Connect all the dots!

Since we are finally "boiling down" our fundamental understanding of 
thing in nature being directly related to "vortex", a little "101" is 
needed!
After carefully reading this document and going back to 'mark' the very 
interesting revelations, we can approach the Hilsch Implosion Vortex 
with a better understanding as to how the 'counter rotating' vortex 
actions produce a charge separation effect and yield a "cold" core 
output and a "Hot' exhaust outer envelope.     All is based on my 
document "What is Heat' written back in the 90s.   "Heat is positive 
ionization" and "cold is negative ionization".   Since electrons have 
mass (see Charged Cluster work by Kenneth Shoulders)  we see how  
negative ionized gases (extra electrons) are heavier than positive  
ionized gases ( stripped electrons) therefore in an implosion vortex the 
heavier cold gas will spiral to the center with the lighter gases 
spiraling to the outer envelope.  The interchange and charge separation 
occurs at the shear lines of the counter-rotating gas flows just the 
same as found in the vortex of a well formed tornado in nature.  The 
result in nature produces a lot of ice, hail and huge electrical 
discharges.    Just passing along some thought on how things really 
work!    Norm

ANATOMY OF A VORTEX
by
Rhetta Jacobson
A vortex is Nature’s primary form or shape of
energy movement. A vortex is a cyclic energy
movement. It is a manifestation of two opposing
forces, which were created simultaneously
and which exist constantly in our Universe.
All the electro-magnetic phenomena which
we observe are results of the interplay of this
motion body, whether we observe waves, particles
or galaxies. We see it manifest in all states
of matter, gases, liquids, solids and plasmas.
All the studies of Science, whether it be light
refraction and reflection, heat convection,
sound propagation, magnetism and electricity,
chemistry, biology, atomic structure or cosmologic
observations have confronted this motion
body.
When we attempt to understand, control,
copy and work with these phenomena we need
to know more thoroughly the mechanics of the
one expression they all have in common--the
vortex, the form of motion that brings their manifestation.
In this article I hope to give the anatomy of
a vortex, a diagram of the geometric structure,
a map of the movements and forces and list
some results a vortex has upon the matter within
it. First, I will consider the group of particles
rotating about a common center; but the latter
list of results will consider a single particle of the
medium rotating about its own axis and the central
axis of a vortex motion.
Scientists have observed different types of
vortexes and given them separate names.
There can be a concentric vortex, an assymetrical
vortex, a cylindrical vortex where the paths
are the same, closed and perpendicular in
every plane normal to the rotation axis. Then
there is a spatial vortex where the paths are not
perpendicular, nor closed. The spiral vortex is
again separated and typed according to the
shape it assumes and by a ratio of diameter to
length of axis. A planar like vortex or disk vortex
has a large diameter compared to its height.
A columnar vortex has a small diameter compared
to its height.
Hydrologists tend to mimic vortexes in fluids
by stirring liquids in a cylinder with a central rod,
giving the fluid “vorticity”, or angular velocity at
a given point in space. Here we should note
that all vortexes have vorticity, but all fluids with
vorticity are not a vortex. For instance, a parallel
flow has vorticity. By stirring thusly they create
a parabolic rotational movement and call it
a vortex.
They say every rotating body is a vortex.
Then they notice two basic types of velocities.
With the latter “solid body” such as a disk rotating
about an axis at its center, the velocity
increases linearly with the distance from the
center toward the periphery. In a fluid stirred in
a cylinder the velocity decreases in inverse proportion
to the distance from the stir rod. They
call a “potential” vortex one where the fluid may
have no vorticity except at the center. This is all
very confusing and unnecessary if vortex
motion can be observed correctly.
A vortex is not the matter, solid or liquid; the
vortex is a background energy movement
which controls, conditions and shapes the matter.
The matter does not create the vortex, the
matter is subject to it. In the solid disk rotating
about an axis, each atomic particle making it up
has a vortex motion body as a field acting upon
it. The observation that velocity increases with
distance from the center is but a rule of centrifugal
force which they are applying to a solid
body. They are imitating Nature’s braking of
velocity, and one-half of a cyclic process of
energy movement. They would do more good
considering what effect that centrifugal force
has upon each atomic vortex in the solid. This
is not creating a vortex, it is using one force
which is a part in a vortex flow. When Nature
sticks solids on a solid stem or rod core and
rotates it, it too is used as a brake. The the
example of a dandelion seed where this construction
and rotation slows its descent. In a
fluid stirred by a rod, the same centrifugal
action is observed; turbulence is caused by
action from the center outward.
The standard definition of a vortex is very
vague. One definition of a vortex will include a
few characteristics of this motion body and
another written definition will include other characteristics.
Generally, we find some common
included characteristics are: a whirling mass,
endowed with a rapid rotary motion around an
axis, forming a vacuum at the center, into which
anything caught in the motion is drawn.
Definitions are usually always accompanied
with comparisons to whirlpools and whirlwinds,
of which very little is known.
I will define a vortex thusly: A vortex is the
primordial pattern of motion. It is a changing,
resultant motion form of two opposing forces, a
cyclic process with a birth, youth, maturity,
aging and death segments of its time duration.
It is a cyclic process of motion which takes varying
shapes from a series of laminar rings, rotating
about a common center to a conical shape
and back to planar rings again as one force
gains preponderance, then the other force, and
takes the process from stillness to maximum
motion and then back to stillness.
Most observations of the vortex pattern are
incomplete are are illustrated as a whirling
cone. This represents one phase of an overall
appearance in a medium. It does not show the
motion interaction occurring inside the motion
body and does not entirely illustrate a vortex
body, just as a still, two dimensional illustration
of a wave drawn as a wavy line does not do justice
to the description of a wave.
FORMATION OF VORTEX MOTION
To picture the birth of a vortex motion body
of two opposing forces, picture from a point of
stillness a motion or movement radiating out in
all directions, simultaneously meeting resistance
as an opposing movement attempting to
restore the stillness. The expansive force travels
in a radiative spiral outward from a common
center. Its movement is called centrifugal. The
opposing, compressive force travels in a concentrating
spiral toward a common center. Its
movement is called centripetal. Both paths of
travel are always curved and spiral because of
the others’ resistance, continuously.
Resistance to movement from inertia causes
curvature; all motion is curved forever afterward.
Polarity is established as soon as there
is a motion, for to have motion from stillness
there is a division and with division there is
polarity.
Another mind picture: Picture the point being
acted upon by the two opposing forces in the
horizontal, planar dimension. Motion plus
resistance gives the sphere a rotation resulting
in ring waves set up periodically, rotating about
the center point. The ring waves extend to a
maximum distance until the resistance
becomes predominant and pushes them back
toward the center.
Each rotating ring meets resistance which
compresses its dissipation and attempts to
restore an evacuated space. These rings are
observed as “vortex rings” and vortex rings
exist even in irrotational fluids such as helium,
an “inert” gas which is defined as being unable
to move or act. However, this ring motion is the
beginning of vortex motion.
The opposing forces acting upon each other
set up shock waves traveling in both directions,
opposing each other, interacting, sliding along
side each other, causing undulations in the ring,
like local eddies, little whirlpools where both
forces wrap around each other in a spiralic
attempt to unite or cancel each other, so stillness
may be restored out of the motion. Local
eddies always occur where two movements
come against each other, for example, whenever
two streams come against each other, or
where a moving flow meets a stationary object
such as water on a rock.
If the outward thrust were not met with resistance
to begin a curvature back to a central
point, the motion would dissipate. Nature does
not work with only an outward centrifugal force,
as our technology does. Nature was wise
enough to create, simultaneously, the regeneration
possibility of the opposing centripetal pull
back to the source, the center, to insure that the
instability and tensions that were created could
be forever repeated so work could be performed.
The concentric rings rotating about the
sphere are acted upon by the local eddies generated
between each one in series. The first
ring, toward the center, has greater resistant
tension, a higher amplitude, a greater curvature
of deflection to throw back to the center, when
the outward movement meets the inertial resistance.
This causes more numbers of tiny local
boundary eddies; but, these tiny whirlpools
rotate around their axes slowly, with great effort
against inertia.
The second ring has less centrifugal force or
outward thrust meeting it and less potential to
raise a resistance. The wall of tension (and
amplitude) is less. This ring creates a lesser
number of local boundary eddies or disturbances;
however, they can be larger in diameter
and rotate faster because the ring is already
of a larger diameter and has less inward curvature
to aid the centripetal throw back.
If the outward thrust (centrifugal force) continues
to come from the center source (as from
a stationary rod in the Hydrologists cylinder)
eventually the surrounding rings close to the
central point are pushed further apart, weakening
the centripetal ability. Every force has a
binding field, even in an open system. Even a
non-factual, theorized, linear, one-directional
movement meets a boundary wall and curves
against its direction and begins to loop back
upon itself. In fact (actuality) curvature meets
curvature and causes a set of over lappings like
a set of standing lenses at periodic conjunctions
in the form of tiny, local eddies. The lenses,
according to their curvature, focal length,
etc., come into plan and influence whatever
passes through them. The undulations and
small eddies along the boundaries of the rotating
rings act as lenses. They take in a portion
of the centrifugal and centripetal forces, fluids
or medium, spin it around, mix it and then throw
off either toward the centrifugal direction or
toward the centripetal direction and aid a little
push for either force, like a mechanical bearing
which aids the rotation of larger rollers. The
multidinous tiny whirlpools on the inside of the
central ring (first ring) turn very slowly. They do
not throw off much on their periphery, but they
orbit around the inside of the ring swiftly. They
help the centripetal force hold the momentum
there, close to the center. The larger diameter,
faster rotating, local eddies inside the fourth
ring, for instance, have a power to transfer force
(as part of their vorticity) to the centrifugal force,
because they throw off more along their periphery.
When the inward compression (centripetal)
force is predominant the amplitude of each
shock wave increases and moves the whole
series of waves toward the center, compacting
the laminar strata toward the center. This compacting
results in a longitudinal force, perpendicular
to the plane, in two directions, simultaneously
again, up and down. This movement
meets a resistance also, and begins to curve
and spiral, both above and below the horizontal
axis.
COMPONENTS OF A VORTEX PROCESS
We now have a picture of a vortex formation
from planar spinning rings, projecting, in two
directions, above and below the horizontal axis,
to two conical spirals, with the two opposing
directions of motion interacting within, setting
up pressure waves, back shock waves, pressure
boundary walls and naturally establishing
a standing set of “lenses” and a beat frequency,
which represents the pulsation battle occurring
between push and pull. Thus created is a “spatial
spiral” vortex, which is the one Nature uses.
The key fact in this picture is the word “two”.
Every vortex is a pair. Every vortex borns its
own resistance and has its equal and opposite
potential motion body to unite, propagate and
return to stillness.
Very briefly, let us go through the aging
process of a vortex. For simpler viewing we will
consider one conical vortex. Actually the righthand
drawing (a pair) is occurring. After birth
and in infancy a vortex body is elongated and
slender, longer in its vertical axis than the horizontal;
then as the outward, resistance force
takes preponderance the vortex widens and
flattens, as in the drawings.
Each concentric spiral path is first squeezed
closer together and then is pushed further
apart.
Each concentric spiral is centered around a
vertical axis. As the centrifugal force ages the
vortex, this axis wobbles more and more,
becomes inclined, and inscribes a wider and
wider circle. Thus the cone appearance widens
and flattens to eventually merge with its horizontal
axis and eventually appears as a flat spiral
on a plane.
The birth of a vortex arises from this plane
in ring stages, projecting the center upward or
forward until the vortex is extended to a conical
shape again.
The contest between the two forces develops
pressure walls, boundary lines which separate
different pressures, different densities, and
potentials, and holds them in concentrated
form. Thus, all mediums appear in laminar layers.
At the edges of the boundary walls of the vortex
rings are created local eddies, whirlpools
which act as lenses affecting the passage from
one layer to the next in series as described.
Are you still thinking in three-dimensional
space? We always must! We have three axes
to consider for each vortex. The horizontal axis
is where rotation occurs around the center,
where the “flat” rings begin, it is the axis where
centrifugal force can express in preponderance
to its fullest victory to return motion to stillness
through dissipation, separation and explosion.
Upon this axis the centripetal and centrifugal
forces can occur in equilibrium and represent
one plane of stillness.
The second axis is the vertical one which is
the centering, longitudinal direction. This axis
is lengthened when the centripetal force
expresses itself in preponderance. It also can
be an equilibrium condition of stillness. Its’ center
in vortex action is a vacuum which leads
solid matter back to an energy transformation
through implosion.
In the cyclic process of vortex motion the
perfect 90 degree geometry of these two axes
only occurs for a brief time at maturity. Its’ time
duration is but a brief moment of fluctuation, like
a line of inertia which momentum crosses, like
a center line a pendulum crosses on its path
from one end of its swing to the other end.
Most matter vortex bodies are in transition
stages between the perfect axis alignment.
Like a spinning top, the vertical axis of
motion is defeated by the resistance of the horizontal
force, thus the wobble of the vertical
axis. If the two forces are in equilibrium there is
no motion and no work expressed in the
Universe. Motion bodies (vortexes) and matter
ARE because of the battle between the two
forces. Matter and work occur during the cyclic
process from stillness to maximum motion and
back to stillness. There must be imbalance,
two foci of an ovoid, two unequal points of tension
to cause work or motion.
Motion bodies and matter have different
characteristics and manifestations according to
which force, centripetal or centrifugal, (and thus
which axis) is predominant.
The spherical shape is the attempt of Nature.
It, like a perfect circle, is not found in Nature. All
matter attempts to approach the sphere, but is
crystallized along the way. However, all matter
is in transition, either forming or dissolving.
Vortexes and matter are very different as their
vertical axis is elongated and the vortex rings
operate as needle-like ellipsoidal paths of
motion in the centripetally preponderant plane
rather than when they are oblated in the plane
of the centrifugal force.
Another component readily observable in
vortexes is the “hole” in the center. This “hole”
can be anything from a mere depression which
does not extend the full depth of the vortex
movement, to a very fine line which centers the
motion. The diameter of the hole or vortex core
is hard to measure because it is constantly
wobbling about the vertical axis and expanding
and contracting. However, a black hole centers
every vortex movement.
Among the varied phenomena observed
connected to the hole are disorientation of
polarized instruments such as compasses, the
inability of electrical equipment to operate as
reported around the Bermuda Triangle vortex
and the Polar vortex and around hurricanes. A
tremendous overwhelming suction pull has
been experienced close to the vortex hole
which draws in boats, planes, animals and men
in the vicinity. Spouts, sprays, fountains of
water and even burning particles have been
observed shooting out of the center hole. The
hole produces a sub vacuum of infinite proportions
which causes water to “evaporate” at
room temperature and cavitating gas bubbles to
implode with thousands of atmospheres of subpressure.
A phenomena attributed to the center
eye of hurricanes is the dissolving and redepositing
of matter like a pole or stick found
inserted inside of a tree with no shear force to
deposit it there, just like it grew there.
Each of these phenomena I will take up in
future articles. Each has an explanation and
each can be copied for very useful purposes
when the Engineering of machines are based
upon the mechanics of the vortex. For now, a
basic understanding of those mechanics is vital.
MOVEMENTS AND FLOWS IN A VORTEX
Within a vortex we know the inward, toward
the center, movement is centripetal and the outward,
toward the periphery movement is centrifugal.
Each is spiral; they cannot travel in a
straight course because of resistance. We
know there are different density layers separated
by boundary walls with overlapping eddies
along the edges. We know there is rotation in
every layer and in every atom of a medium. We
know there is a balance to the rotation in revolution
for every layer and particle, just like our
planetary system.
In our planetary system the planets close to
the center of our sun’s vortex are preponderantly
centripetally influenced. They are colder,
their layers are packed more densely, their
shape is more elongated on the vertical axis,
they rotate slowly but move in orbit swiftly as
they revolve in their lane of potential in the center
of the vortex. Whereas, we can observe the
planets in the outer layers of the suns vortex
are preponderantly centrifugally influenced by
observing their flattened, oblated shape, their
fast rotation and slow orbit, and their thrown-off
debris radiating as rings in a centrifugal plane.
A vortex is a smaller replica of our planetary
system. Each particle or atom flowing in the
layers in a vortex can be related to the planets,
each particle finds its own lane of equal potential
according to its attributes of density, temperature,
volume, rotation and revolution, discharge
or valence, etc.
So, how do vortexes move, conduct and diffuse
physical quantities like mass of varying
densities, momentum and energy through
them? All transport of mass, heat, vorticity,
velocity etc. occurs across the boundary layers
and have interaction and exchange in the tiny
boundary layer eddies which occur along the
skin of each layer and act as lenses.
Depending upon the nature of predominance of
centripetal or centrifugal motion in each eddy
acting as a lens, the mass, the temperature of it
, the rotational vorticity is selected and deposited
into the next layer or thrown outward to the
adjacent layer equal to its potential. A selection
process goes on just as a selection process for
the proper potential in nutrients goes on at a
cellular membrane boundary wall where similar
eddies act as “pores” to allow the passage or
rejection of chemicals, atoms and molecules.
The small eddies which occur by shear
forces along the rotating rings or layers, grab
and mix the edges. According to their distance
from the center of a vortex their motion is more
centripetal on the inside layers and more centrifugal
on the outer layers. Each type of motion
influences the character of atoms, molecules
and particles by influencing such things as density,
volume, tempertaure and many other
dimensions of matter. If the action is centripetal
upon an atom the volume is decreased, temperature
lowered and the density increased by
packing the layers closer together. This prepares
the atom for injection into the inside adjacent
layer closer to the core of the vortex. If the
action on an atom is centrifugal the atom’s volume
is increased, its temperature is raised and
its density is rarified, thus preparing it to be
more suitable for the outside adjacent.
The laminar layers of a vortex have different
temperatures, densities, specific weights and
speeds. Let us look at the simple factors of
temperature and volume and show an example
of how these factors, when changed can influence
flow between the layers in a vortex of
water.
Water flowing in a natural underground channel
will cool itself to 4 degrees C at the central
layer of its spiral movement. We will call this
layer “one”. Of course this layer in the earth,
depending on the geological lay of the earth
may not be horizontal at all, but slanted in varying
degrees.
The water that has adapted to this layer (4
degrees by temp.) has now the specific density
of 1. Above and below (surrounding) layer 1 the
water is less dense, because it has a higher
temperature and an expanded volume.
This means the denser layer 1 is enclosed
by layers of different densities. These less
dense layers have an increased volume, exerting
pressure on layer 1 in the direction of the
longitudinal flow.
The layer in layer 1 now flows depending on
the underground terrain toward its lowest level,
while pressure from the upper water layer and
the water layer from below persists. No single
water layer exerts the same pressure onto layer
1 and the one which exerts more pressure onto
the layer 1 takes on its temperature and mixes
with vortexian action in the minute boundary
layer zone to become one with it. In this way
more water volume is produced in layer 1 which
then runs off. In this way it is possible that
water can exit as a spring close to the top of
high mountains. Springs at high altitudes, on
the earth’s surface always show temperatures
close to 4 degrees C and for that reason one
may assume that the movement of the spring
water originates from layer 1. Water at 4
degrees C has reached its maximum density
and can not be more compressed. It would,
under additional pressure rather give way to the
surface of the earth as a spring or its temperature
increases according to the pressure.
Enormous masses of water are pushed or
pressed upwards to the surface of the earth
from far below by the temperature differences
of the layers, which constantly disturb the equilibrium
to make water move.
Similarly, a vortex moves and conducts mass
from layer to layer and produces a longitudinal
flow.
It may be asked at this point why the outside
layers of water running in a straight pipe do not
perform the same function of shooting the
inside layers forward with momentum.
Remember, every particle of water is bound to
move with a certain speed, depending on its
specific weight, and its specific weight is either
decreased by warmer temperatures, or
increased by cooler temperatures. Straight forward
running water in a conventional pipe
increases its friction and decreases the specific
weight, and enlarges the volume of every water
atom, making it more difficult for an increased
volume or speed of water to flow. The profile of
the pipe does not allow for an inward curvature
of the next inside layer and the correspondingly
changing tiny eddies between layers; which
can alter the physical characteristics of the
atoms themselves and prepare them for the
next inside layer. Here is another instance
where engineering after Nature’s vortex proves
its advantage.
VORTEX CONTROL ON MATTER
All matter is packed energy. A vortex accumulates,
controls and disperses energy and
mass. Mass is an accumulation of energy into
higher potential and contracted motion. Matter
is literally twisted together just as strands of a
rope are twisted together to form strength and
solidity. The vortex is the unseen field action
which controls creation, appearance and decreation
and disappearance. In the field of
Quantum Mechanics matter is classified as
positive, negative or neutral and it is known that
neutrons can become protons and protons
become neutrons millions of times a second. It
is recognized that mass can be changed
between two opposites. A proton is positive at
one instant and is negative at the next instant
and at the next positive and so on. Two forces
and conditions are recognized and known to
fluctuate. But in a proton the positive force is
dominant and in a fluctuating electron the negative
force is dominant so they are defined by
their dominance. Similarly it is known that the
elements can be totally different in their characteristics
such as the example of carbon, which
can be hard and as a diamond at some conditions
and soft like graphite in other conditions.
What is not known is that the changing of those
conditions is directly controlled by the action of
the vortex. Change the vortex and you change
whatever is impressed upon the field of the
mass within.
When a vortex is centripetally preponderant
it literally squeezes the matter, increases its
density, reduces its volume, elongates its vertical
axis, steps up its orbit, increases its electrical
charge, reduces its temperature, changes
its alkalinity, increases its cohesion capacity,
increases its surface tension, simplifies its crystallization,
reduces its ionization, and several
other attributes of its character, which are all
results of the type of motion in its field.
If the vortex is more centrifugal in action, that
which is within it is influenced by separating,
expanding its volume, decreasing its density,
shortening its vertical axis and widening its horizontal
axis, its rotation and discharge of potential
is increased, its temperature is increased, it
becomes more acid, its cohesion is decreased,
its crystallization is complicated, etc. Just the
opposite.
When a vortex motion body is subjected to
an outside increase of centrifugal force like the
solid disk rotating on a shaft of the fluid in a
cylinder stirred from the fast rotation by a center
rod, each ring layer along with the local
eddies are subjected to an increase of centrifugal
force and will lose some of their centripetal
force. Thus the whole vortex body and all the
mass of the medium is affected toward the dissipation
and breaking apart which occurs along
the horizontal axis. This dissipation, expansion
and slow explosion is harmful to many elements
of Nature, for instance water and air.
The above dissolution and expansion can be
reversed by centripetal motion, along with all
the results upon the atom subjected to it. This
choice of creation or de-creation can be
demonstrated in the lab by a simple experiment.
On a slowly rotating fluid (stirred by a
central rod) a square is made with powder. The
shear forces of the layers rotating act in such a
way that the square is deformed to a parallelopiped
until it is completely pulled apart and no
longer recognizable. If the flow direction is
reversed, the original square is reformed exactly
as if a movie were reversed.
The control of matter, form and energy can
be accomplished controlling the vortex. A study
of Vortex Mechanics will lead to the understanding
of the vortex and how to engineer with
it. A very important aspect of the engineering is
the way in which a vortex is generated, for this
determines which force is predominant. We
know a straight pipe or channel will only generate
vortexes in the form of turbulence in order
to brake the speed of straight line, laminar
motion. The fluid will not create a vortex spiral
as a whole body and will only be subject to centrifugal
influence, friction, etc. We know that a
fluid stirred in a cylinder from a central rotating
rod will only have centrifugal influence. Even
though characteristics of greater vorticity or
velocity being at the center is copied here, the
shock waves and rings are radiating along the
horizontal plane and will not increase in velocity
but instead decrease, the vortex will never
create a center hole where vacuum suction can
occur. So the question becomes how can we
Engineer a proper channel with the proper profile
to imitate a natural vortex with a centripetal
force predominant?
*****

What is Heat #3

For about 10 years I have been studying the effects of

heating and cooling associated with the phase change of

liquids with the hope of building a simple generator of

electrical power around the phenomenon.The reason for this

interest is based on the theory that energy can be extracted

from the ambient background via thermal differentials.My

line of thinking really took off back when I experimented

with the all too familiar Peltier junction devices found in

electronic cooling devices.Would you believe that most

people do not understand how these devices move thermal

energy through a current flow across a semiconductor

junction.Historically we find that German physicist,

Thomas Seebeck back in 1820 observed that when heat was

applied to a junction of copper and steel wire that

electrical energy resulted.Later in 1834 Jean Peltier

discovered that when a direct current was applied to two

Dissimilar metals the junction got hot or cold.It was not

Until 1838 that Emil Lenz clearly showed the importance of

Both Seebeck and Peltier s discoveries by placing a drop of

Water on the junction of dissimilar metals which froze then

Melted when the polarity of the direct current was

Reversed.These discoveries remained dormant for over 100

Years because of the unavailability of semiconductor

Materials which could provide the wide temperature

Differentials.In the 1930 s semiconductor materials became

Available which revived the electric cooling principles.In

The 1960 s many companies began building spot cooling

Devices and refrigerators based on these effects using a

Junction material of bismuth-telluride. Today more advanced

Materials are used with the basic parameters of being a pore

Thermal conductor but being an excellent electrical

Conductor. The dissimilar materials must provide a high

Coefficient of voltage temperature relationship.The first

Peltier devices that I experimented with back about 10 years

ago were built by Marlow Industries here in Dallas.With a

small temperature differential across the device a weak

current with an attendant voltage was developed.Increasing

the differential provided a proportional increase in current

and voltage.About 6 years ago I posted a chart of the

wattage generated from two different size Peltier chips on

the Keely Net BBS.My curiosity was based on the puzzle of

how electron flow could move thermal energy across the

junctions and how electrical energy was produced by moving

thermal energy across the junction.This is a directly

reversible situation based on polarity.

Now let us look at a very familiar parallel process used in

refrigeration, cooling and heating devices employing phase

change material such as water and refrigerants.We have

always been led to believe that evaporating water provided

cooling effects which is a mechanical process. By the same

mechanical process we are provided heating effects by the

condensation of a gas back to a liquid phase change.Would

you believe that any material that undergoes a phase change

provides an attendant electrical effect.Back in 1840

Armstrong invented an electrostatic generator based on

escaping steam through insulated nozzles which provided one

of the most powerful devices of this type ever built.

Popular belief was that this was a frictional process with

the electrical output resulting from the steam friction

passing through the nozzles.After reading an old (1920 s)

Thermodynamics in Chemistry text book I realized that the

phase change of materials was an electrical phenomenon and

not purely mechanical.The atoms of the material lose or

gain electrons in the process which accounts for the

discrepancy in the energy equation when a material

transitions between phases.More energy is present after

the phase change back to the lower form or atomic state. The

text book stated that this phenomenon could not be

explained.When Jerry and I attended a Conference hosted by

Hal Puthoff down in Austin back about 6 years ago a

Physicist from Austria presented a paper on the phase change

of water and the attendant electrical phenomenon which is

totally not understood by modern science.Now my suspicions

were confirmed that phase changes of materials are an

electrostatic phenomenon, which leads us to the fundamental

question of,What is heat?We were told in theschool

that heat is the presence of energy and cool is the absence

of energy.What is the form of this energy?Let us look at

a very simple example of heating which may explain this

process.When sunlight strikes an absorbing surface it is

heated because electrons in the material are converted to

photons which are emitted in the infrared band of light

leaving the material in a net positive state or hot.The

more electrons a material loses the hotter it becomes.Now

the inverse situation is explored by evaporating some water

from the surface of a material which leaves the surface in a

net negative state or cold.Heat or cold is based on the

ion relationship in the material.When we apply a flame

(ionizing) to a material we cause the emission of photons

which is basically stripping away electrons from the atomic

structure causing a gross net positive situation to occur.

Now we are getting a picture as to how an electric current

across the Peltier junction can transport thermal energy

(ions).Since the energy is in the form of presence or

absence of electrons then it is a simple explanation as to

how the process works.All phase change processes work the

same way basically via ion transport and are not mechanical

processes which we were taught.Everythingin chemistry is

an electrical or electrostatic process at the atomic level

based on the ionized state of the atoms involved.

At a Vanguard Science Roundtable discussion several years ago

we talked about the ion wind method of fire fighting in

which ionized air will extinguish a flame because of the

cooling effects.Now we see Patents issued based on

negative ion spraying of a surface causing it to rapidly

cool because it becomes net negative charged.This is a

very efficient method of air-conditioning because an ion

generator operates at very high voltages with very little

current involved.It is possible to develop this ion

transport (thermal energy) to provide direct electrical

output from very subtle temperature differentials.Remember

that this is a direct reversible process where a thermal

differential will cause a development of current and voltage

as in the Peltier device.I hope that this dialog will

provide some food for thought out there on the Keely Net.

Please provide some feedback on this very interesting line

of experimentation.Norm