into the atoms of
the material.

In the top right block, the EM signal wave interacts with the
electron shell of an atom, which in turn is EM-coupled to the nucleus.

[This figure could not be effectively depicted in ASCII. See the
original paper]
Figure 4: The Vacuum Triode Concept

Thus an EM signal wave is input to the nucleus of the atom, which is
highly nonlinear (middle top block). Earlier, Sweet had specifically
conditioned the atomic nuclei with a proprietary process, wherein in
the barium nucleus a trapped 60 Hz scalar EM spherical wave
resonance (self-oscillation) exists between the structured
semiconductor vacuum immediately surrounding the Ba nucleus.

In the same activation process, the ambient potential of the
surrounding vacuum was raised and stabilized, in the two leftmost
blocks.

At this point the nonlinear nucleus is effectively self-pumped by
the trapped, excited, spherical scalar wave oscillation between the
structured semiconductor vacuum and the nucleus. The nucleus is now
a strongly pumped phase conjugate mirror.

Consequently, when the signal wave input arrives, the PPCM nucleus
emits an amplified phase conjugate replica (PCR) wave, which
precisely backtracks the input signal wave. This precise
backtracking (perfect retroreflection) is referred to as the
"distortion correction theorem."

In short, the powerful PCR wave returns precisely toward the
external source, passing through the electron shells and arriving in
the perturbed barium ferrite magnet assembly field, where it
perturbs the field.

A transformer-like system then extracts this magnetic field
perturbation and conducts it to the external load circuit.

However, the PCR contains negative energy. Short of the load, the
internal circuits run cool, rather than heating. This is a signature
of a true vacuum energy-tapping device.

Indeed, if the output leads of the Sweet vacuum triode are
physically shorted together, a brilliant flash occurs, and the leads
instantly ice as if dipped in liquid oxygen. This is another
signature of the true negentropic over-unity vacuum tap.

Note that the energy extracted from the semiconducting vacuum
adjacent to the nucleus is just instantly replaced by the
surrounding vacuum's inexhaustible energy pool. This is an open-loop
system, with a hidden energy source: the intense virtual particle
flux of the vacuum's ambient charge.

It is not possible to exhaust that flux, which is often calculated
to have an energy density of some 10^100 or more grams per cm^3, if
the energy were cohered and condensed into mass.

As can be seen, even a VT gain of 1.5 x 10^6 represents a "vacuum
tap" of an incredibly small efficiency, on the order of 10^-100 or
so. However, the vacuum "river" is so energetic that such
efficiencies are quite sufficient.

We accent that the barium ferrite magnetic material must be
activated so that stable self-oscillation between the barium nucleus
and the surrounding semiconductor vacuum exists. Although
self-oscillating/self-pumped PCMs are known at optical frequencies,
Sweet has discovered and perfected a brilliant methodology for
activating PPCM nuclei at ELF frequencies.

In a resistive load such as light bulbs, the resistive material
accomplishes repetitive phase conjugation. Thus in the resistor,
half the total energy is expressed as photon or dissipative energy
in the external (electron shell) level.

As the excited electrons decay, they emit scattered EM energy as
light and heat. This is an exothermic interaction. The other half of
the total energy reacts in the atomic nuclei, as a phase conjugative
or endothermic interaction.

We strongly accent that, Whittaker-wise, there are two
electromagnetic channels and two kinds of EM:

(1) external EM, the common electron-shell interacting, entropic,
scattering, time-forward kind, and
(2) the internal, unsuspected, hidden variable, nuclei interacting,
negentropic, reordering/convergent kind.

Internal EM travels strictly between atomic nuclei, normally not
reacting with electron shells unless a pumped phase conjugate mirror
reaction is invoked in the nucleus to produce a gain somewhat
greater than unity.

Thus if we wish to communicate with atomic nuclei directly, and
engineer them directly, we must utilize the internal EM channel via
applied Whittaker methods.

*Antigravity Tests*

Inherent in the preceding discussions is the possibility to turn EM
energy into gravitational energy of either sign. In other words, one
should be able to utilize Sweet's vacuum triode to produce and
demonstrate antigravity.

Indeed this is the case. Sweet has also discovered the special
alterations necessary to perform straightforward transformation of
the internal energy in the nucleus to antigravitational energy,
producing a unilateral thrust upward.

Note that the bulk of G-potential gradient (G-force-field) occurs
Whittaker-wise at ELF frequencies. This explains why nonlinear phase
conjugate opticians do not notice direct antigravity effects.

At the optical frequencies at which they work, the effects are so
miniscule that they are negligible. This is readily explained as
follows: In QM, the quantum (photon) is comprised of action (angular
momentum), not just energy. It is rather like a "piece of energy
welded to a piece of time, with no seam in the middle."

Since quantum change occurs in quanta, the decoupling of the energy
and time components, in the continual interaction of photons with
matter, exchanges energy between G-potential of vacuum and trapped
mass of the atom or particle. In this exchange, small increments of
time are continually being formed (and unformed, as photon emission
occurs).

Consequently, each mass is moving forward in time in small
incremental jumps, usually of exceedingly small magnitude. However,
the energy and time trapped in a photon are canonical. The greater
the piece of energy, the smaller the piece of time, and vice versa.

So if one wishes to stress the "rate of flow of time" significantly,
one needs to produce large amounts of photons that have very large
pieces of time, and consequently little pieces of energy.

Since the energy of the photon is directly proportional to its
frequency, this means that the lower frequency photons have larger
time increments, and hence endure over many "regular-sized photon
absorption/emission changes" to appreciably stress the rate of time
flow/production.

The bottom line is that the standard pumped phase conjugate mirror
can be adapted to produce antigravity at ELF frequencies, but
precisely the same adaptation at optical frequencies will have
negligible effect.

With this in mind, the author requested Sweet to perform an
antigravity experiment to prove the thesis. With Sweet's proprietary
adaptation of his vacuum triode/PPCM, the experiment produced rather
straightforward but spectacular results, as shown in Figure 5.

The experiment was performed as follows: Rigged for antigravity, the
6-lb device was placed on a scale so that its weight could be
continuously monitored. A special external load box was utilized in
which multiple electric light sockets were connected in parallel.

Then the external load draw was adjusted by merely screwing in
100-watt lamps, one at a time, with measurement and observation
pauses in between. The output of the device was 120 volt, negative
AC sine-wave power at 60 Hz.

For each 100-watt increment, the load power was recorded and the
weight was carefully recorded. The results are shown in the rather
smooth, classic curve shown in Figure 5.

At 1,000 watts load draw, the previously 6-lb device had reduced its
weight due to gravity by 90 percent. At that point the signal-wave
(grid) input to the open-loop vacuum triode was only 175.4 microamps
at 10 volts, or just under two milliwatts.

[This figure could not be effectively depicted in ASCII. See the
original paper]
Figure 5: Antigravity Test of Sweet's Adapted Vacuum Triode.

We accent that the nominal two milliwatt input is only a gating
signal. It is the organized, gated vacuum energy that is performing
the action.

The experiment was stopped short of actual hovering and flying due
to safety considerations. With the specific adaptation, magnetic
monopoles are deposited in the magnet materials, producing internal
tensile stress.

Since no explosive controlled facilities were available, and there
was no wish to destroy the VT, the experiment was terminated at 90%
antigravity performance. It was completely successful, and
adequately demonstrated the validity of the unified field theory
concepts utilized in our approach.

*Conclusions*

A new unified field theory has been developed, tested, and at least
partially verified experimentally. The concepts of the theory have
been applied by Sweet in a series of inventions that produce readily
usable, safe electromagnetic power directly from the vacuum.

The methodology lends itself to formulation of power devices without
moving parts. Antigravity, predicted by the concepts of the theory,
has been demonstrated in actual practical demonstrations on the
laboratory bench.

Though not discussed in this paper, application of the concepts and
methodology to a large variety of other fields, such as medical
reversal of aging and curing of almost the entire range of present
debilitating diseases, has been previously pointed out. [ref. 23]

We have also pointed out the mechanism for Kaznacheyev's
cytopathogenic effect, or the induction of cellular pathology at a
distance by electromagnetic means. [ref. 24]

We have also pointed out the specific mechanism involved in Priore's
device, which in rigorous laboratory animal testing under the
auspices of eminent French scientists, demonstrated nearly 100
percent cures for terminal cancers and leukemias, sleeping sickness,
artherosclerosis, and other debilitating diseases.[ref. 25]

We believe we have also produced the concepts enabling the direct
engineering and therapeutic manipulation of Popp's master cellular
control system. [ref. 26]

We conclude that the concepts we have utilized and experimentally
demonstrated are universal, as implied by any notional unified field
theory.

Our conclusion is that the concepts, theory, and experiments, taken
together, are sufficient for investigation and replication by the
scientific community.

If replicated and fully substantiated, we believe the work will
directly point the way to, and usher in, a new unified field theory
physics of universal application.

*Speculated Implications*

As can be seen, the implications of the new approach are profound.
The authors believe they have ushered in the forerunner of a vast
new physics, one which will change our lives, and our view of
physical reality, in ways previously undreamed of.

By mastering, controlling, and gating the vast, incredible energy of
the seething vacuum, we can power our automobiles, flying machines,
and technology inexhaustibly. Further, it can be done absolutely
cleanly; there are no noxious chemical pollutants to poison the
biosphere. With practical antigravity, ships can be developed to
cross the solar system as readily as one crosses the ocean today.

And the ships, automobiles, and technology will never run out of
fuel; the inexhaustible vacuum fills every system, everywhere, to
overflowing.

Not discussed in this paper, it turns out that living systems, faced
with the problem of achieving negentropy so as to maintain their
form in a dissipative external physical reality, have always used
the hidden internal channel for such things as mind, thought, cell
control, and living functions.

With the new methodology, one now faces the advent of access and
engineering of the mind and life of the observer as readily as the
observer's physical body.

Transmutation of the elements, control of the weather, lighting and
powering our cities and homes cheaply and cleanly, and provision of
plenty for everyone is the vista for the future. We can in fact
clean up the radioactive wastes, rid ourselves of coarse nuclear and
petroleum powerplants.

We strongly stress that, with the ability to engineer the
Schroedinger equation itself, the new methodology allows the direct
engineering and control of quantum change, and hence of physical
reality itself.

The methodology is extendable to hyperdimensions; nested virtual
levels of the vacuum are already precisely that. The author has
already pointed out the application of this emerging technology to
the absolute cure of diseases such as AIDS, cancer, leukemia, etc.,
and shown that the Priore device in France already proved the
efficacy of the application in the 60s and 70s.

We shall be able to rid ourselves and our descendents of diseases.
With direct access to the actual software of life and mind, in the
future we should be able to achieve levels of education previously
unattainable, by directly inputting the relevant software.

Previously we have also pointed out that four nations of the world
are already embarked on weaponization of scalar EM unified field
technology. It is sobering to think that, in addition to having the
ability to make our planet a paradise for humankind, we also will
have the ability to make it a hades.

For that reason, we are doing our best to clarify the technical
concept and the theory in this 1991, hopefully with the view that
humankind will seize upon the positive aspects, and develop and
apply this technology for the betterment of all people everywhere.

Long ago, Albert Einstein said these words: "It would of course be a
great step forward if we succeeded in combining the gravitational
field and the electromagnetic field into a single structure. Only so
could the era in theoretical physics inaugurated by Faraday and
Clerk Maxwell be brought to a satisfactory close."

And Teilhard de Chardin wrote: "Someday, after we have mastered the
winds, the waves, the tides and gravity, we shall harness for God
the energies of love. Then for the second time in the history of the
world man will have discovered fire."

The authors fervently believe they have come upon fire for the
second time, as allegorized by de Chardin. If so, let us all use the
knowledge wisely.

*References*

[1] Maxwell's original quaternion EM theory is contained in some 200
quaternion equations and differs extensively from the restricted
Heaviside/Gibbs vector interpretation universally taught today as
"Maxwell's Theory." See James Clerk Maxwell, /A Treatise on
Electricity and Magnetism/, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1873.
The third edition is by Dover, 1954.

[2] E.T. Whittaker, "On the Partial Differential Equations of
Mathematical Physics," /Math. Ann./, Vol. 57, 1903, p. 333-355; "On
an Expression of the Electromagnetic Field Due to Electrons by Means
of Two Scalar Potential Functions," /Proc. Lond. Math. Soc/., Series
2, Vol. 1, 1904, pp. 367-372. The first paper was in fact a detailed
theory of the scalar standing potential wave that Nikola Tesla
discovered four years earlier, on the night of July 3-4 1899, being
radiated from thunderstorms, which he entered in his Colorado
Springs Notebook on the morning of the 4th. More recently the
Whittaker structure (WS) inside potentials, including the
Schroedinger potential, has been shown by V.K. Ignatovich, "The
Remarkable Capabilities of Recursive Relations," /Am. J. Phys./,
57(10), Oct. 1989, p. 873-878, without credit to Whittaker or to the
presence of such structured scalar potentials in Maxwell's original
quaternion EM theory. These WSs are universal to scalar potentials;
e.g., for the same in acoustics, see Richard W. Ziolkowski,
"Localized Transmission of Wave Energy," /Proc. SPIE/, Vol.1061,
Microwave and Particle Beam Sources and Directed Energy Concepts,
Jan. 1989, p. 396-397.

[3] See Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, "Significance of Electromagnetic
Potentials in the Quantum Theory," /Phys. Rev./, Second Series,
115(3), Aug. 1, 1959, p. 458-491. This paper pointed out the primacy
of the potentials. Instead of being causative agents, the force
fields are actually effects generated from the potentials. This is
in complete violation of both classical electromagnetics and
classical dynamics, but it is absolutely required by quantum
mechanics. For an extensive discussion of the Aharonov-Bohm effect
and an extensive list of references, see S. Olariu and I. Iovitzu
Popescu, "The Quantum Effects of Electromagnetic Fluxes," /Rev. Mod.
Phys/. 57(2), Apr.1985. See Bertram Schwarzschild, "Currents in
Normal-Metal Rings Exhibit Aharonov-Bohm Effect," /Physics Today/,
39(1), Jan. 1986, p. 17-20 for confirmation that the Aharonov/Bohm
effect has indeed been firmly proven experimentally.

[4] It is pointed out that today all potentials are well known to be
gravitational entities. However, this was not known in Whittaker's
time, and so he himself did not realize that he had actually
produced an engineerable, testable unified theory of
electromagnetics and gravitation.

[5] T.E. Bearden, "Possible Whittaker Unification of
Electromagnetics, General Relativity, and Quantum Mechanics: Part
I: Background," Presented to Ala. Acad. Sci. Annual Symp., Univ.
Jacksonville, Mar. 1991.

[6] For the theory of a pumped phase conjugate mirror, see David
M. Pepper, "Nonlinear Optical Phase Conjugation," /Opt. Eng/.,
21(2), Mar./Apr. 1982, p. 156-183; Amnon Yariv, /Optical
Electronics/, 3rd Edn., Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1985.
In a normal triode tube, the amplified plate signal is 180 degrees
out of phase spatially with the grid input, but in-phase with it in
respect to rate of flow through time. In a PPCM, the amplified phase
conjugate replica wave is in phase spatially with the signal wave,
but 180 degrees out of phase with it in respect to its rate of flow
through time. It is pointed out that a PCM with a gain of unity
produces a coupled EM wave/antiwave pair whose energy is additive in
3-space but subtractive in the first derivative of the fourth
dimension, time. Hence it is no longer an electromagnetic wave as
such, but an oscillatory wave of stress upon the local rate of flow
of time. Hence it is a powerful electrogravitational wave, whose EM
nature is hidden in the guise of a scalar EM potential. It is also a
wave of variation in the local gauge, and of variation in the local
ST curvature.

[7] See T.E. Bearden, /The Phase Conjugate Vacuum Triode/, Apr. 23,
1987, privately published. An earlier pencil draft was initially
produced.

[8] Sweet has continued to extend his theoretical treatment. A
formal paper providing the complete mathematical theory of the
vacuum triode has been drafted, is in final review, and will be
submitted to a leading journal by mid-1991.

[9] See Chapter 25: Outlook, "Possibility of Vacuum Engineering,"
T.D. Lee, /Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory/,
Harwood, New York, 1981, pp. 824-828.

[10] In 1977 Ilya Prigogine received the Nobel Prize for extending
thermodynamics; in particular, for the theory of dissipative
structures in nonequilibrium thermodynamics. In Prigogine systems,
negentropy is known to be possible.

[11] Robert G. Sachs, /The Physics of Time Reversal/, Univ. Chicago
Press, Chicago, 1987.

[12] Note that this moves the entire notion of the charge of a
fundamental particle to a deeper and more extended level. Now the
charge may be discretized, but it is not quantized in the hard
conventional sense. Further, the internal Whittaker structure of the
massless VPF photon exchange of vacuum and mass, which, quantum
mechanically, is what the electrical charge of the particle is in
the first place, is deterministically structured. Note that this
violates the present assumption that all like charged particles are
identical; now two electrons may have either the same or different
magnitudes of charge, and even when the magnitudes are the same,
their internal charge structures (Whittaker structures) and VPF
exchange with the vacuum may differ. Also note that this resolves
the severe QM problem of missing chaos (hidden order) in quantum
change. The reason for the problem was the use of Gibbs statistics
with its assumption of random variable change, which a priori
excluded hidden order (and hence chaos) from QM. That was only a
special case, albeit an important one. There are now three QM cases:
(1) the conventional case, where there is no hidden order; (2) the
case where there is some hidden order, and the statistics is
chaotic, not random; and (3) the case where the QM change is
deterministic, with essentially total hidden order. Note that the
Whittaker methodology allows one to directly engineer cases (2) and
(3), including the Schroedinger equation itself.

[13] The present second law of thermodynamics is written only for
time-forward entities, and need not apply for the time-reversed
case. Merely viewing the energy-dissipating forward time case in
reverse allows an appreciation of the time-reversed case. In other
words, the second law of thermodynamics is incomplete as presently
stated. The complete law has a corollary to cover the increase in
order as the time-reversal of the system increases. Thus the
complete law consists of two parts: (1) the entropic, time-forward
case, and (2) the negentropic time-reversed case. Since the
re-ordering can be amplified at will by a PPCM process, the correct
distinction between the two subsets of the complete law is
important, and applies to real systems.

[14] A.D. Sakharov, /Theor. Math. Phys/., Vol. 23, 1975, p. 435.

[15] T. E. Bearden, /Gravitobiology: A New Biophysics/, Tesla Book
Co., 1991.

[16] C.f. Charles W. Misner, Kip S. Thorne, and John Archibald
Wheeler, /Gravitation/, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 1973,
p. 1191.

[17] E.g., see Richard Kidd, /et al/, "Evolution of the Modern
Photon," /Am. J. Phys/., 57(1), Jan. 1989, pp. 27-35. See also R.
Chen, "Cancellation of Internal Forces," /Am. J. Phys./ 49(4), Apr.
1981, p. 372.

[18] A nonlinear material may simply emit a photon, or it may act as
a phase conjugate mirror (PCM) and emit a phase conjugate replica of
the absorbed photon. When the material emits a normal photon, it
measurably recoils. When it emits a time-reversed photon, it does
not recoil, as already experimentally established in nonlinear phase
conjugate optics. The solution to the mystery is this: When emitting
a normal photon, the material does not act as a PCM. In that case
the matching antiphoton which split from the interacting graviton
(the graviton that yielded the external photon) interacts with the
nucleus, producing a recoil action with a gain of one. Thus
Newtonian third-law recoil of the nucleus occurs. On the other hand,
when the material acts as a PCM, it also emits the antiphoton
outside the atom to "backtrack" the absorbed "signal wave" photon.
In that case there is no Newtonian recoil of the nucleus, because
the agent for causing recoil did not interact with the nucleus to
produce it.

[19] Richard E. Prange and Peter Strance, "The Semiconducting
Vacuum," /Am. J. Phys./ 52(1), Jan. 1984, p. 19-21. Also, under
nonlinear conditions, a particle can absorb more energy than is in
the light incident on it, absorbing the energy from the vacuum VPF.
Cf. Craig F. Bohren, "How Can a Particle Absorb More Than the Light
Incident on It?"; /Am. J. Phys./ 51(4), Apr. 1983, p. 323-327.

[20] Cf. Pepper, ibid. and Yariv, ibid. For a specific example, see
Mary J. Miller, et al, /Appl. Phys. Lett./ 41(8), Oct. 15. 1982, p.
689-691.

[21] Again, for the theory of the PPCM, see Pepper, ibid., and
Yariv, ibid.

[22] E.g., see T.E. Bearden, /Gravitobiology: A New Biophysics/,
Tesla Book Co., Chula Vista, CA, 1991, p. 33-36.

[23] Bearden, /AIDS: Biological Warfare/, Tesla Book Co., 1988;
/Gravitobiology: A New Biophysics/, Tesla Book Co., 1991;
/Analysis of Scalar Electromagnetics/, Tesla Book Co., 1990.

[24] Cf. Vlail P. Kaznacheyev and L.P. Mikhailova, /Ultraweak
Radiations in Intercellular Interactions/, [in Russian],
Novosibirsk, 1981; Vlail P. Kaznacheyev, "Electromagnetic
Bioinformation in Intercellular Interactions," /Psi Research/, 1(1),
Mar. 1982, p. 47-76; N.D. Devyatkov, Ed., "Applications of
Low-Intensity Millimeter Wave Radiation in Biology and Medicine",
[in Russian], /IRE Akad. Nauk. SSSR/, Moscow, 1985.

[25] Cf. Antoine Priore, "Method of Producing Radiations for
Penetrating Living Cells," US Patent No. 3,280,816; Jean- Michel
Graille, /Le Dossier Priore/, De Noel, Paris, 1984 [in French];
Christopher Bird, "The Case of Antoine Priore and His Therapeutic
Machine: A Scandal in the Politics of Science," Appx. I to Bearden,
/AIDS: Biological Warfare/, 1988.

[26] Cf. Fritz Albert Popp, "Photon Storage in Biological
Systems," in Fritz Albert Popp, /et al/, Eds., "Electromagnetic
Bio-Information", /Proceedings of the Symposium/, Marburg, September
5, 1977, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, 1979, p.123-149; also
/Biophotonen: Ein neuer weg zur Losung des Krebsproblems/, Verlag
fur Medizin, Heidelberg, 1976 [in German].

------------------------------------------------------------------------

*Floyd Sweet's VTA Unit*

by
*Walt Rosenthal*

(Excerpted from: /Space Energy Newsletter/ IV (1) March 13, 1993 ~
PO Box 11422, Clearwater, FL 34616)

The Vacuum Triode Amplifier (VTA) invented by Floyd Sweet consists
of two ferrite magnets and two to four coreless wire coils. It is
self-powered in the preferred configuration and produces in excess
of one KW of 120 VRMS 60 HZ power in the form of energy that
resembles electricity. This energy is referred to as negative
energy. The VTA development history, its anti-gravity
characteristics, negative energy properties, and some of the
personalities involved are discussed.

This is a story of Floyd Sweet's trials and tribulations involving a
mystery wrapped in an enigma. God revealed to Floyd sufficient
information to build a machine to provide energy that resembles
electricity. However, God did not provide solutions to the
frustrating string of problems that would surface in converting the
idea into a working device. There are several people in this story
that have provided help and some who have hindered.

When Tom Bearden met Floyd, the device Floyd had developed was
producing a few watts of alternating current at 28 volts. Tom saw in
Floyd's device the physical embodiment of a principle he had
theorized many years before. Tom had never designed or constructed
a physical device to access this elusive energy source.

Tom's name for the extraction process is 'Four Wave Phase Conjugate
Mixing'. The energy source is the intense non-cohered energy that is
thought to be present everywhere in the universe. Various
researchers through the years have given this energy different
names, such as "Zero Point Energy", "Gravity Field Energy", "Radiant
Energy", and others.

Tom Bearden gave Floyd's device the name "Vacuum Triode Amplifier"
or VTA. The machine provides a small amount of its output fed back
to the equivalent of a grid which gates or coheres a large amount of
energy which appears at the device output terminal as something that
resembles electricity! Negative Electricity.

This energy can be utilized by devices designed to convert
electricity to light, heat, or mechanical work or anything else for
which normal electricity is used. The properties of this energy,
although superficially resembling the 120 VRMS 60 HZ power we
normally use, are unique and sufficiently different from
conventional electricity, so that it should be classified as an
entirely new energy form. It will require careful extended study by
a wide range of people in order to document its properties in the
manner scientists have done with conventional electricity.

Tom Bearden refers to this energy as negative energy, and he states
that negative time must be utilized. In negative time according to
Bearden, gravity is a repulsive force.

Floyd's experiments demonstrated that the VTA loses weight in
proportion to the amount of generated "Negative Energy". This was
carefully documented by Floyd on a kitchen scale. The machine weight
was observed decreasing with increased load in a quite orderly
fashion until a point was suddenly reached when Floyd heard an
immense sound, as if he were at the center of a giant whirlwind but
without actual air movement. The sound was heard by his wife Rose in
another room of their apartment and was heard by others outside the
apartment. The experience was very frightening and the experiment
has not been repeated.

Some observers of the light emanating from ordinary 120 volt 100
watt incandescent bulbs powered by the VTA claim the light is
different, softer than normal incandescent light. The VTA magnets
and coils when powering loads of over a kilowatt become cold and
temperatures of 20 degrees F below ambient have been observed.
Similar reports of below ambient temperature of energy machine
components have been reported by other inventors, such as John
Bedini and John R.R. Searl.

When the VTA output wires had been accidentally shorted, first an
extremely brilliant flash occurred. When the wires involved were
examined shortly afterward, they were found covered with frost.
Unfortunately this also caused the VTA magnet to fracture and the
machine ceased operating. In one instance the machine operation
ceased during a local earthquake. The physical shacking was not
believed to be sufficiently severe to disrupt the machine
magnet/coil relative placement or physical shock to the magnet such
as a hammer blow might impart. The best speculation is that the
machine was affected by the intense electromagnetic pulse known to
originate from earthquakes.

Conventional instruments used to measure volts, amps, or watts
appear to correlate machine output as coupled to loads, but only up
to approximately 1 KW; above that value they may indicate zero or
some other value not related to the known actual load.

Floyd's attempts to use conventional electrical design formulas
relating number of coil turns, amp turns on drive coils, and any
other parameter to predict observed outputs have all resulted in
failures with calculations. Empirical formulas based on actual tests
have been documented.

Observation of machine output voltage of approximately 120 VRMS
while the load was changed in 100 watt increments from 100 watts to
1000 watts has shown no observable output voltage change, which
suggests an extremely low internal equivalent impedance. The 20
gauge magnet wire in the output coils consisting of several hundred
turns has significant DC resistance which is not correlated with the
unvarying output terminal voltage at different loads. It is
speculated that this energy does not travel within the copper wire
or its passage through the copper wire does not generate a voltage
drop --- a most useful feature when transferring energy from one
place to another.

One frustrating aspect of the VTA has been its failures, evidenced
by the output voltage slowly decaying to zero over a few seconds or
minutes. There also have been spontaneous instances of the voltage
rising above 120 VRMS as observed by the increased lamp load bank
brightness. The volt meters, ammeter, and power meter did not
correlate with the brightness change except when the machine would
the fail to produce any power.

Many times the VTA was normally left on powering a lamp load bank 24
hours a day. During a period of time when it appeared to be
functioning properly all day long, Floyd got up at 3:00 AM to go to
the bathroom. As he walked past the room where the VTA was located,
he noticed that the lights appeared dim. He measured the voltage at
70 VRMS. Being tired at the moment, he returned to bed. The next
morning when he rose, the voltage was back to the normal 120 VRMS
and stayed there all day. The next night Floyd got up at 4:30 AM.
The voltage was measured at 85 VRMS. Floyd returned to bed. The
voltage was normal the entire next day.

A possible clue to this anomaly has appeared in an article by E.W.
Silvertooth titled 'Motion Through The Ether' where Silver tooth
describes a dual path laser interferometer experiment that
conclusively demonstrated the presence of an ether that flows
through our portion of the universe at greater than the speed of
light with its vector in the direction of the constellation Leo.
Floyd's VTA may be orientation sensitive to this ether velocity vector.

The VTA consists of two 4" X 6" X .5" grade 5 or grade 8 ferrite
magnets spaced 3 inches apart in the attractive orientation, with
the output and drive coils in between. The output coils are wound
with 20 gage magnet wire. Their axis is parallel to the magnetic
lines of force between the two magnets. The two drive (or
excitation) coil axes are positioned at 90 degrees to the output
coil axis. The VTA excitation coils may be driven by the VTA output
voltage or a separate sinewave oscillator source.

The "Secret" to the machine is the process that "conditions" the
magnets. This conditioning process determines the output frequency
and also prepares the machine for operation. The same machine could
be just as well "told" to output 50 HZ or 400 HZ. The conditioning
technique is so novel, it is doubtful anyone would ever guess how it
is done.

Oscilloscope observation of the VTA output voltage waveform shows an
apparently perfect sinewave that is not phase locked to the local
60 HZ powerline voltage.

The VTA can be started by momentary connection of a 9-volt battery
to the drive coils when the machine is operated in the self-powered
mode. The operation is stopped by momentary interruption of power to
the power coils.

The VTA "likes" to always see a minimum load of 25 watts.

Electrical shock to humans from the VTA may be more damaging than
contact with a 120 VRMS 60 HZ conventional powerline voltage. Floyd
has accidentally had VTA current pass from his thumb to his
smallest finger. It appears to freeze the flesh and was extremely
painful for at least two weeks.

The mechanism by which negative energy makes copper conductors cold
but will also heat light bulb filaments is not understood. Tom
Bearden has coined the term "Gravito-Striction" for this process and
has described how he believes it works.

On the human side of the VTA development, some incidents are worth
telling. Two people from Australia, who claimed they wanted to help
Floyd, stole his notebook and promptly asked John Bedini for help in
replicating the VTA based on the notebook contents. John recognized
the notebook as belonging to Floyd and promptly asked them to leave.
However, the notebook was never recovered.

Floyd has received many death threats over the phone, and some
threats face to face. A well dressed gentleman in an expensive suit,
tie, hat, and hundred dollar shoes approached Floyd on the sidewalk
of the street where he lives and introduced himself as Cecil Brown.
He showed him a picture of Floyd inside his apartment. Cecil then
told him that he represented a conglomerate that did not want
Floyd's device to appear in the world at this time. He further
stated that sometimes unfortunate things happen to people who do not
comply with the wishes of others. He then retrieved the picture and
departed. Incidences like this do impart significant concern in
Floyd's mind!

One real unsung hero of the human side of this story is Al Margolin,
who for many years has provided test equipment, fabrication help,
and transportation for Floyd and Rose whenever needed, and it was
needed many times.

Floyd's long time friend and former employer Bill Lawry has provided
living and project expenses and fabrication help when needed.

The reliable conditioning of the magnets in a manner that assures
long time operation is the Achilles heel of this device. With the
help of enough of the right people this device may change our world
and open a new field of physics! This adventure of course is an on
going and the final goal of powering the world with the VTA is still
a long ways off.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

*VTA Notes*

by
*Don Watson, et al.*

*Floyd Sweet: Vacuum Triode Amplifier (VTA)*

According to Floyd Sweet, who is now deceased, God "revealed"
information to him about how to create a device that would provide
energy "that resembles electricity." (1) Although Sweet may have
claimed divine inspiration, don't let your skepticism deter you from
reading on -- the end result is worth a good deal of consideration.

"The virtual vacuum is the primordial powerhouse of everything in
the universe." Floyd Sweet

The Vacuum Triode Amplifier, the result of Sweet's hard work, is
claimed to produce an overunity effect due to its interaction with
the vacuum of space. Sweet declared that "the virtual vacuum is far
from empty, far from nothing, it is rather seething with potential
energy as the primordial powerhouse of everything in the universe."
(2) This energy is referred to by Sweet's compatriot, free thinker
and nuclear engineer Thomas Bearden, as negative energy. It was
Bearden who gave Floyd's device the name "Vacuum Triode Amplifier"
or VTA. Tom saw in Floyd's invention the physical embodiment of a
principle he had theorized many years before, but Bearden himself
had never designed or constructed a physical device to access this
elusive energy force. Upon meeting Sweet and examining the VTA,
Thomas Bearden recognized what he calls "Four Wave Phase Conjugate
Mixing," a type of energy extraction that taps what he, too,
believes to be a universal, ever-present source of energy. Whether
called "zero-point energy," "gravity field energy," or "radiant
energy," its availability for conversion of electricity into heat,
light, or mechanical work makes it a new form of energy worthy of
extensive research. Bearden thinks it is negative energy, whose
acquisition requires negative time. This means that if gravity were
similarly utilized, it would be construed as a repelling force.

In its physical form, the VTA consists of two magnets whose
attractive sides are held about 3 inches apart by 2 to 4 coreless
wire output and drive coils. The device is self-powered but can be
started by connecting a 9-volt battery to the drive coils. One of
the reasons that the Sweet vacuum unit falls into the free energy
category is because it pertains to the wider technological domain
that includes the prior research of other inventors such as Paul
Baumann, of the Swiss commune, Methernitha, and Hans Coler (Germany
1942). (See AEI website for more info.)

The success of these three inventors' devices can be attributed to
the work of Franz Kalusa and Oskar Kline in the first few decades of
the twentieth century. By using "twin bifilar wound coils over
permanent magnets," it is believed that the Sweet VTA, Swiss M-L
converters, and Coler Magnetstromapparat utilize the same principle
to acquire free energy. The coils are thought to cancel out the
magnetic field that "the normal, excited EMF flow" causes. This
allows the magnetism from the stack of permanent magnets to be
directed into the 5th and 6th dimensions, which are "' curled up'
within the other four dimensions," according to Kalusa. The magnets
are then allowed to freely tap the space energy in those dimensions
while the coil continues to distract the normal magnetic field, so
to speak. The Sweet VTA is slightly different than the other two
devices, in that "it uses special conditioned or activated permanent
magnet material." It is therefore considered a "Stand alone device."
This conditioning of the magnets is considered "the secret to the
machine," since it could "be just as well 'told' to output 50 HZ or
400 HZ." When the theory behind the source of free energy that runs
these three devices was originally postulated, Einstein rejected it.
Eventually he accepted the idea and allowed it to be published by
the Prussian Science Academy.

Floyd's homespun experiments with the Vacuum Triode Amplifier
apparently tapped some very interesting forces. During one test in
his apartment, the VTA actually weighed less and less the more that
was applied to the load. In other words, the more "negative energy"
generated, the more anti-gravity observed. At a certain point, a
frighteningly loud sound jolted the inventor, and that particular
experiment was forever retired.

A recurring theme in other experiments is a decrease in temperature
of the Sweet VTA. Sometimes the magnets and coils measure as much as
20F below air temperature when the device is powering loads of over
one kilowatt. Once when the wiring was accidentally shorted, a
"brilliant flash" appeared and frost was observed on the wires.
Sweet was even electrocuted by his device once, which appeared to
freeze the skin through which the current passed, and he believes
that it was more damaging than a shock from conventional voltage in
a power line would be. Bearden calls the simultaneous cooling of the
device and heating of what it powers "Gravito Striction." Similar
reports of energy machine components that exhibit below-ambient
temperatures have been observed by other inventors, such as John
Bedini and John R.R. Searl. A theory that could explain this effect
has been postulated by Victor Schauberger, Walter Russell, and other
researchers. They think "nature uses two types of 'spin,' one
clockwise, the other counterclockwise. The clockwise spin is a
concentrating effect which generates Heat as a byproduct and is used
in all modern power generation and utilization. The counterclockwise
spin is an expanding effect associated with cold and the attempt of
nature to regain the unity that prevails when force of any type
(Aether, magnetic, light, electric, gravitic, etc.) is not
polarized. In fact, the very existence of electricity, magnetism,
gravity, heat, light, etc. is not possible unless the Aether is thus
polarized to create the interferences necessary to provide potential
differences."

Other oddities of the VTA's performance have been reported. The
device is known to have stopped working one day after an earthquake.
Though it was not substantial enough to disrupt the VTA's set-up, it
is believed that the earthquake's accompanying electromagnetic pulse
interfered with the machine. Also, when Sweet left his device on for
24 hours a day, he noticed that at night there was less voltage
measured and the lights it powered were dim, while in the daytime
there was more voltage and the lights were bright. Obviously, there
is still a lot to learn about this new source of energy.

Sweet's VTA unit is listed as an overunity device in the database of
the Institute for New Energy (INE). The unit was tested by Tom
Bearden on April 30, 1987, in front of multiple witnesses, and its
most recent demonstration occurred in the 1990s (3). According to
its own guidelines, INE rates the invention at the highest interest
level, with the potential for "new physics and great impact." INE
also believes that "the device seems to be scalable to a larger
size." INE ranks the commercial aspects of Floyd Sweet's VTA unit as
very high since "the operation techniques and measurements are being
refined." Bearden vouches for the validity of his colleague's
invention, which can produce 500 watts of electricity with only a
330-microwatt input (4).

Like many other inventors, Floyd Sweet ran into problems with
threats and theft. Two Australians once offered their help to Sweet
and then stole his work notebook. Upon asking John Bedini for help
in understanding the notebook's contents in order to replicate the
device, Bedini noticed it was Sweet's property and refused to
cooperate. Sweet never recovered the notebook. The inventor also
received death threats, over the phone and face to face. Reportedly,
a well-dressed man wearing a very expensive suit and shoes
approached Floyd on the street he lived on. He introduced himself as
Cecil Brown, showed him a picture of Sweet inside his apartment, and
said that he represented people who did not want Sweet's invention
to be revealed to the public. The man then said "that sometimes
unfortunate things happen to people who do not comply with the
wishes of others," and walked away.

The VTA is not without problems. Although it is capable of producing
"in excess of one KW of 120 VRMS 60 HZ power," the latest VTA
prototype "has not shown the ability to continue operation for
extended periods of time." It is thought that electrical
disturbances outside the device are responsible for disrupting the
internal resonance. The device often fails altogether to produce a
steady output, as it is common for the voltage to drop to zero
within only seconds or minutes. It is not yet known how or if this
problem can be solved.

Another challenge is that conventional electrical design and
instrumentation does not seem to be compatible with the VTA. Floyd
tried to apply conventional design formulas in order to figure out
how many coil turns and amp turns should be made to achieve
desirable outputs. To his dismay, this method "resulted in
calculation inconsistencies." When it came to using conventional
instrumentation to measure watts, volts, or amps, it would not work
properly over 1 kW; instead, it would "indicate zero or some other
value not related to the known actual load." For instance, when the
VTA's voltage surpassed 120 VRMS, indicated by the increased
brightness of a lamp load, the ammeter, voltmeters, and power meter
did not correlate with the change in brightness. These mysteries
still plague the work of present researchers and scientists who are
trying to further understand Sweet's device. The fact that they "are
not quite sure why Sparky presents such flaws in his data releases"
indicates either the difficulties Sweet ran into or the changing,
unpredictable nature of the device's functioning (5). The
painstaking process of duplicating the VTA's overunity effect
coupled with the fact that "reliable conditioning of the magnets in
a manner that assures long time operation is the Achilles heel of
this device" mean that "we must await further troubleshooting and
development of this unique Sweet VTA technology." Let's hope that it
happens sooner than later.

*Does Sweet's Work Explain Searl's Device?*

Floyd Sweet claims to have obtained over unity electrical energy
effects by applying a special magnetization process to some ferrite
magnets. His setup consisted of one or more specially conditioned
magnets and at least 2 coils. The magnets are fixed (stationary).
One coil was used to excite or begin the oscillations of the magnets
with a small AC field. The other coil(s) were used to "pick up" the
magnet's large magnetic oscillations. (Clearly a non-linear effect
occurs here for the excitation AC magnetic field is small compared
to the output.)

See, for example, Alan Dubla's web pages and this article for a more
detailed description of Floyd Sweet's devices.

I have also investigated Prof. John Searl
<http://rexresearch.com/searl/searl2.htm>'s magnetic
motor/generator. After spending a couple of years volunteering my
time with D.I.S.C. Inc. USA to help Prof. Searl reproduce his device
according to his explanations and instructions, I have not been able
to figure out by what physical bases Prof. Searl claims his devices
worked. (Note: I have not worked directly with Prof. Searl. However,
the group working here in the USA was in direct and frequent contact
with Prof. Searl.) He has developed a construction method which he
calls "The Laws of Squares" which, in my opinion, is so far removed
from the language of physics and engineering that one is left
completely in the dark as to the cause of the motion in his devices.
We are therefore free to think up our own methods and explanations
for constructing a device in which magnets are "self-propelled".

Here is a rough illustration [Not included here] of Searl's setup.
For more detail on Searl's devices see the info at this web site or
just search the web.

What is most interesting for the following comparison is the
similarity (but not perfect match) between Sweet's method of
conditioning the magnets and Searl's magnetization process. In both
cases, an AC field is applied to the material. (There is more
detail, of course, to both Sweet's and Searl's magnetization
process. I am only pointing out the most obvious similarity here.)

So, is there a way to use Sweet's effect to produce a Searl-like
magnetic motor?

Consider "large" but "slow" magnetization vector oscillations
cohered (in sync) to produce traveling waves. It would then be
possible for the wave to "pull" (or "push") a disk magnet along with
it. This is illustrated in the next figure [Not included here] in
which a disk magnet (red) moves along a magnetization vector
oscillation traveling wave.

If such waves can be created around a cylinder (or ring) then it
might be possible to move the stacks of disks around this center
cylinder.

In Sweet's work, a small AC excitation is needed to begin the larger
magnetization oscillations. Applying this concept to the Searl-like
arrangement, the disks rolling around the center cylinder would be
"seen" by the center cylinder as small "excitation" magnetic
oscillations.

Searl says that his first devices needed to be "started". That is,
the stack of disk magnets need an external source to start them
rolling. This could have excited large magnitude oscillations in the
center cylinder in a similar way that Sweet's small excitations
started the large magnetization oscillations in his magnets.

One problem that I see with this arrangement is that I would not
expect the wave length to be so large that the disks fit between
wave crests. I would expect the wave length on the center cylinder
to be much smaller. Then it is doubtful that the disks would be
carried along.

This may be why Searl claims that both the center cylinder
(actually, its a ring in Searl's set-up) and the disks need to be
specially magnetized (conditioned). The result may be another
magnetization wave around the disks. These waves in the disks
coupled with the wave in the center cylinder may be like two gears
in which their teeth mesh. (Searl says that the frequency used to
magnetize the disks is not to be the same as that used for the
center ring. So it is not clear whether or not this "gear" analogy
is appropriate.)

In a static condition (that is, considering the center cylinder
alone with no disks around it) The magnetization vector wave might
"stop" (might not be traveling around the cylinder) but it might
retain its alternating "pattern" around the periphery of the
cylinder. This might be the origin of the "pattern" that Prof. Searl
claims is measured around his center ring.

Both Sweet and Searl claim that once the oscillation started and
they extracted energy from their devices the magnets would become
very cold.

I have read that in ferromagnets, the magnetization vectors of the
material are constantly oscillating. But the oscillations are
chaotic/random. Sweet may have found a way to cohere or "order"
these oscillations with a non-linear oscillating result. And Searl
(independent of Sweet) might be using these oscillations to "carry"
the stacks of disk magnets around the center cylinder.

It is claimed that another researcher by the name of Hans Coler was
also able to induce "large" oscillations in ferromagnets. I don't
think there was any kind of special "magnetization" process
involved, but I could be wrong.

As far as I can determine, "large" scale coherence of magnetic
oscillations is not known to exist in "large" magnets. (But then
neither are the over unity effects produced by Sweet, Searl and Coler!)

On the other hand, "small" coherent oscillations are know to exist
in magnetic material.

If you want to read up on magnetic oscillations, take a look at the
following books.

/Magnetization Oscillations and Waves/, by A.G. Gurevich and G.A.
Melkov, CRC Press, 1996
/Theory of Magnetostatic Waves/, by D.D. Stancil, Springer-Verlag, 1993
/Magnetostatic Waves and Their Application/, by P. Kabos and V.S.
Stalmachov, Chapman & Hall, 1994

These books mention the use of a DC magnetic "bias" field together
with an AC magnetic field being applied to the magnetic material
sample to induce various kinds of oscillations. This technique is
called "parallel pumping". It is clear, to me, that AC magnetization
techniques have been applied to small sample magnetic material now
for many years. But the science folks don't seem to have applied
such techniques on the "large scale" as have Sweet and Searl.

*~~~~~*

*Magnetic Bubbles*

A fellow handed out a paper at the '94 INE Conference, which was
sent to me (Alan Dubla), that had references to the Sweet VTA. It
talked about creating a magnetic bubble and extracting energy out of
it using methods similar to those described in articles written on
Sweet's VTA. I was able to recreate a magnetic bubble, in small
round BaFe magnets. I have had no success extracting energy out of
it yet, but it is rather interesting and worth studying for a while.

When the bubble is created and stable, the magnet has a very weak
field. In the picture bellow, I have 8 1.25 inch diameter ring
magnets lined up in two rows of four each. There is a strip of
magnetic viewing paper laid across each of the rows. This paper will
show the Bloc wall as a light green band. The Bloc wall, in easy to
explain terms, is where the north and south pole meet in a magnet.
On one side of the wall you have the north pole and on the other
side you have the south pole. Looking at the magnets from right to
left, top to bottom, you will notice that each magnet has a light
green circular band over it, as seen with the viewing paper. The
number above each magnet represents the number of joules it took to
alter the original magnetic field to form the new, modified magnetic
field. As the joules increase, the bubble shifts position from the
outside of the magnet towards the middle. As the joules increase
even more, the bubble starts moving towards the center. When that
happens the original orientation of the magnetic field will be
flipped 180 degrees. The bubble is created in the magnet as a result
of partial demagnetization. By doing this, I am moving the Bloc wall
and magnetic poles 90 degrees from their original position. After
the field is modified, the north pole is now orientated towards the
center of the magnet, and the south pole is along the outer edge of
the magnet. When the band is centered between the outer
circumference and the inner, the magnet is at its weakest point and
the poles flip very easily. Running a 60 Hz AC signal running
through a small electromagnet at a 90 degree angle to the magnet
face makes the poles flip-flop, and the magnetic bubble expands and
contracts, back and forth.

*Magnetizer*

To create the magnetic bubbles, you need some high power magnetizing
equipment. In the picture I have a box housing 8000 uf worth of
caps, a giant resistor to slow current draw, and a 600 amp SCR for
switching. The power supply is an old HP 300 VDC.

The caps charge up, and with the push of a button the caps are
discharged through a 1 ohm coil with the magnet in the middle. The
small coil in the picture is what I used to make the magnetic
bubbles. The big coil is designed for the 4X6 magnets, but more
power is required. The amount of joules discharged is variable. The
small BaFe magnets require around 205 joules to create the
neutral/centered magnetic bubble.

*~~~~~*

/From:/ *Jerry Decker (Keelynet) ~ */Date:/ Sat, 29 Jul 2000 (07:55:22)

*Gunderson & Sweet VTA*

In a refreshing turn of events, however, a correspondent named
Graham Gunderson recently Emailed me a very interesting defense of
Bearden's view that EM waves can be longitudinal and still carry a
polarization sense.

And, relevant to outphased waves, Gunderson takes issue with another
argument-- the one that asserts that self-cancelling coils "do
nothing".

He says they do indeed "do something", and describes some of his
experimentation along these lines. This is what I like to see--
calm, rational explanation and some experiments to back it up.

With Gunderson's email posted at:
http://www.tricountyi.net/~randerse/graham.htm

and it does have a section about vibrating neodymium magnets...

*~~~~~*

From: Graham Gunderson ~ To: [email protected] ~ Sent: Saturday,
29 July 2000 8:49 AM

*A Way to Program Magnets*

I have spoken with a fellow who had hired Don Watson several years
ago to replicate the Sweet device; allegedly Watson was able to get
about 3 watts from one model. The deal however went sour somehow,
and work was not continued.

Sweet, too, had a beginning model that output 6 watts until he did
something *more* to excite the living you-know-what out of the
barium nuclei - only after that was the phenomenal power gain (and
500 watt nominal output) available to use (for a while - until it
inevitably sputtered out).

Watson is correct in mentioning one way to excite barium nuclei in a
magnet. It is a weak method however, and does not cause much action
(at least as I have done it)

One experiment I tried on this angle some time ago, caused some odd
effects.

I had a 4x6x1" barium ferrite slab sitting on top of a large
tupperware (polypropylene) container, about 2 feet off the floor.
The slab was magnetized and its attraction held a steel alligator
clip onto it, in electrical contact. The other end of the alligator
clip wire (about 2 feet long) connected to one terminal of a neon
sign transformer.

The neon xfmr is rated 15 kV, center tapped, so each output
represents about a 7.5 kV RMS AC signal, the two outputs being out
of phase of course. The other end of the xfmr output was left open.
Only one end was used. The transformer's case (center tap) was
grounded.

So the magnet sitting on the plastic container was oscillated with
about 7.5 kVRMS at 60 Hz.

I was living with a roommate at the time who came near the thing and
didn't know it was "on". Glad he didn't touch it.

He was curious what it was and said when he put his head near the
magnet to have a look, it built up a "pressure" behind his forehead,
which caused him a curious headache afterward.

After I heard this I went down to the basement where it was and did
the same thing, putting my head within about 2 feet of the magnet.
It began to hurt in a way, it was a kind of pain from the thing that
I remember feeling. It caused in me a persistent headache as well,
and also a shift in mood, I became very "spacey" and somewhat disturbed

This also seemed to make both me and my roommate prone to violence,
we both began to get irritated at trivial things and ended up in a
brief fist fight. This was very out of character for both of us. My
(now ex) roommate still says I should do more with my "electric
brainwhacker".

The magnet, after a while of this treatment, does develop a *slight*
and mellow buzz, as I am used to feeling it. However I doubt it
would be immediately perceptible to the unaccustomed observer. It is
a small thing. And it will not create magnetic bubbles, so far as I
know.

The excitation does decay rapidly, and usually will not hold for
more than a period of ten minutes. It begins to decay immediately
after excitation is removed, and the rate of decay appears to be
exponential.

This is in sharp contrast to other things I have done, in which the
vibrations are stronger and fully perceptible to unaccustomed
observers. The decay rate is not exponential, but seems to follow a
curve similar to the run down of an alkaline cell - it holds for a
while, then tapers off at a faster rate. And it can happen over
days, not minutes. Also it travels, I have been able to take
energized magnets on a 300 mile road trip with no acceleration in
decay. There has been mention, for intance, of the Testatika's
inability to continue power output when moved. (To me --- as good ol
Einstein would have put it --- a "clew".)

So it appears that there are various modes of BaFe excitation, and
that they have distinct effects, as evidenced, in part, by the
different curves of excitation-decay. For starters though, HV
excitation will show you a bit of something... but no promises, if
you don't think you see any effects :)

Graham

*~~~~*

(From: Luc Corriveau ~ To: [email protected] ~ Sent: Tuesday, July
25, 2000 1:39 AM)

http://216.60.190.54/comm697.htm

*Sweet VTA, ISNE & Miscellany (6/15/97)*

In fact, Don Watson said the magnet to be programmed was to be
excited between two plates that were charged
with at least 20KV (DC or AC). This would cause a 'ringing' in the
barium which would last for upwards
of 15 minutes.

During that time, the magnet could be subjected to a sharp pulse at
roughly 260 degrees of a 60 cps
sinewave. He said this was based on his own experiments and seemed
to get the best results.

Why would I believe Don Watson? Because he showed me two magnets,
both 4" X 6" by 1/2" thick. One was
'programmed', the other was not.

Using a piece of magnetic field line viewing plastic to view the
unprogrammed magnet, I could clearly see the south pole on one face
and the north pole on the other face, separated at the middle of the
1/2" magnet width by the Bloch wall.

However, in the programmed magnet, the south pole did not stop at
the midpoint, but wrapped up onto the face
of the north pole section, extending inward from the edge by about
1/4". That is where the Bloch wall HAD MOVED.

It was like altering the duty cycle of a square wave, where a normal
magnet would be analogous to a North/South relationship of 50:50,
the programmed magnet was something like 30:70. Quite amazing!

Additionally, there was a bubble within the top North pole face,
looking much like an air bubble in water covered by plastic. And
when you put another magnet near this bubble, IT MOVED away, just
like pressing on a sheet of plastic to move the captive air bubble.

Don said the programming did not always take, but that you could
just do it again, using the same magnet until it did. Also that some
magnets were imperfect, having internal fractures not visible
without using the magnetic viewing plastic.

The slabs were also sensitive to shock or outside stimulus which
would kill the programmed effect and necessitate the magnet being
reprogrammed.

Luco

------------------------------------------------------------------------

*Diagrams, Photographs & Video*

*Ashley Gray's Diagrams:*

*Post-Conditioner:*

*Conditioning:*

------------------------------------------------------------------------

*Video: VTA Demonstration with Lamps
<http://rexresearch.com/sweet/vtavideo.mpg>*

------------------------------------------------------------------------

*KeelyNet --- 7-13-97*

*A Possible Source to the VTA*

*By Jerry Decker*

During the year of 1993, I received a call from a fellow by the name
of Donny Watson. He lived in Lancaster and had called to talk about
various free energy devices, particularly Floyd Sweet’s VTA (Vacuum
Triode Amplifier).

Donny claimed he had made a device that was producing anomalous
amounts of energy, not large quantities, but definitely overunity.
This particular unit was a rotary mechanical unit that as I recall
was based on collecting back emf. I of course asked to see the
device, but Donny was reticent.

We met for lunch and on several other occasions, becoming friends in
the process. Though I never saw any machines, I did see Donny’s work
area and he had a lot o parts and some equipment, but out of all the
time I knew him, he showed me nothing.

After several months of periodic discussion and meetings, we had a
falling out and I did not hear from Dony again.

At the ISNE conference in Denver, I was surprised to hear that a
Donny Watson would be speaking on the Sweet VTA and his work to
duplicate it. Turns out it was the same Donny Watson, we became
reacquainted and ended up drinking beer late into the night,
swapping all kinds of goodies.

During the course o the conference, Donny showed me two magnets,
they were both BaFe (barium ferrite) 4" x 6" x 1/2" thick. One was
"programmed", the other was not.

Using a piece of magnetic viewing plastic to view the unprogrammed
magnet, I could clearly see the south pole on one face, separated at
the middle of the ½ inch magnet width by the Bloch wall.

However, in the programmed magnet, the south pole did not stop at
the midpoint, but wrapped up onto the face of the north pole
section, extending inward from the edge by about 1/4". That is where
the Bloch wall had moved!

It was like altering the duty cycle of a square wave, where a normal
magnet would be analogous to a S-N relationship of 50:50, the
programmed magnet was now something like 70:30. Quite amazing!

Additionally, there was a bubble within the top N pole face, looking
much like an air bubble in water covered by plastic. When you put
another magnet near the bubble, it moved away, just like pressing on
a sheet of plastic to move the captive air bubble.

Donny said the programming did not always take, but that you could
just do it again, using the same magnet until it did. Also that some
magnets were imperfect, having internal fractures not visible
without using the magnetic viewing plastic.

The slabs were also sensitive to shock or outside stimulus which
would kill the programmed effect and necessitate the magnet being
reprogrammed.

Although I’ve never seen any working models of the Sweet device from
anyone, this observation of the magnets was the closest I’ve come,
so Don Watson has my vote of confidence at this point and he is to
be commended for figuring out how to produce the effect but also for
sharing this information for other researchers…

*New Insights ~*

The reason I have written this short paper is because in the last
few days, I’ve been thinking a lot about the VTA and it struck me
what must be going on in the programmed slab magnet.

The only way you could have a bubble inside of the N face is if that
bubble was of a different polarity, i.e., S, with the bubble edge
being another Bloch wall.

You must have a difference to be able to measure anything,
homogeneity means harmony, no polarity and equates to zero, though
there appears to always be minor fluctuations since nothing is ever
truly in balance.

I always thought the trick of the VTA was to cause the Bloch wall to
vibrate in the presence of a coil of wire. Anytime you have a change
of magnetic polarity near a conductor, you have an induced current,
when that polarity changes, the current changes and in effect, pumps
the energy out.

Since this artificially created S pole in te form of a moving bubble
floating on the N pole face can easily move, it can easily be made
to vibrate, possibly over a contained area.

If you place a coil of wire around the bubble, creating a
constrained area, you could push the bubble back and forth in a
controlled fashion with very small magnetic impulses.

Now, if you could place another coil of wire, in such a way that the
bubble edge moves back and forth across this coil, then you will
induce a changing current that can be extracted.

If the coil tapping the energy is bifilar, it would not suffer
magnetic repulsions due to back emf. If under load, it would work
like a homopolar generator, where the dissipation of produced power
for any size load would not increase the energy needed to drive the
motor driving the generator.

Another key point, I think, is that the bubble must be tuned to the
frequency at which it will be driven, say 60 Hz, to get the greatest
Q (coupling of energy).

Resonance is thus necessary to be able to tap the extra energy. Much
like tapping a swing at precisely the right moment, with precisely
enough energy to overcome internal resistances, eventually the
inertia of the mass (or energy) will reach a point where other
forces can e added and tapped.

Alan Dubla has recently put up a new site dedicated to the Sweet
VTA. Alan has achieved what appears to be the same magnetic bubble
that Don did.

In closing, there is one other point I’d like to make; when I asked
Donny about the programming of the magnet with the 60 Hz wave, he
said it could be any frequency. Don also said that once a magnet was
programmed, you could touch a scope probe to the magnet and you
would see a very weak 60 Hz wave on the screen.

I asked if this could be simply picking up background 60 Hz from the
wall wiring and Don insisted it was not. I did not see this test
since we were at the conference and he was just describing it.
Perhaps he had programmed in another frequency and could see that on
the scope, maybe even put the magnet and scope in a Faraday cage.
Lots of room for experiment here…

------------------------------------------------------------------------

*Letter: Tom Bearden to Dr Jon Noring*

February 28, 1992

Tom Bearden
2311 Big Cove Road
Huntsville, AL 35801

Dr. Jon Noring
1312 Carlton Place
Livermore, CA 94550

Dear Jon:

Thanks for sending along the extract of comments on the papers.
Perhaps I can add a thing or two that will shed a little more light
on some of this. First, let's settle the matter of whether this is a
scam by persons after money. It isn't. There are no stock plans.
Nobody wants any "investment." No one would accept it if it were
offered. The inventor presently has a sufficient small income for
his small needs. I work every day as a senior engineer, and support
myself adequately in that fashion. I'm also retired from the U.S.
Army with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Also, it is certainly
quite true that the burden of proof is fully upon Sweet and me. That
proof can only be achieved by independent test and certification by
agencies and scientists of impeccable credentials and with no formal
connection to the project. Until that is done, we totally accept
that what we have said will not be believed, and should not be
believed. I will say this: I have absolutely no control of the
invention, and absolutely no say in its direction. It is totally
Sweet's invention.

If I had had my own fervent wish, formal submission for independent
testing and certification (or falsification) by the scientific
community would have been accomplished in 1987. Let it also be noted
that an inventor has agreements and/or (with other) parties
involved; he is often not legally free to do exactly as he might
wish. The best we can presently ask is that the readers keep an open
but highly skeptical mind, until such independent certification is
forthcoming. If it isn't forthcoming, then trash the whole thing in
file 13.

To try to address the gist of many of the other comments, let me
point out that we are referring to two key mathematical papers:
Whittaker 1903 as cited, and Whittaker 1904 as cited. Let me urge
all persons who commented on the lack of mathematics to please at
least study those two papers intensely. Let me summarize what they
actually show, rigorously.

In the first paper, Whittaker shows that, completely at odds with
the present scientific view, the electrostatic scalar potential has
a totally unsuspected and highly organized bidirectional EM internal
structure. It's actually composed of paired EM waves, each going in
opposite directions (and in my view, one being the phase conjugate
of the other). Further, the bidirectional pairs are phaselocked and
in a harmonic sequence. So what the potential is actually composed
of is a Fourier-type harmonic expansion, directly coupled with its
time-reversed twin set, in a one-to-one ratio, with all the harmonic
twin waves phase-locked.

Normally, in electromagnetics one just gives a magnitude to the
potential at each point and leaves it at that. However, Whittaker
shows that the potential at a point actually encompasses a
magnificent, hidden, highly organized flow of EM waves and energy
into and out of that point. Although there may be no net EM
forcefield at the point, the "hidden interior" energy flow through
the point to and from the surrounding space is filled with EM forces
and waves in dynamic motion.

This leads to a real quandary in the assumed nature of a scalar
potential, in my view: Instead of being a passive or simple scalar
sort of thing that just has a convolution magnitude and sometimes an
external gradient in that magnitude, it's a new kind of entity that
is scalar externally, with gradients between adjacent external
points, but at the same time it's totally dynamic, vectorial, and
energetically organized "inside."

"Further, it would seem to be in hidden hyperspatial EM
communication with every other point in the universe, at least in
the simple case. The basic thing, I think, is that Whittaker seems
to delocalize the notion of the potential, extending it into
hyperspace with respect to its internal EM energy flow. If someone
on the net could put that into more precise language, I'd be very
grateful.

In my picture of it, as shown by Whittaker the seemingly quite
placid scalar potential is an unsuspecting vector EM dynamo inside.
In early 1987 I simply took the Whittaker picture of the potential's
internal bidirectional EM waves seriously, and realized that these
internal hidden EM waves didn't translate electrons in the electron
shells of atoms, but instead penetrated to the nucleus directly.
That meant that, in simply having a stress potential added to a
material, one effectively had "pumping" EM waves connected directly
to the atomic nuclei through hyperspace, bypassing the electron
shells' usual Faraday shielding interaction.

One can fairly readily build EM wave oppositions in proper harmonic,
phase-locked Whittaker fashion, and so one can make and use an EM
gradient-free potential construction entirely of bidirectional
waves. This construction is such that :

(1) a normal electron-wiggle detector instrument doesn't even "see" it,

(2) the internal wave EM reaches directly to the nucleus and affects
it and

(3) it consists of EM "pump" waves in the nonlinear phase conjugate
mirror sense.

All that was needed then was to simply extract the standard pumped
phase conjugate mirror equations from nonlinear optics and apply
them to this "potentialized" or "Whittaker-pumped" nucleus of the
atom. That mean that the nucleus should now be a pumped phase
conjugate mirror. However, it still needs one small thing added.
Sweet did one additional thing: he superposed a 60-Hz modulation on
the envelope of the Whittaker bidirectional waveset.

In other words, the external amplitude of the artificially
constructed stress potential was oscillated at 60 Hz. [Note that the
external amplitude of the potential is what is in our 3-space; the
internal Whittaker EM biwaves are BEYOND 3-space. The nucleus is a
hyperspatial or higher topological entity when the Whittaker
structures of its potentials are taken into account.]

Sweet personally discovered the activation procedure (which he still
holds proprietary) for causing this 60-Hz oscillation to be taken up
and self-sustained by the barium nucleus (we assume that it's the
barium nucleus involved, because it won't work with any other kind
of magnet except a barium ferrite magnet). Self- oscillation of
barium compounds is well-known in the phase conjugate mirror optical
literature. However, most of the papers I've been able to find on
self-pumping mirrors have achieved the self-pumping only at optical
frequencies.

I've not been able to find anything else at ELF self- oscillation
frequencies. I will say that, if Sweet's 6-lb unit is not in the
self-oscillation (activated, or self-pumping) condition, you won't
get a microwatt out of it, no matter what you do! If it's in the
self-oscillation condition but at essentially "normal" nuclear
potential, you will only get a few watts out, say, something like
six watts.

Sweet increased the nuclear potential and its 60-Hz oscillation,
trapping it in the barium nucleus also as part of the activation,
whereupon much greater electrical power is extractable from the
device. He also worked out the device design so that its objective
output voltage was 120 volts, for an input voltage of 10 volts (at
33 microamps). This small 1/3 milliwatt 60 Hz input corresponds to
the signal wave in PPCM theory.

The entire device is, in my view, just a special self-pumped phase
conjugate mirror, precisely like what is already in the standard
literature, self-pumping and all. It's just self-pumped at ELF
frequencies, and in a very special manner. It is being fed by
self-oscillating hidden EM biwave (pumpwave) energy directly from
the surrounding vacuum. [The EM energy of the vacuum
intercommunicates internally through the hyperspatial Whittaker
channels of the vacuum. The gradient in the potential magnitude
represents the EM energy entering our 3-space by local scalar
interferometry.]

I also quoted a reference that shows that the local vacuum
immediately around a nucleus is structured by the nucleus and can be
considered and treated as a special sort of semiconductor. One can
visualize, then, that the 60-Hz trapped self-oscillation is between
that local semiconductor vacuum and the potentialized barium
nucleus. In other words, in the self-oscillating nuclear potential
it is both the local vacuum and the nucleus that are oscillating, at
180 degrees phase from each other. That means that there is a
rhythmic inflow and outflow of potential (Whittaker biwaves)
envelope magnitude gradient, to and from the nucleus, exchanged to
and from the local semiconductor vacuum. Note what we're talking about.

You've got to get the hyperspatial EM energy exchange of the vacuum
"gated" or" shifted" into our 3-space, from hyperspace. Whittaker's
1904 paper can be interpreted as showing that (1) the gradient in
the potential represents the 3-space aspect, and (2) any such
potential gradient in 3-space is produced by scalar interferometry
(interference of the hyperspatial vector EM wave interiors of scalar
potentials.)

So Sweet's 60-Hz modulation of the nuclear potential's amplitude
represents a 3-space oscillating flow of EM vector energy, in and
out of the nucleus from the surrounding semiconductor vacuum. If you
properly introduce a signal wave to that "activated" or self- pumped
nucleus (once it's got a 3-space oscillating EM vector flow), then
by standard textbook theory you are going to get out up to all the
energy in the pump waves, coming forth from the "nucleus-mirror" as
an amplified phase conjugate replica (PCR) of the small signal wave
input.

By the standard distortion correction theorem, that amplified PCR
wave will travel back along the path taken by the signal wave. In
other words, you've got organized EM energy coming out of the nuclei
as a coherent EM wave, through the electron shells, into the
material lattice, and on out of there into the external circuit. At
that point, one simply taps onto it (e.g., by magnetic induction),
and you can extract and gate the amplified energy wherever you wish
in the external circuit. Note that the 60-Hz self-oscillation energy
comes in from the local vacuum to the nucleus, on the inflow or
"intake" cycle. If you gate some of it on out of the nucleus
externally, instead of letting it flow back to the local
semiconductor vacuum, the adjacent vacuum surrounding the
semiconductor just promptly replenishes the local vacuum potential.
It has to do so, because of the nonlocal hyperspatial EM energy flow
in the Whittaker structure of the potential in the first place. You
can draw EM energy out of those internal EM waves in the Whittaker
structure of the potential, and the electrical charges establishing
that potential will continue to "pump out" virtual photons and
replenish the potential.

It can be seen that the potentials between the self-pumping nuclei
are self-cohering (in their internal EM) throughout the mirror
material by what is called "self-targeting," but that is another
story too long to detail here. The second (1904) Whittaker paper I
cited is also quite revealing. Here's what it shows. Rigorously, you
can replace all of classical forcefield EM with scalar potential
interferometry. Period. Note that this paper actually incorporates
the Aharonov-Bohm effect, decades before Aharonov and Bohm's seminal
1959 paper. It also drastically extends it, for it is dealing with
macroscopic effects, not just mesoscopic. Also, please note that
scalar interferometry is not an oxymoron,in spite of being so
labeled by one eminent scientist.

If you realize that the scalar potential is totally vectorial in its
Whittaker internal composition, and comprised of multiple EM waves,
then when one interferes two scalar EM potentials, one is simply
doing multiple wave interferometry simultaneously. It's perfectly
good "wave" interferometry; it's just a whole bunch of it at once.
And the wave interference actually connects hyperspace EM waves with
3-space EM waves. The hyperspatial EM wave interference creates
3-space EM potential gradients (forcefields), including both statics
and dynamics. To sum up my view of the Whittaker papers, here's what
they add to physics:

(1) They add a second and completely new kind of electromagnetics, a
hidden hyperspatial EM wave communication inside the scalar
potential. Since the magnitude of the scalar potential from a single
point charge does not reach zero until an infinite radial distance
is reached, then each point charge communicates electromagnetically
with each other point in the universe, through the hidden Whittaker
EM hyperspace channel. It communicates via hidden (hyperspatial) EM
waves that a normal EM detector does not even see.

(2) The papers allow replacing all notions of external [3- space] EM
force fields, waves, etc. with scalar interferometry of potentials
[hyperspatial EM wave interferometry].

(3) by adding the "internal" EM energy and its hyperspatial "hidden
variable" communication, the two papers do in fact extend each of
the three disciplines: classical EM, QM,and general relativity.

Indeed, they force consideration of a sort of "action at a
distance," where by scalar interferometry the local vacuum potential
and the local spacetime itself are altered and interact with the
system in unexpected manners.

Since the Whittaker internal EM energy extension set is the same in
each case, it is my view that adding the Whittaker internal EM does
unify the three extended disciplines. Note that it does not change
the three present subsets. We might also ask the following:

Can anyone show any paper in the literature, other than the
Whittaker work and the other two recent papers I cited, that deals
with this internal organized EM inside the scalar potential? If so,
I've personally been unable to find it, and would very much
appreciate the reference.

Does there exist any other paper in the literature that treats the
atomic nucleus as a pumped phase conjugate mirror? I would very much
appreciate the references, if there are any.

Are there any papers at all in the literature, where research has
been conducted in actually making the Whittaker-type of simultaneous
wave/antiwave structure as an artificial scalar potential, in beams,
and performing scalar beam interferometry with it on materials and
systems at a distance __ e.g., say at three feet in the laboratory?
If so, I'd again very much appreciate the references.

It is my strong feeling that we must get such things looked into by
the universities and by sharp physicists and graduate students. The
Whittaker approach and the concept of using the nucleus of the atom
as a pumped phase conjugate mirror that one can externally engineer
electromagnetically, do seem to lead to some startling things on the
bench. But presently the phenomenology is so completely unknown and
unexpected that I fear we may never have a true science and
technology here unless university-level work is done on it. Indeed,
it's going to take some good theorists and some good
experimentalists both.

I might add that Sweet is incorporating the Whittaker theory into
his EM theory of the device, and I expect him to publish that in the
future for peer review and examination. His wife died recently,
however, and so that part of the effort has been setback for a time.
Sweet is a good theorist (I am not), and he is an especially good
magnetics engineer of high caliber. He is also, in my opinion, a
genius on the experimental bench.

*** He has other highly unusual EM inventions which may *** receive
more publicity in the future.

I believe that, for the quaternions, the best way to describe EM
expressed in quaternions (or better yet, in Clifford algebra) is to
note that the EM thus expressed has a higher topology. It seems that
you can get EM effects in the higher topology that a rigorous
orthodox EM analysis will never reveal or appreciate.

A very interesting reference to check in this respect --- by a
highly capable scientist, and with all the mathematics --- is T.W.
Barrett, "Tesla's nonlinear oscillator-shuttle-circuit (OSC)
theory," /Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie/, 16(1), 1991,p.
23-41.

Indeed, I'm attracted to the notion that my own concept of the
nucleus as a pumped phase conjugate mirror could also possibly be
expressed in terms of Barrett's OSC exposition. This is particularly
attractive because Barrett points out that in the higher topology
the nonlinear optics effects are achievable by circuits and devices
themselves, without the presence of laser- matter interactions as
such. He also cites a document number 225395, 1988, U.S. Patent
Office, where the OSC theory was originally disclosed.

The complete mathematics for decomposition of the electrostatic
scalar potential into bidirectional EM wave sets in harmonic phase-
locked series is in E.T. Whittaker, "On the partial differential
equations of mathematical physics," /Mathematische Annalen/, Vol.
57, 1903, p. 333-355.

The complete mathematical proof that classical EM can be completely
replaced with scalar potential interferometry is in E.T. Whittaker,
"On an expression of the electromagnetic field due to electrons by
means of two scalar potential functions," /Proceedings of the London
Mathematical Society/, Series 2, Vol. 1, 1904, p. 367-372.

I believe Whittaker actually orally delivered both papers in 1903.
Review and commentary from the network scientists on the two
Whittaker papers, and on the significance of the Whittaker papers or
lack of it, would be most deeply appreciated. Particularly desired
would be the results of any experiments performed in scalar
potential interferometry, at a mild distance (say, three feet) where
each of the two interfering potentials is artificially constructed
of multiple phase-locked harmonics and their true phase conjugate
waves in one-to-one magnitude ratio. We accent that at least one
harmonic interval, and preferably more than that, are essential.

Sincerely,

Tom Bearden

------------------------------------------------------------------------

*Progress Report on the Sweet Vacuum Triode*

*T. E. Bearden*

Updated Jan. 29, 1992

*Phase I Operation Completed*

In 1991 we ended Phase I, and began the opening round of Phase II of
our decades-long operation. Phase I was to alert the free nations to
the dangers of Soviet scalar EM weapons, and the necessity of
countering them. That phase has been successfully completed. There
are now three other nations --- not hostile to the U.S. --- that
have developed and deployed scalar EM weaponry. The Soviets/KGB are
soundly checked by these three nations, with regards to scalar EM
weaponry.

*Phase II Operation Begun*

The goal of the phase II operation is to get cheap, clean energy
from the vacuum, obtain antigravity, and develop scalar EM healing
of notorious diseases such as cancer, leukemia, AIDS, etc. In this
phase we are now publishing papers in the orthodox literature that
carry the message. Our target is the bright young graduate students
and postdoctoral candidates who are becoming increasingly curious in
this area. We will try to get as many of these interested as
possible. The idea is to have about 100 "seed cells", in major
universities, so that these young tigers do the necessary
phenomenology experiments and produce the necessary theory
extensions. If we can reach that number of seed cells, then those
young Turks will turn over the present physics. That Phase II
operation has begun.

*Two Fundamental Papers Published*

For example, in mid-1991 we gave (in absentia) two fundamental
papers to a very large symposium (IECEC '91) in the Boston area. The
symposium was sponsored by IEEE, AIAA, and many of the other leading
technical societies of the U.S. The two papers are published in the
Proceedings by the American Nuclear Society.[1,2]

One of these papers [1] tells what is wrong with quantum mechanics,
electromagnetics, and general relativity - that is, what actually
prevents their unification. It also tells what has to be done to
unify them. I emphasize that the thesis in this paper is testable on
the laboratory bench; it isn't just conjecture.

The second paper [2] is rather unique, to say the least. In it I
openly released the basic universal mechanism that is capable of
directly tapping the potential energy of the vacuum,
electromagnetically. That's a secret eventually worth billions of
dollars; I freely gave it to everyone. I discovered the theoretical
mechanism, so it was mine to give. The paper reported on Floyd
Sweet's (my colleague for several years) vacuum triode which
successfully taps the vacuum's virtual photon flux energy to produce
500 watts of time-reversed electrical power, with only 330
microwatts of normal power input. That device has been in existence
since 1987 or earlier.

*The Fundamental Mechanism Is Proven*

There are several hundred papers in the nonlinear optics literature
that prove that the fundamental pumped phase conjugate mirror (PPCM)
mechanism works, in the macroscopic world. I seem to have been (in
1986/87) the first person to openly treat the nucleus of the atom as
a PPCM.

In a proprietary 1986 draft and later 1987 paper given to Sweet, I
produced the basic theory of how Sweet's vacuum triode device (which
then was producing 6 watts output) was tapping the vacuum energy. To
do so, I treated the Whittaker bidirectional EM wave components of a
scalar EM potential --- introduced onto the nucleus --- as a set of
wave/antiwave pairs or pump waves.

This application simply uses the internal scalar potential's
internal structuring as clearly established by Whittaker in 1903.[3]

With the internal Whittaker wave/antiwave structure, one can
establish a self-oscillation (self-pumping) on the barium nucleus,
in and of the virtual photon flux (VPF) exchange between the nucleus
and its immediately surrounding vacuum.[4]

When that is successfully done, the material containing the barium
(in Sweet's case, barium ferrite magnets) is activated. That is, VPF
exchange energy is rhythmically flowing into the barium nucleus and
back out again in a 60 Hz wave --- as a wave of pure VPF stress
potential; a pure scalar EM wave, which is composed of (and can be
decomposed into) phase-locked AM oscillations of the set of
Whittaker biwaves composing the potential.

With this Whittaker decomposition, the self-oscillating barium
nucleus is then a self-pumped phase conjugate mirror. Note that this
"nucleus as a pumped phase conjugate mirror" approach is a universal
scheme for tapping the trapped energy in a massless scalar EM
potential in the vacuum, without depleting the potential.

The potential in the vacuum is a function of vacuum VPF activity;
the potential is continually replenished by the vacuum itself. The
EM energy trapped inside the potential can be tapped forever, if the
potential is not bled off by translating electrons (or other charged
particles).

Then all that remains to be done to tap this vacuum-furnished
"pumping" energy, is to utilize standard 4-wave mixing theory from
nonlinear optics, and introduce a small signal wave input. By
standard textbook theory, up to all the energy in the pump waves
will then be emitted by the nucleus as a phase conjugate replica
(PCR) (time-reversed replica) of the signal wave input.

In other words, an amplified EM energy wave --- in this case, 60 Hz
--- will come from the self-pumped nuclei and will backtrack the
path taken by the signal wave, in accordance with the so-called
distortion correction theorem of orthodox nonlinear optics.[5]

In this fashion, the energy in a potential established in vacuum can
be directly tapped, taken from the VPF exchange with the nucleus,
and gated out of the atom and into the external circuit, to power an
external load.

*The Secret of Overunity EM Devices*

THIS "NUCLEUS AS A PUMPED PHASE CONJUGATE MIRROR" MECHANISM IS THE
FUNDAMENTAL SECRET OF ALL LEGITIMATE OVER-UNITY DEVICES THAT TAP
VACUUM ENERGY.

The tapping device is not a closed system, but is open to the flow
of energy from the vacuum to the nuclei and back. All systems
everywhere are open to this in-and-out VPF flux exchange anyway.
Normally, however, the two VPF flows --- in and out --- are equal
and opposite, and so the energy exchange between vacuum and nucleus
is in equilibrium. In that case, none of the VPF exchange energy is
gated out to the external circuit.

In the "activated" case, however, the two VPF flows (between the
nucleus and the vacuum) are not equal, because part of the flow
energy that accumulates in the in-surge into the nucleus is gated
out of the atom and into the external circuit.

Hence the vacuum/nucleus flux exchange system is not locally in
equilibrium, because part of the in-flow is being gated by 4-wave
mixing accomplished in the PPCM barium nuclei, into forming an
organized PCR wave, which in turn goes on out of the atom instead of
back to the vacuum. Any local vacuum energy extracted is just
instantly replaced by the surrounding vacuum - just as a raging
ocean instantly refills the hole left in dipping out a spoonful of
water.

So in the self-oscillating PPCM nucleus, part of the vacuum influx
energy is gated into an organized phase conjugate replica (PCR)
wave, instead of simply being flux-exchanged back to the local
vacuum. This amplified PCR wave backtracks the path previously taken
by the input 60 Hz signal wave, and thus proceeds out of the
vacuum-pumped nuclei, through the atom's electron shells, into and
through the material lattice, and arrives in the outer circuit,
which is connected to the external electrical load.

The device thus powers the external load directly off the energy
organized and gated from the local vacua surrounding the excited,
activated, self-pumped barium nuclei. Floyd Sweet's Vacuum Triode

In his second vacuum triode, Sweet obtained 500 watts of negative
electrical power out (at 60 Hz and 120 volts), with an input (signal
wave, in nonlinear optical PPCM terminology) of only 330 microwatts
(10 volts, 33 x 10^-6 amps) from a small 60 Hz oscillator. That's
about a 1,500,000 power gain. Not too bad at all.

Sweet later "close-looped" the device, tapping off a wee bit of the
output, and using it as the rigidly clamped positive-feedback input.
So his later devices put out 500 watts, directly from the vacuum,
without any external input at all.

Sweet has also built devices having 1,000 watt output and 5,000 watt
output. The devices also are solid state, with no moving parts.

A nominal Sweet device outputs 1,000 watts of time-reversed (PCR) EM
power at 60 Hz and 120 volts. It weighs 6 pounds, and can be rigged
to simultaneously produce antigravity, while it is producing its
negative power.

However, there are still some serious problems with stability, etc.
Also, there are serious legal problems, and in fact the entire thing
has been in litigation. It may be that nothing will ever be possible
with this device, because of the horrendous legal entanglements. But
the device is real, it works (albeit it is just a laboratory
demonstration device, and not at all a production-ready model). It
proves the principles, and the report is now in the standard
literature.

*World's First Antigravity Success*

Also, to prove the scalar EM interpretation of gravity and
antigravity, at my urgent request in 1987, Sweet specially rigged
the device for antigravity production. In the cited paper we report
on the highly successful result.

The 6-lb. weight of the object was reduced in periodic stages by
90%, on a scale on the lab bench, in a totally controlled, smooth,
slow, sustained experiment without transients or sudden surges,
jerks, etc. At the same time, the device was steadily producing
negative electrical power.

In fact, the method of producing antigravity in a "rigged" unit is
simply to force it to process more negative power through the
nucleus. Gravitational energy is negative energy, and gravitational
power is negative power, as is well known.

It follows that to first order, antigravity can be regarded as
simply the outputting or ejecting of negative energy from the atomic
nucleus, through the electron shells and into an external load,
rather than return of the negative VPF energy back to the vacuum
from the nucleus.

The curve is reproduced in the paper, and printed in the
proceedings. I had qualitatively predicted the results, prior to the
experiment.

What is not printed in the proceedings is that, with another more
powerful model, Sweet has actually fully levitated the entire 6-lb
unit, and "flown" it above the bench, via this approach to antigravity.

So the scalar EM theory works. It's still tricky, and we're just at
the stage that normal EM went through with "cat fur, glass rods, and
pith balls." But slowly we're getting there. Still, we desperately
need to develop good instrumentation for detecting (1) the absolute
scalar potential, including its magnitude, and (2) the exact
Whittaker bidirectional EM wave harmonic structure of the scalar
potential. We know how to approach that problem, but it will be
quite expensive, and funding to do that has simply never been
available.

*"Energy" Is Presently Incorrectly Defined*

To illustrate just how poorly some of the foundations of normal
science (including physics) are known, let me point out that the
present definition of energy is totally wrong. Now there's a real
attention grabber of a statement! Can I prove it? Let's see.

The present "definition" of energy in science is usually stated
something like this. "Energy is the capacity to do work." Well, that
statement happens to be totally, hopelessly false. It isn't even
correct logic. Here's why.

What is work? Ultimately, work is the scattering (disordering) of
energy. We can always resort to calorimetry, e.g., and determine the
warming of a solution (such as water) by a mechanically-powered
paddlewheel, to convert mechanical energy to heat energy, etc. But
in QM, all mechanical forces are generated by the exchange of
virtual photons, so even mechanical force is electromagnetic at
base. Hence mechanical force times distance is also EM-generated, at
its causative base. Eventually, mechanical and electromagnetic work
involves the scattering of EM energy.

So substituting for the term "work" in the accepted definition of
energy, the standard definition is really this: "Energy is the
(capacity to do) scattering of energy."[6] That's logically
contradictory. It says that energy is just its own scattering! And
that's nonsense.

Try it on the notion of a fishhook. I can truthfully state: "A
fishhook can be used to catch fish." That's perfectly okay. However,
we cannot accurately define a fishhook as "A fishhook IS the
capacity to catch fish." That's a non sequitur. We can say,
accurately, that "a fishhook HAS the (innate) capacity to catch
fish," and that is accurate. That's just a statement about
fishhooks, it is not a definition. But we cannot say that "a
fishhook IS the capacity to catch fish." Indeed, a fishhook IS a
bent piece of wire, where one end is usually curved with a barb on
the tip.

Similarly, we can say that "energy HAS the capacity to do work," and
that is logically accurate. In that form, it's just a statement of
one of the things that energy can be used to do. One can, by
scattering the energy, do work --- since work is just the scattering
of energy in the first place. But one cannot say that "Energy IS the
capacity to do work." A thing cannot be defined as just its own
scattering!

I find it remarkable --- even astounding --- that generations of
scientists and engineers have apparently failed to notice this
simple, elementary fact. Could it be that all the physicists and
engineers are presently wrong in their notion as to precisely what
energy IS? If so, then (one might say) what, pray tell, is it? What
is energy anyway?

*A Fundamental Redefinition of Energy*

Here's the precise definition: ENERGY IS ANY ORDERING, EITHER STATIC
OR DYNAMIC, IN THE VIRTUAL PARTICLE FLUX OF VACUUM. Period. Note
that energy overall refers to the flux of any and all kinds of
virtual particles in the vacuum. It can be any kind of ordering
imposed in or on any or some or all of those particle fluxes.

But when you put an adjective modifier in front of the word
"energy", then you have selected a particular type of flux. In that
case you have to discriminate the type of quantum particle of the
field, comprising the flux that is being referred to. Like the
following:

*Definition of Electromagnetic Energy*

Electromagnetic energy is any ordering, either static or dynamic, in
the virtual photon flux of vacuum. In other words, for a field
energy, one selects only the type of particle in the VPF that is the
quantum particle of that field.

Let's continue: Nowhere in physics --- in all of physics --- does
there appear a legitimate definition of the electrostatic scalar
potential. The normal "definition" utilized or advanced is a
prescription for calculating its magnitude. I could not find a
single physicist or electrical engineer who could accurately define
it. So I went to QM and dug out what it is, myself. Let's continue:

*Definitions of Some Types of Potentials*

A potential is any ordering, either static or dynamic or combination
thereof, in the virtual particle flux of vacuum.

Note that, according to this definition, a potential is pure energy,
a priori. But we must be careful. Because of the nature of the
virtual particle flux comprising it, the potential is a collection
of individual virtual energies --- a collection of the individual
energies of a host of individually moving virtual particles. Each
particle is still almost totally separate from each other, most of
the time. In other words, as an informal analogy, potential is a
sort of mostly disintegrated energy, which only has just a touch of
integration, enough to allow it to be referred to as a single
"collection" or "ordering."

A scalar potential is any static (stationary) ordering in the
virtual particle flux of vacuum. A vector potential is any dynamic
(nonstationary) ordering in the virtual particle flux of vacuum. So
scalar potentials and vector potentials are simply different subsets
of the energy domain.

An electrostatic scalar potential is any static (stationary)
ordering in the virtual photon flux of vacuum. And so on.

Now those are all precise definitions. To the best of my knowledge,
they have not previously appeared in physics.

*Internal Wave Structure of A Scalar Potential*

However, with respect to the electrostatic scalar potential, one
still has a conceptual problem. Any photon in the vacuum must of
necessity be moving at an average velocity of c, it would seem. So
how does one have a "stationary" ordering of these extremely fast
photons? In other words, how do you catch and "hold stationary" a
particle that's moving at luminal velocity, and have it still
continuing to move that fast?

It's simply a special case of a kind of "standing wave" stationary
solution by another name. Indeed, Whittaker decomposes the scalar
potential into bidirectional pairs (in a harmonic series) of EM
waves.[7] In other words, a scalar electrostatic potential
internally consists of --- and is composed of --- paired EM waves,
passing through each other, in pairs in a harmonic set. Sort of like
a Fourier expansion set of harmonic waves, coupled with its phase
conjugate set that is present at the same time. Notice that the
harmonic wavepairs are phase-locked in frequency and time.

Hence this structure establishes an organized, standing, stationary
spatiotemporal lattice directly in the vacuum potential. It is
strongly pointed out that this represents a local organization and
structuring of spacetime itself.

Further, a given potential created by our circuits is a change in
the trapped local EM energy of the vacuum. It therefore represents a
local curvature of spacetime, and this local curvature is
Whittaker-structured.

*Gravitons, Photons, and Antiphotons*

So we look at one pair of Whittaker waves, at its wave and antiwave
components. We point out that the antiwave is a true phase conjugate
(time-reversal) twin of the wave. In that wave/antiwave pair,
photons in the wave are moving forward (say, from left to right) in
one direction, and antiphotons in the antiwave are moving back (say,
from right to left). In other words, photons and antiphotons are
present and constantly meeting each other in each wave/antiwave pair.

Further, the antiwave is precisely coupled to the wave by phase
conjugation. This requires that photons and antiphotons are also
continually and precisely coupling - which they can do and will do
if one is a precise phase conjugate of the other --- and decoupling.
But when momentarily coupled, the photon/antiphoton pair have
helicity 2. In other words, at that moment the paired system
(couple) is stationary. As a crude visual model, each may be
visualized as "whirling around" (orbiting) the other momentarily, so
that each has tangential velocity c, but oppositely directed,
producing a spin-2 system that is momentarily "trapped" and not
translating.[8] In this fashion a photon may be "spatially trapped"
in a graviton system, but the individual photon may still be moving
with tangential velocity c, even though the graviton system is
stationary.

Thus what we have in the Whittaker bidirectional wave structure of
the scalar EM potential is the continual formation and dissolution
of stationary spin-2 gravitons, with photons and antiphotons
continually entering and exiting each coupling position. The
gravitons resulting from the photon coupling/uncoupling are
statistical, for they are continually being created and destroyed.

Those statistical gravitons are what comprise the "electrostatic
scalar potential," and constitute the convolution of the locally
trapped photons. Consequently, the local EM energy trapped in the
scalar EM potential exists in that form.

Note that, because of the arrangement of the photon/antiphoton pairs
into a harmonic series, all the EM waves in the entire Whittaker set
are phase-locked, as are the gravitons. This means that the
phase-locked graviton sets represent an ordered spacetime graviton
lattice --- containing EM energy ordered both dynamically and
statically in frequency, energy, space, and time.

So, the scalar electrostatic potential is actually a hidden graviton
latticing organization of local spacetime itself.

*Photon Interaction And Newton's Third Law*

It follows that, in photon interactions, normally we actually have a
bust-up of a graviton, so that we have two photon interactions,[9]
not one, as follows: (1) the freed forward-time photon interacts
with the shell electrons of the atom, which is the reaction
contained in the textbooks, and (2) the freed time-reversed
antiphoton interacts with the nucleus of the atom to produce
Newton's third law reaction force.[10]

*The Scalar Potential Is Gravitational*

Now that we know that the scalar potential is comprised of
gravitons, we can understand why the potential is gravitational (as
is well-known in general relativity.)[11] We also realize something
even more important: We realize precisely how gravitational
potential is made and sustained electromagnetically. In other words,
we now understand electrogravitation. Note that, so far, we have
described a very "linear" condition in spacetime, where the local
spacetime from one point to its neighboring points does not change
in the photon coupling constituency of the graviton lattice. Such a
spacetime is locally flat.

*Curved and Flat Local Spacetimes*

However, it follows that we also should be able to do some nonlinear
things to make the average photon/antiphoton coupling differ from
spin-2. In that case, we can have some multiple photon couplings
greater than helicity 2. We can also have the occasional failure of
photon and antiphoton to couple, so that the average coupling is
less than helicity 2.

Because of the continual creation and annihilation of gravitons, in
describing "the" graviton we are speaking of the average photon
coupling over a finite time, where the average smooths and becomes a
constant value, and where by "photon" we refer to both photons and
antiphotons.

If so, we then have this characteristic: If the average photon
coupling in the vacuum EM potential is spin-2, then that's the
"linear" coupling case, and the local spacetime is flat (uncurved).
If the average coupling is less than spin-2, then the local
spacetime is curved in one direction. It is deficient in photons for
its preferred coupling, so it acts as a photon sink, or EM energy
sink. So to speak, such a potential/vacuum/spacetime has "unfilled
photon holes --- sort of a slightly depleted "Dirac photon sea." On
the other hand, if the average coupling is greater than spin-2, the
local spacetime is curved in the opposite direction. It has a
surplus of photons, so it acts as a photon source --- in other
words, as an EM energy source. In this case, it is a sort of
"excited Dirac photon sea."

Just as the spacetime/vacuum possesses a negative energy sea of
Dirac electrons, so it possesses a negative energy sea of photons.
When it's flat, all the negative energy "holes" are filled with
virtual photons. When it's curved in one direction, some of the
holes are empty, and the local spacetime will "absorb" some
available photons. When it's curved in the other direction, an
excess of virtual photons/antiphotons are crammed in there in excess
of the holes, so the spacetime will emit photons and serve as an
energy source.

Remember that spacetime/vacuum to first order is just scalar
potential. We can have a negative or a positive potential, as a
delta compared to the normal or ambient vacuum potential. And when
we speak of curved spacetime, we are just talking about a surplus or
shortage of trapped photon energy coupling density to comprise the
local vacuum/potential.

*Potential, Vacuum, Spacetime, and Energy*

The four words, potential, vacuum, spacetime, and static energy turn
out to be essentially identities. Also, all of them have a dynamic
substructure. That is, a vacuum per se is structured/ordered, since
it is essentially a scalar potential. To first order, it is an
electrostatic scalar EM potential, in the manner shown by Whittaker
to have an internal bidirectional EM wave harmonic structure.

A spacetime is internally structured; this provides direct access to
"hyperspace" engineering, since the "internal" part of spacetime is
hyperspatial, mathematically. But with the Whittaker approach, it is
straightforward to directly engineer this internal hyperspace aspect.

The ultimate engineering is hyperspatial engineering, vacuum
engineering, engineering of potentials, engineering of vacuum
engines, energizing the vacuum, energizing spacetime, structuring
the local curvature of spacetime, engineering the internal
electromagnetics, etc. All these things are identically the same
thing. They are all part of scalar electromagnetics.

Interference of vacua/potentials generates what we call EM waves in
vacuum.[12] These waves may move either time-forward or time-
reversed (antiwaves). You can also engineer this direct scalar
interferometry to produce, stabilize, and control EM energy, in
static or dynamic form, as Whittaker showed in 1904, even at a
distance.[13]

*Overunity Condition: Tapping The Potential*

So, as you might surmise, in scalar EM we can curve local spacetime,
and use it as either a source or a sink of EM energy. Once we pay to
move a set of charges so as to establish a particular excitation and
structure to the local or distant spacetime, so long as we do not
allow the depletion of the charges, they continue to "pump" virtual
photons (that is what electric charge is, according to QM) and
sustain that particular active/excited/ energetic
spacetime/vacuum/potential. If virtual EM photon energy is removed
from that excited/activated vacuum region, the surrounding activated
vacuum instantly replaces it, continually and forever.

Now we are free to build a device which (1) establishes the excited
vacuum/spacetime/potential in the first place, and (2) then taps off
the virtual photon energy of the excited vacuum potential itself,
without allowing depletion of the sustaining charged particles that
are fixed in position and creating/pumping the virtual photon flux
that creates the potential. We can tap the continual power of the
Whittaker EM biwaves flowing through the excited vacuum potential
forever, without exhausting it. It is simply comparable to putting a
paddlewheel in a river, where in this case the Whittaker
bidirectional EM wave structure is the river, and a special tapping
device or process is the "paddlewheel." We can extract all the
energy we wish, forever, from the stream, and the vacuum itself will
continually and forever replenish the stream as fast as we extract
the power.

So we can build an over-unity machine, IF WE TAP THE LOCALLY ALTERED
VACUUM POTENTIAL'S HIDDEN WHITTAKER RIVER, rather than releasing the
sustaining electrical charges/VPF spray pumps we accumulated to
create that altered potential.

If you release the charges (the electrons, e.g.) as normal
electrical engineers are trained to do, the charges translate and
mechanically bang and clang their way through resistances, etc. on
the way to electrical ground, depleting the potential in the
process. This banging and clanging produces scattering of the
order/energy in the potential and hence does work. But that way you
only get one shot of it. It's a one-time thing, and then you've got
to pay to move in some more charges, build another potential, and
release the potential and the charges so the charges will go banging
and clanging through the circuit again, scattering energy (order)
and producing one-time work again.

That's a very poor way to do business. It's rather like having some
free, self-powered pumps, building a dam to hold some water
pressure, moving in some of the pumps and pumping up water behind
the dam to provide the pressure, then knocking down the dam and
releasing the pumps and the water simultaneously, so that the water
will rush out and push the pumps along to bump into things along the
flow channel and do "banging and clanging" work. Yes, you can get
some work done by the pumps one time that way. But it's a "hell of a
way to run a railroad!" Yet all our present electrical engineers and
electrical scientists are trained to plan, develop, build, and
utilize just such crude EM systems!

*Nature's Engines: Charged Particles Are Pumps*

Charged particles, in quantum mechanics, are engaged in a violent
virtual particle flux exchange with the vacuum. The violent virtual
photon exchange between vacuum and mass particle is what creates and
constitutes the electrical charge on that particle of mass. In other
words, the electrically charged particle is nature's little "spray
engine" or "spray pump," with respect to virtual photon flux or spray.

The magnitude of the electrostatic scalar potential created by the
accumulated charges (spray pumps) represents the local magnitude
(flux/spray density) of that virtual photon "spray." It has nothing
to do with the mass of the charges, except that nature has built
those particular masses to be "little self-powered spray pumps."

When we "charge up" an accumulator, such as a steel sphere or a
capacitor, we push in the electrons so that they pack closer
together, and we thus increase the virtual photon spray density
because we've accumulated more sprayers in a confined volumetric
region. The volumetric spray density represents the magnitude of the
electrostatic scalar potential (ESP), in this analogy.

Contrary to conventional wisdom, Whittaker proved that this scalar
potential - this "spray density" --- is internally organized into
hidden, flowing, bidirectional EM waves.[14] EM forcefield wave
Energy is flowing in both directions. In the electrostatic scalar
potential, the net Poynting vector resultant is zero, but it is a
"sum-zero system" composed of an infinite set of opposite but equal
finite Poynting vectors. That zero vector resultant is a scalar EM
potential. It's got lots and lots of EM energy flowing both in and
out simultaneously, but these flows are normally balanced and in
equilibrium.

*The Overunity Electrical Machine's Secret*

However, if we could tap the EM energy in those hidden EM waves
flowing oppositively inside the ESP, we could extract EM energy from
the vacuum. We could "gate" some of the spray energy, that comes in
from the vacuum to the charged particle, into the external circuit
instead of back out to the vacuum. If so, we can use that "extracted
and externally gated EM energy" to power a load. The "nucleus as a
Whittaker-pumped phase conjugate mirror" mechanism I found in 1986,
furnished to Floyd Sweet in early 1987, an released in 1991 allows
precisely that tapping and gating capability.

Here's the magic secret of all electrical over-unity machines:

1) TAP THE VIRTUAL PHOTON SPRAY.

2) TAP THE ENERGY IN THE MASSLESS VACUUM POTENTIAL.

3) DO NOT RELEASE THE SPRAY PUMPS.

4) DO NOT ALLOW CURRENT FLOW IN THAT PART OF THE CIRCUIT WHERE THE
CHARGE PUMPS ARE COLLECTED TO CREATE THE POTENTIAL.

5) OR AT LEAST ALLOW ONLY THE ABSOLUTE MINIMUM OF FLOW/BLEED-OFF
THERE, OF THE PUMPS.

6) ORGANIZE, GATE, AND APPLY THE POTENTIAL SPRAY TO THE EXTERNAL
CIRCUIT, WHERE IT WILL ATTACH TO AVAILABLE ELECTRONS, FORMING FORCE
FIELDS, VOLTAGE, AND CURRENTS TO PUMP ELECTRONS AROUND THE CIRCUIT.

7) USE THOSE EXTERNALLY POWERED FIELDS AND CURRENTS TO POWER THE LOAD.

You can freely tap the potential's VPF "spray" forever, once one is
created in the vacuum. As fast as you scavenge out the power in the
spray, it is just renewed by the continued pumping of the charged
particle "spray pumps." Nature and nature's excited vacuum potential
"flux-spray" provide and replenish that pumping and that power, for
free, forever.

So the altered vacuum (potential) is a universal "virtual-photon-
flux fuel" if you construct your power units correctly. But you must
engineer things one step deeper than the present seriously flawed
electromagnetics prescribes.

Similar constructions give the secret of gravity and antigravity,
and how to engineer them as well. However, that is beyond the scope
of this paper.

*All Systems Are Open To Vacuum Flux Exchange*

As we stated, our attention is no longer directed to scalar EM
weapons, but to the Phase II operation. That is progressing; there
are at present several legitimate devices or processes that produce
overunity. We reiterate that this is nothing mystical; none of these
systems or processes is a closed system, so closed-system energy
conservation need not apply locally.

Indeed, there is really no such thing in the universe as a truly
closed system, anywhere. Every system is open to the vacuum's
virtual particle flux, and is in fact already in a fantastic virtual
particle exchange with the vacuum. Normally, however, the influx and
the outflux are equal in absolute magnitude; hence the system is in
internal equilibrium vis-a-vis the vacuum.

However, if one breaks the equilibrium in this internal flux
exchange, and organizes and gates a portion of that influx on out of
the atom and into the external circuits, one can power an external
electromagnetic load directly from the extracted vacuum energy. It
is no more mysterious than placing a paddlewheel in a flowing
stream, to extract some useful energy as shaft horsepower. We just
have a more esoteric stream and a more esoteric paddlewheel.

*In Conclusion*

We also point out that there are no irrevocable "laws" of nature.
Every so-called "law of physics" is just a great and useful
generalization, based on certain fixed assumptions, that holds in a
broad area. If the assumptions are violated, however, the law need
no longer hold, and it can be violated.

Scientific proof is proof by the experimental method, not by the
authoritarian pronouncements of orthodox scientists. Unfortunately,
orthodoxy as yet knows nothing of the process we are advancing, or
of scalar electromagnetics. In the unorthodox experimental arena,
however, scalar EM is still a newborn infant in the womb, but it is
thriving and advancing. It is up to us to serve as midwives and get
the infant born.

NOTES AND REFERENCES ---

1. T.E. Bearden and Walter Rosenthal, "On a testable unification of
electromagnetics, general relativity, and quantum mechanics,"
/Proceedings of the 26th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering
Conference/, August 4-9, 1991, Boston, Massachusetts.

2. Floyd Sweet and T.E. Bearden, "Utilizing scalar electromagnetics
to tap vacuum energy," /Proceedings of the 26th Intersociety Energy
Conversion Engineering Conference/ (IECEC '91), August 4- 9, 1991,
Boston, Massachusetts.

3. E.T. Whittaker, "On the partial differential equations of
mathematical physics," /Mathematische Annalen/, Vol. 57, 1903, p.
333-355. See also V.K. Ignatovich, "The remarkable capabilities of
recursive relations," /American Journal of Physics/, 57(10), Oct.
1989, p. 873-878. See also Richard W. Ziolkowski, "Localized
transmission of wave energy," /Proc. SPIE/ Vol. 1061, Microwave and
Particle Beam sources and Directed Energy Concepts, Jan. 1989, p.
396-397.

4. This self-oscillation in barium compounds is well-known in
nonlinear optics, although it is usually experimentally accomplished
in the optical frequency regime. Sweet brilliantly discovered how to
initiate this self-oscillation or self-pumping at ELF frequencies,
such as 60 Hz.

5. For a statement of the distortion correction theorem, see Amnon
Yariv, /Optical Electronics/, Third Edition, Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, New York, 1985, p. 500-501. See also David M. Pepper,
"Nonlinear optical phase conjugation," /Optical Engineering/, 21(2),
March/April 1982, p. 156-183 for a good overview of optical phase
conjugation.

6. Shortly below, energy will be defined as a certain kind of order.
So the present "definition" of energy actually is stating that
"order is the disordering of order." In that form, the logical
contradiction in the "definition" is immediately apparent.

7. E.T. Whittaker, 1903, ibid.

8. This is true because the wave and antiwave are interferring. Such
interference produces galloping waves, whose instantaneous velocity
varies from the speed of light.

The galloping wave slows to, say, 0.01 c, then rushes forward again
at 100 c, then slows, then speeds up, and so on. Its average
velocity is c. But its instantaneous velocity is usually anything
but c. See William G. Harter, John Evans, Roberto Vega, and Sanford
Wilson. "Galloping waves and their relativistic properties."
/American Journal of Physics/, 53(7), July 1985, p. 671-679.

9. Occasionally yet another physicist discovers that photon
interaction is actually binary, and that we ignore or discard half
of almost all of our measurements. For example, see Richard Kidd et
al, "Evolution of the Modern Photon," /American Journal of Physics/,
57(1), Jan. 1989, p. 27-35. See also R. Chen, "Cancellation of
Internal Forces," /American Journal of Physics/, 49(4), Apr. 1981,
p. 372.

10. Essentially this has been experimentally proven. E.g., when one
has a phase conjugate material, it may emit either photons (a normal
wave) or antiphotons (a time-reversed or phase-conjugate wave).

Now, if I am right as to the genesis of Newtonian 3rd law reaction
force, then when the material emits a time-reversed wave, or an
antiphoton, the material should not recoil. Such experiments have in
fact been done in nonlinear optics experiments, and "inexplicably" a
phase conjugate mirror material does not recoil when it emits an
antiphoton or a phase conjugate wave, seemingly violating Newton's
third law! So it seems I am correct after all.

11. In the modern GR view, all trapped energy is gravitational. It
is the trapped EM energy in mass, e.g., that is gravitational. Mass
is in fact a highly intense mass potential.

Since any scalar potential is also a form of trapped EM energy, that
energy --- and hence the potential also --- is gravitational in nature.

12. E.T. Whittaker, "On an expression of the electromagnetic field
due to electrons by means of two scalar potential functions,"
Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Series 2, Vol. 1,
1904, p. 367-372. Here Whittaker demonstrates that the present
forcefield electromagnetics can be replaced by scalar potential
interferometry. And I'm called a lunatic for speaking of scalar
interferometry!

Rigorously the scalar potential is composed of a dynamic, opposing
vector forcefield wave internal structure. Internally it's
vectorial; externally it's scalar. Whittaker 1903 tells how to make
standing scalar potentials; these can be made as beams.

And one can then interfere the two scalar EM beams to produce EM
force fields directly in distant charged particle systems, by
Whittaker 1904.

13. E.T. Whittaker, 1904, ibid.

14. Mathematically these hidden waves may be modeled as hyperspatial
waves.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

*Tom Bearden/Sweet VTA Development*

*From PESWiki*

*by Leslie R. Pastor*

/This page was created to enable Tom Bearden an opportunity to
refute incorrect information and to explain his relationship with
Floyd Sweet and John Bedini. I believe that future history will
fully vindicate 'negative energy' and resolve our serious energy
problem./

/Responding to . . ./

In an answer to the following post from the Sweet VTA Group....Tom
Bearden provides a significant CORRECTION regarding: "'Bedini
Patent' is referred to and in
other posts John Bedini acknowledges that he worked for Sweet and
obtained the magnets from a surplus shop. There was no actual test
made of the magnet composition so
it's unconfirmed what the magnet composition was."

John Bedini posted comments and pictures of the VTA on the Keelynet
website and can be looked up there.

"Bearden posts much of his information from HEARSAY as he did not
observe the tests visually but obtained the info via telephone
conversations with Sweet". This is a patently
FALSE STATEMENT -- as Tom Bearden explains below:

/Bearden Replies/

Hi Les,

Typical [mis]information. He charges "hearsay" and speaks entirely
from hearsay himself.

I did lots of experiments with Sweet, in Sweet's lab, on personal
visits to California to work with him awhile (ask John Bedini, he
was there). And John did not "work for"
Sweet; to the contrary, he personally assisted Sweet to help him get
going, for free. Without John's assistance, Sweet would have been a
very much longer time in getting
successful activation of persistent self-oscillation in his barium
ferrite magnets.

http://www.cheniere.org/misc/sweet.htm

At the time I met him, Sweet knew nothing of phase conjugate optics
(when he got his Master's degree from MIT in the 1940s, the subject
was not even being taught in the U.S.,
or even known here -- check it out). Information on phase conjugate
optics was given to the U.S. by the Russians much later in a
briefing by the Russians at a U.S. university, and
even then it took quite a while for the U.S. to get going in phase
conjugation. Again, check
it out.

I personally extracted the main phase conjugate equations from one
of the first books on the subject, and furnished them to Sweet since
he was entangled with -- among other
things -- phase conjugate signals. At the time, his unit put out
only 6 watts. That's S-I-X watts, not 500.

Incorporating the results of phase conjugation for more proper
handling, Sweet's next VTA put out 500 watts of power and had an
amplification (COP)due to his new phase
conjugate pumping of 1,500,000. Then since his unit also put out
negative EM energy, and with high gain that makes antigravity
possible, I designed the antigravity experiment for
him, and gave it to him. At the time, I was very busy with my
aerospace job at Computer Sciences Corporation, and could not travel
again to California for some weeks. Hence
Sweet built the necessary output unit and set up and performed the
experiment there in California with me on the phone with him, here
from Alabama. He read off the
measurements there on the bench, and I wrote them down here in
Huntsville.

I later included these results in a joint paper, putting Sweet's
name first which was proper, since he was the inventor, not me. The
paper is Floyd Sweet and T. E. Bearden, "Utilizing
Scalar Electromagnetics to Tap Vacuum Energy," Proc. 26th
Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC '91),
Boston, Massachusetts, 1991, p.
370-375

Contrary to your disinformation, the magnets were indeed barium
ferrite magnets -- the old audio kind which were quite common in
surplus shops at the time. Again, ask John Bedini.

And for your information, I personally took a Sweet-activated barium
ferrite magnet, placed a shim stock on it, and watched the shim
stock oscillate continuously to and fro for
an hour, fanning air and doing free work all the time. I then locked
the self-oscillating magnet and its waving shim stock fan load) in a
safe, and took the key with me. 24 hours
later, when I reopened the safe, there sat the magnet with its shim
stock still waving and fanning air and doing free work.

Sweet himself had great difficulty in activating the magnets; only
about one in 30 had a sufficiently "accurate" and even overall field
to take and hold activation. He only got to that
level of success when Walter Rosenthal built for him a device to
allow much more precision in the activation process, and when he
initiated a line-scanning process for
checking the smoothness of the magnet's magnetic field. Too may
ripples, the material construction was too variable and it would not
hold activation. Thereafter, he could
successfully activate one selected from about 30 "scanned" magnets,
and that one would "hold" the activation for a long time (in some
cases, a year or two at the least). Most
unscanned and non-culled magnets would hold it only for a few
seconds to a few hours as they lost their self-oscillation activation.

You speak lightly of hearsay -- did you ever even meet Sweet, or
Bedini? Or me either, for that matter? Did you meet Walter
Rosenthal, who built Sweet's activation circuit and
system for him, and who measured and examined several Sweet VTA
systems, including the last one that was self-powering (closed
clamped positive feedback loop system)? I
never saw the closed-loop self-powering Sweet system.

To my knowledge, the answer is no, you were not there, know nothing
about what happened or what was done, and are just "spouting off".
So everything you have uttered is
the rankest hearsay, and in fact much of it is a flat lie.

Since you seem to want to pose as a fount of all knowledge, then
please explain precisely how Sweet was able to trick the negative
binding energy of the barium nucleus in his
barium ferrite magnets into long-lasting self-oscillation. The
powerful negative energy binding forces in the nucleus are one of
the few places one can get gains (COPs) on the
order of 1,500,000. Once you have the original gain stably, however,
it is fairly straightforward to increase it further if you are
dealing with negative energy. I personally
activated several sets of magnets in Sweet's lab when working with
Sweet, but I also never knew the FULL activation secret which he
kept very, very secret.

One can produce negative energy in several ways; self-oscillation of
the barium nucleus' negative binding energy is one. Sharp gradients
(as used for nearly 20 years by Bedini in
his battery chargers and other circuits) are another; the sharp
gradient suddenly lifts normal electrons from the Dirac Sea,
resulting in a sudden spurt of normal electron current (usually
called the Lenz law effect). But accompanying it is the sudden spurt
of currents of"Dirac Sea holes" in the opposite direction. And while
they exist, those holes are pouring out
negative EM energy. The longer they exist before swallowing up an
electron, the more negative EM energy they freely emit.

And a Dirac Sea hole is not a positron (that was a trick by the
conventional physics community to get rid of negative energy
arbitrarily). The Dirac Sea hole is actually a
negative mass-energy electron. And as a source charge, it produces
negative energy EM fields -- i.e., fields whose photons are of
negative angular momentum, that is, they have
(-delta E)x(t), rather than (+delta E)x(t).

Please go and read some of Dr. Dan Solomon's papers, since his group
has now strongly pointed out that it was an error and a mistake to
arbitrarily eliminate negative energy from
the Dirac Sea theory. Particularly see Dan Solomon, "Some new
results concerning the vacuum in Dirac's hole theory," Physica
Scripta, Vol. 74, 2006, p. 117-122. He has
several other key papers on the subject also.

Here's a quote from Dotson, dealing with the issue of the arbitrary
exclusion of negative energy. Quoting:

"I think if one had to point to a single place where science went
profoundly and permanently off the track, it would be 1934 and the
emasculation of Dirac's equation." .
"Dirac's wave equation is a relativistic generalization of the
Schrodinger wave equation. In 934 this brilliantly successful
equation was shorn of half of its solutions by a questionable
bit of mathematical slight-of-hand. Because it was 'politically
correct,' this bit of juggling became the accepted interpretation.
However, recent developments have shown the very
basis of this mathematical trick to be invalid." "Dirac's complete
equation, however, describes a quantum spinor field, which has as
solutions four different kinds of electrons:
electrons and positrons of positive energy, and electrons and
positrons of negative energy." [D. L. Hotson, "Dirac's Equation and
the Sea of Negative Energy, Part I, New Energy,
Issue 43, 2002, pp. 1-20.]

Indeed, Dirac got his positron with a sleight of hand bit of
trickery. The "hole" itself has negative mass energy. If the hole
(altered vacuum) movesaway and is replaced by a filled
hole (normal vacuum), the CHANGE that will be observed is positive
-- in short, a positron change. That is not the hole at all, but is
the change resulting from the replacement
of the empty hole by a filled hole. The (-1) negative energy of the
hole increased by (+1) to get back to (0) (a filled hole).
Identifying the (-1) hole as a (+1)replacement by a filled
hole falsely assumes that 0 - 1 = +1, a violation of simple arithmetic.

Quoting Dirac (who hated negative energy) himself, where E = energy:

"One gets over the difficulty on the classical theory by arbitrarily
excluding those solutions that have a negative E. One cannot do this
in the quantum theory, since in general a
perturbation will cause transitions from states with E positive to
states with E negative." [Dirac, Proceedings of the Royal Society A,
Vol. 117, p. 610.]

Not only Dirac, but most other scientists also hated negative
energy, and so they were determined to get rid of it at whatever costs.

Quoting Farmelo:

"Dirac. proposed that, if a negative-energy electron were for some
reason 'displaced', experimenters should be able to observe it as a
positive-energy particle with a positive
charge. (The empty space will have become less negative, and
therefore more positive.) At first, he identified these holes as
protons, but by 1931 he had changed his mind and come
to a much more radical conclusion: 'A hole, if there was one, would
be a new kind of elementary particle, unknown to experimental
physics, having the same mass and opposite
charge to the electron.' ". [Graham Farmelo, "Pipped to the
positron," New Scientist, 10 Aug. 2002, p. 48-49. Quote is from p. 48.]

In other words, if you FILL the hole, the filling process will
appear to be a positron appearance. But a FILLED hole and an empty
hole are not at all the same thing, and
assuming they are is a false assumption.

I will tell you that most of this stuff with negative energy (and
also antigravity) is also "old hat" for several decades now to
several nations who have developed and deployed (in great secrecy)
negative energy EMP weapons among other things. The Russian scientists
have known all about negative energy since shortly after WW II, and
they are probably the most knowledgeable in it today as well.

Several persons have been able to activate barium ferrite magnets
where the activation lasted for several hours or in a few cases even
six weeks. While activated, they had the successful mechanism of a
Sweet VTA operating. But so far as I'm aware, no one else (at
least in the open community) except Sweet has been able to get
extremely long and enduring activation (self-oscillation of the
negative binding energy of the barium nucleus).

Yours truly,

Tom Bearden

/In a follow-up email.........Tom Bearden clarifies further:/

From: "Tom Bearden" <[email protected]>
To: "'Leslie R. Pastor'" <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, October 02, 2007 11:15 AM
Subject: RE: [Sweet-VTA] Re: VTA Development

No Problem!

John is telling it like it happened. He actually got Sparky started,
and helped him immensely -- with work, parts, and even protection.
All completely true. And John did
save Sparky's life, just as he stated. And John is indeed the one
who introduced me to Sparky, and arranged for me to meet him and
work with him as I could.

In my opinion, John Bedini is the only man living who really knows
exactly how Sparky activated his magnets. And who can probably do
it. And the "backers" and other folks
who cluttered around Sparky were responsible for excluding Bedini,
because in their view John knew exactly how the beast worked and how
to make it.

John Bedini has forgotten more crucial knowledge of strange circuits
and overunity power systems than most people will know in ten
lifetimes. And he's simply the best there is out
there, to my knowledge and in my opinion. I do expect to see working
Bedini units on the market soon, and am looking forward to it with
great hopes. John just may be the man
who saves the U.S. from a catastrophic economic collapse over the
escalating oil crisis and energy problem.

Best wishes,

Tom

http://physics.nad.ru/engboard/messages/1657.html
http://www.ssrsi.org/sr2/Heat/fed.htm
http://www.gopetition.com/petitions/time-for-an-energy-renaissance.html
http://merlib.org/node/5282

A Practical Guide To Free Energy Devices
http://www.panaceauniversity.org/D5.pdf
"http://peswiki.com/index.php/Site:LRP:Tom_Bearden/Sweet_VTA_Development"

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