Re: [EVGRAY] Re: Norman Wootan Research Files.

Body

NHiormanThat is great fun as a historical document, now that we are familiar with Rotorverter operation.How careful you were, not to wax enthusiastic about the results, pending more study.Yet, it demonstrates the serious professional researcher in you, to be cautious, as your credibility rested in your good sense, and care.We likely can do a lot more with Rotoverters. Too bad you are not sporting one on the bench these days.I can hardly wait to throw mine up on the table of the warm radiant heated stone barn workshop.I have two complete 3 hp  identical units, except one has naked bearings devoid of grease and seals, which I will not do again, as it is not needed to be so fussy.I would rather they be completely reliable machines. I might send away for some exotic ceramic bearings for that naked unit if I can find some cheap.Both units work great, and I need to play with driving some DC motors, I have, as it would be intriguing to try to use the rotating power of the Rotoverter, to overunity.I have only used the capacitor circuit method, which works very well.John Bedini told me one has to has 3X over unity, to loop, so I hadn't tried to loop a rotoverter directly, making the assumption John had tried a Hecter Rotoverter. I am unsure he ever did.Cheers Warren

Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android 
 
  On Tue, 11 Dec 2018 at 10:56 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY]<[email protected]> wrote:       
 

Hector, here is one that you will remember along with Kone from 2004.  I would have to go back and find the party that posted it to the EVGRAY site.
 
 

hi 
 
 
 
i did an archive search on Keelynet because I remember Norman Wootan 
 
last year posting his rotorverter results and details there, with 
 
Hector comments too Ken Carrigan is there as the original skeptic 
 
too...here it all is for history..some gret information here for 
 
aspiring rotoheads...
 
 
 
Norman writes:
 
 
 
Hi! Ken:   Thanks for the thought provocative message.   I have 4 two
 
channel scopes, 3 Tecktronics and one Leader so have no problem
 
accurately measuring AC input to the motor.  I just cannot find my
 
current probe for the scope to look at the current to voltage
 
relationship..  I agree with your assessment about  who cares about 
 
the
 
power factor anyway .  If my power factor was anything other than 
 
unity
 
then this thing would be more over unity. The input voltage is very
 
stable 120VAC line with nothing unusual and no noise or spikes to be
 
seen.  The only clue that you may find interesting is the fact that 
 
when
 
the the motor is fine tuned by adjusting the capacitance between motor
 
terminals L2 and L3 to give the lowest possible input current then the
 
scope pictures of the AC voltage at terminal L2 and terminal L3 are
 
identical in amplitude and are exactly in-phase, actually superimposed
 
on one another. ?????   I always though that to run a 3 phase motor on
 
single phase you had to use a capacitor to establish the third phase
 
angle so the motor would run.  This is really interesting.   First, 
 
this
 
set up is quite different, for you have one terminal L1 of the motor 
 
at
 
ground reference (line neutral). L2 is at line potential (120VAC) and 
 
L3
 
has the tuning cap value between it and L3.    The one thing that 
 
really
 
 bugs  me is the fact that the 3 phase motor has excellent torque and
 
does not get warm when you load it.  I believe I mentioned that I 
 
have a
 
32 HP, 480V, 3450 RPM, 60 HZ motor that I want to set up and do some
 
experiments that may shed some more light on this obvious phenomenon.
 
I agree about the lack of interest on the net regards this rotoverter
 
test.   I guess most folks are dropping in for entertainment value and
 
not serious researchers who really question something so  glaring .
 
Thanks a million for your sincere interest.   Norm
 
 
 
 Carrigan, Ken  wrote:
 
 
 
Norm, et al,
 
I am shocked that I have not heard anyone comment on your apparent
 
experimental overunity readings.  I find nothing wrong or that
 
could be wrong with your initial readings, but I question that
 
your really getting something for nothing.  Sure wish you had
 
an oscope to see exactly what your reading are vice Fluke voltmeter.
 
As for the power factor going into your motor, who cares if
 
it is less then unity, it is the useable output that is most
 
important, and as you stated, it is 'pure' dc?  Tracing back
 
from the DC generator to see where this apparent overunity is
 
coming from, it must be coming from the AC motor.  This because
 
the DC generator is nothing special - efficiency is less
 
then 100%.  So the answer is really in the capacitive input
 
to the 3-phase AC motor - running it at 25% voltage (120v vice
 
480v) and single phase - with caps to resonate the inductive
 
portion out - leaving pure resistance.  I am shocked that it
 
runs at all, being non 3-phase and 1/4 volts.
 
 
 
Any further readings your getting?  I'd sure like to see
 
your system in operation and get my scope out, spectrum
 
analyzer, and RF current probes then take it into a PC
 
and find out exactly what the power in and out would be
 
taking into account all distortion, harmonics, complex
 
wave patterns.
 
v/r
 
Ken Carrigan
 
 
 
-----Original Message-----
 
From: Norman Wootan [mailto:[email protected]]
 
 
 
Sent: Monday, February 25, 2002 8:09 AM
 
To: Keelynet
 
Subject: [Keelynet] Rotoverter
 
 
 
 
 
Hector, down in Australia has been experimenting with
 
ferroresonance transformers and rotary 3 phase converters
 
with interesting results.  Go to:
 
http://www.nuenergy.org/energy_amplification.htm
 
 
 
 
 
I built Hectors phase rotoverter with the following
 
results.   This is a very easy experiment for all to try.
 
I'm sure Ken Carrigan will have fun with this one.
 
Quote:
 
Well said Hector::   Here is the verification that you have
 
been waiting for.   Per our off line dialog here is the set
 
up for my rotaryverter so others may duplicate what we have
 
seen.
 
Motor is 3HP, 3 Phase, 60HZ, 1725 RPM, wired for operation
 
on 480V.
 
Motor free running, tuned to minimum current draw from 120V
 
line input required 20mfd
 
370V oil filled cap resulting with a current draw of .66
 
amps @ 120VAC input.
 
Motor loaded with belt drive stepup 6:1 ratio to drive a PMI
 
 
 
disk PM, DC motor acting as a generator.  (generator
 
unloaded) required 30 mfd, 370V oil filled cap with a
 
resulting
 
current draw of .50 amps @ 120VAC input.
 
Now I loaded the DC generator with 160 watt incandescent
 
lamp load.
 
Now things get more interesting.  Since I have two
 
independent systems here, one being driven with 120VAC line
 
input and the other system a belt driven DC generator being
 
loaded with pure resistive load.  Well here are the
 
numbers:   Motor was retuned for minimum current draw which
 
required 45 mfd, 370V oil filled cap with a resulting
 
current draw of .15 amps @ 120VAC input.   The independent
 
generator put out .75 amps @ 74 VDC into a resistive load.
 
The only thing that needs to be looked at on the input side
 
of the equation is the power factor of the AC input.  I need
 
 
 
to find my tectronics current probe for my scope to look at
 
the current/ voltage phase relationship. I'm satisfied with
 
the figures that I calculate which shows roughly 18 watts AC
 
 
 
input with a DC output of 55.5 watts.   What I find most
 
interesting is the fact that the more load you put on the 3
 
phase motor the lower the input current draw and the motor
 
gets colder.  The belt driven DC generator gets quite hot
 
after about 30 minutes of running time.   Go figure it out.
 
I believe there is a lot to be learned about revolving
 
magnetic fields in 3 phase motors and tunning the output via
 
 
 
capacitors.   This experiment is so easy to do everyone
 
should seriously look at this phenomenon.   My next step is
 
to document PF on input and improve the DC side of the
 
circuit  to provide more loading.
 
By the way,  all measurements were made with four each Fluke
 
 
 
87E meters which I believe to be fairly reliable on 60HZ and
 
 
 
DC measurements.  Nothing exotic here. Only PF to be
 
determined.
 
Norm
 

 
 On 12/11/2018 9:33 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
  
 
To design the Implosion Vortex Reactor, IVR, I had to understand the VORTEX and how heat and ionization really worked. Thus  What is Heat?    You may ask about Barry, Counterbarry, Anti-Gravity along about here.
 
 
 
 
Since we are finally "boiling down" our fundamental understanding of thing in nature being directly related to "vortex", a little "101" is needed!
 After carefully reading this document and going back to 'mark' the very interesting revelations, we can approach the Hilsch Implosion Vortex with a better understanding as to how the 'counter rotating' vortex actions produce a charge separation effect and yield a "cold" core output and a "Hot' exhaust outer envelope.     All is based on my document "What is Heat' written back in the 90s.   "Heat is positive ionization" and "cold is negative ionization".   Since electrons have mass (see Charged Cluster work by Kenneth Shoulders)  we see how  negative ionized gases (extra electrons) are heavier than positive  ionized gases ( stripped electrons) therefore in an implosion vortex the heavier cold gas will spiral to the center with the lighter gases spiraling to the outer envelope.  The interchange and charge separation occurs at the shear lines of the counter-rotating gas flows just the same as found in the vortex of a well formed tornado in nature.  The result in nature produces a lot of ice, hail and huge electrical discharges.    Just passing along some thought on how things really work!    Norm
 
 ANATOMY OF A VORTEX
 by
 Rhetta Jacobson
 A vortex is Nature’s primary form or shape of
 energy movement. A vortex is a cyclic energy
 movement. It is a manifestation of two opposing
 forces, which were created simultaneously
 and which exist constantly in our Universe.
 All the electro-magnetic phenomena which
 we observe are results of the interplay of this
 motion body, whether we observe waves, particles
 or galaxies. We see it manifest in all states
 of matter, gases, liquids, solids and plasmas.
 All the studies of Science, whether it be light
 refraction and reflection, heat convection,
 sound propagation, magnetism and electricity,
 chemistry, biology, atomic structure or cosmologic
 observations have confronted this motion
 body.
 When we attempt to understand, control,
 copy and work with these phenomena we need
 to know more thoroughly the mechanics of the
 one expression they all have in common--the
 vortex, the form of motion that brings their manifestation.
 In this article I hope to give the anatomy of
 a vortex, a diagram of the geometric structure,
 a map of the movements and forces and list
 some results a vortex has upon the matter within
 it. First, I will consider the group of particles
 rotating about a common center; but the latter
 list of results will consider a single particle of the
 medium rotating about its own axis and the central
 axis of a vortex motion.
 Scientists have observed different types of
 vortexes and given them separate names.
 There can be a concentric vortex, an assymetrical
 vortex, a cylindrical vortex where the paths
 are the same, closed and perpendicular in
 every plane normal to the rotation axis. Then
 there is a spatial vortex where the paths are not
 perpendicular, nor closed. The spiral vortex is
 again separated and typed according to the
 shape it assumes and by a ratio of diameter to
 length of axis. A planar like vortex or disk vortex
 has a large diameter compared to its height.
 A columnar vortex has a small diameter compared
 to its height.
 Hydrologists tend to mimic vortexes in fluids
 by stirring liquids in a cylinder with a central rod,
 giving the fluid “vorticity”, or angular velocity at
 a given point in space. Here we should note
 that all vortexes have vorticity, but all fluids with
 vorticity are not a vortex. For instance, a parallel
 flow has vorticity. By stirring thusly they create
 a parabolic rotational movement and call it
 a vortex.
 They say every rotating body is a vortex.
 Then they notice two basic types of velocities.
 With the latter “solid body” such as a disk rotating
 about an axis at its center, the velocity
 increases linearly with the distance from the
 center toward the periphery. In a fluid stirred in
 a cylinder the velocity decreases in inverse proportion
 to the distance from the stir rod. They
 call a “potential” vortex one where the fluid may
 have no vorticity except at the center. This is all
 very confusing and unnecessary if vortex
 motion can be observed correctly.
 A vortex is not the matter, solid or liquid; the
 vortex is a background energy movement
 which controls, conditions and shapes the matter.
 The matter does not create the vortex, the
 matter is subject to it. In the solid disk rotating
 about an axis, each atomic particle making it up
 has a vortex motion body as a field acting upon
 it. The observation that velocity increases with
 distance from the center is but a rule of centrifugal
 force which they are applying to a solid
 body. They are imitating Nature’s braking of
 velocity, and one-half of a cyclic process of
 energy movement. They would do more good
 considering what effect that centrifugal force
 has upon each atomic vortex in the solid. This
 is not creating a vortex, it is using one force
 which is a part in a vortex flow. When Nature
 sticks solids on a solid stem or rod core and
 rotates it, it too is used as a brake. The the
 example of a dandelion seed where this construction
 and rotation slows its descent. In a
 fluid stirred by a rod, the same centrifugal
 action is observed; turbulence is caused by
 action from the center outward.
 The standard definition of a vortex is very
 vague. One definition of a vortex will include a
 few characteristics of this motion body and
 another written definition will include other characteristics.
 Generally, we find some common
 included characteristics are: a whirling mass,
 endowed with a rapid rotary motion around an
 axis, forming a vacuum at the center, into which
 anything caught in the motion is drawn.
 Definitions are usually always accompanied
 with comparisons to whirlpools and whirlwinds,
 of which very little is known.
 I will define a vortex thusly: A vortex is the
 primordial pattern of motion. It is a changing,
 resultant motion form of two opposing forces, a
 cyclic process with a birth, youth, maturity,
 aging and death segments of its time duration.
 It is a cyclic process of motion which takes varying
 shapes from a series of laminar rings, rotating
 about a common center to a conical shape
 and back to planar rings again as one force
 gains preponderance, then the other force, and
 takes the process from stillness to maximum
 motion and then back to stillness.
 Most observations of the vortex pattern are
 incomplete are are illustrated as a whirling
 cone. This represents one phase of an overall
 appearance in a medium. It does not show the
 motion interaction occurring inside the motion
 body and does not entirely illustrate a vortex
 body, just as a still, two dimensional illustration
 of a wave drawn as a wavy line does not do justice
 to the description of a wave.
 FORMATION OF VORTEX MOTION
 To picture the birth of a vortex motion body
 of two opposing forces, picture from a point of
 stillness a motion or movement radiating out in
 all directions, simultaneously meeting resistance
 as an opposing movement attempting to
 restore the stillness. The expansive force travels
 in a radiative spiral outward from a common
 center. Its movement is called centrifugal. The
 opposing, compressive force travels in a concentrating
 spiral toward a common center. Its
 movement is called centripetal. Both paths of
 travel are always curved and spiral because of
 the others’ resistance, continuously.
 Resistance to movement from inertia causes
 curvature; all motion is curved forever afterward.
 Polarity is established as soon as there
 is a motion, for to have motion from stillness
 there is a division and with division there is
 polarity.
 Another mind picture: Picture the point being
 acted upon by the two opposing forces in the
 horizontal, planar dimension. Motion plus
 resistance gives the sphere a rotation resulting
 in ring waves set up periodically, rotating about
 the center point. The ring waves extend to a
 maximum distance until the resistance
 becomes predominant and pushes them back
 toward the center.
 Each rotating ring meets resistance which
 compresses its dissipation and attempts to
 restore an evacuated space. These rings are
 observed as “vortex rings” and vortex rings
 exist even in irrotational fluids such as helium,
 an “inert” gas which is defined as being unable
 to move or act. However, this ring motion is the
 beginning of vortex motion.
 The opposing forces acting upon each other
 set up shock waves traveling in both directions,
 opposing each other, interacting, sliding along
 side each other, causing undulations in the ring,
 like local eddies, little whirlpools where both
 forces wrap around each other in a spiralic
 attempt to unite or cancel each other, so stillness
 may be restored out of the motion. Local
 eddies always occur where two movements
 come against each other, for example, whenever
 two streams come against each other, or
 where a moving flow meets a stationary object
 such as water on a rock.
 If the outward thrust were not met with resistance
 to begin a curvature back to a central
 point, the motion would dissipate. Nature does
 not work with only an outward centrifugal force,
 as our technology does. Nature was wise
 enough to create, simultaneously, the regeneration
 possibility of the opposing centripetal pull
 back to the source, the center, to insure that the
 instability and tensions that were created could
 be forever repeated so work could be performed.
 The concentric rings rotating about the
 sphere are acted upon by the local eddies generated
 between each one in series. The first
 ring, toward the center, has greater resistant
 tension, a higher amplitude, a greater curvature
 of deflection to throw back to the center, when
 the outward movement meets the inertial resistance.
 This causes more numbers of tiny local
 boundary eddies; but, these tiny whirlpools
 rotate around their axes slowly, with great effort
 against inertia.
 The second ring has less centrifugal force or
 outward thrust meeting it and less potential to
 raise a resistance. The wall of tension (and
 amplitude) is less. This ring creates a lesser
 number of local boundary eddies or disturbances;
 however, they can be larger in diameter
 and rotate faster because the ring is already
 of a larger diameter and has less inward curvature
 to aid the centripetal throw back.
 If the outward thrust (centrifugal force) continues
 to come from the center source (as from
 a stationary rod in the Hydrologists cylinder)
 eventually the surrounding rings close to the
 central point are pushed further apart, weakening
 the centripetal ability. Every force has a
 binding field, even in an open system. Even a
 non-factual, theorized, linear, one-directional
 movement meets a boundary wall and curves
 against its direction and begins to loop back
 upon itself. In fact (actuality) curvature meets
 curvature and causes a set of over lappings like
 a set of standing lenses at periodic conjunctions
 in the form of tiny, local eddies. The lenses,
 according to their curvature, focal length,
 etc., come into plan and influence whatever
 passes through them. The undulations and
 small eddies along the boundaries of the rotating
 rings act as lenses. They take in a portion
 of the centrifugal and centripetal forces, fluids
 or medium, spin it around, mix it and then throw
 off either toward the centrifugal direction or
 toward the centripetal direction and aid a little
 push for either force, like a mechanical bearing
 which aids the rotation of larger rollers. The
 multidinous tiny whirlpools on the inside of the
 central ring (first ring) turn very slowly. They do
 not throw off much on their periphery, but they
 orbit around the inside of the ring swiftly. They
 help the centripetal force hold the momentum
 there, close to the center. The larger diameter,
 faster rotating, local eddies inside the fourth
 ring, for instance, have a power to transfer force
 (as part of their vorticity) to the centrifugal force,
 because they throw off more along their periphery.
 When the inward compression (centripetal)
 force is predominant the amplitude of each
 shock wave increases and moves the whole
 series of waves toward the center, compacting
 the laminar strata toward the center. This compacting
 results in a longitudinal force, perpendicular
 to the plane, in two directions, simultaneously
 again, up and down. This movement
 meets a resistance also, and begins to curve
 and spiral, both above and below the horizontal
 axis.
 COMPONENTS OF A VORTEX PROCESS
 We now have a picture of a vortex formation
 from planar spinning rings, projecting, in two
 directions, above and below the horizontal axis,
 to two conical spirals, with the two opposing
 directions of motion interacting within, setting
 up pressure waves, back shock waves, pressure
 boundary walls and naturally establishing
 a standing set of “lenses” and a beat frequency,
 which represents the pulsation battle occurring
 between push and pull. Thus created is a “spatial
 spiral” vortex, which is the one Nature uses.
 The key fact in this picture is the word “two”.
 Every vortex is a pair. Every vortex borns its
 own resistance and has its equal and opposite
 potential motion body to unite, propagate and
 return to stillness.
 Very briefly, let us go through the aging
 process of a vortex. For simpler viewing we will
 consider one conical vortex. Actually the righthand
 drawing (a pair) is occurring. After birth
 and in infancy a vortex body is elongated and
 slender, longer in its vertical axis than the horizontal;
 then as the outward, resistance force
 takes preponderance the vortex widens and
 flattens, as in the drawings.
 Each concentric spiral path is first squeezed
 closer together and then is pushed further
 apart.
 Each concentric spiral is centered around a
 vertical axis. As the centrifugal force ages the
 vortex, this axis wobbles more and more,
 becomes inclined, and inscribes a wider and
 wider circle. Thus the cone appearance widens
 and flattens to eventually merge with its horizontal
 axis and eventually appears as a flat spiral
 on a plane.
 The birth of a vortex arises from this plane
 in ring stages, projecting the center upward or
 forward until the vortex is extended to a conical
 shape again.
 The contest between the two forces develops
 pressure walls, boundary lines which separate
 different pressures, different densities, and
 potentials, and holds them in concentrated
 form. Thus, all mediums appear in laminar layers.
 At the edges of the boundary walls of the vortex
 rings are created local eddies, whirlpools
 which act as lenses affecting the passage from
 one layer to the next in series as described.
 Are you still thinking in three-dimensional
 space? We always must! We have three axes
 to consider for each vortex. The horizontal axis
 is where rotation occurs around the center,
 where the “flat” rings begin, it is the axis where
 centrifugal force can express in preponderance
 to its fullest victory to return motion to stillness
 through dissipation, separation and explosion.
 Upon this axis the centripetal and centrifugal
 forces can occur in equilibrium and represent
 one plane of stillness.
 The second axis is the vertical one which is
 the centering, longitudinal direction. This axis
 is lengthened when the centripetal force
 expresses itself in preponderance. It also can
 be an equilibrium condition of stillness. Its’ center
 in vortex action is a vacuum which leads
 solid matter back to an energy transformation
 through implosion.
 In the cyclic process of vortex motion the
 perfect 90 degree geometry of these two axes
 only occurs for a brief time at maturity. Its’ time
 duration is but a brief moment of fluctuation, like
 a line of inertia which momentum crosses, like
 a center line a pendulum crosses on its path
 from one end of its swing to the other end.
 Most matter vortex bodies are in transition
 stages between the perfect axis alignment.
 Like a spinning top, the vertical axis of
 motion is defeated by the resistance of the horizontal
 force, thus the wobble of the vertical
 axis. If the two forces are in equilibrium there is
 no motion and no work expressed in the
 Universe. Motion bodies (vortexes) and matter
 ARE because of the battle between the two
 forces. Matter and work occur during the cyclic
 process from stillness to maximum motion and
 back to stillness. There must be imbalance,
 two foci of an ovoid, two unequal points of tension
 to cause work or motion.
 Motion bodies and matter have different
 characteristics and manifestations according to
 which force, centripetal or centrifugal, (and thus
 which axis) is predominant.
 The spherical shape is the attempt of Nature.
 It, like a perfect circle, is not found in Nature. All
 matter attempts to approach the sphere, but is
 crystallized along the way. However, all matter
 is in transition, either forming or dissolving.
 Vortexes and matter are very different as their
 vertical axis is elongated and the vortex rings
 operate as needle-like ellipsoidal paths of
 motion in the centripetally preponderant plane
 rather than when they are oblated in the plane
 of the centrifugal force.
 Another component readily observable in
 vortexes is the “hole” in the center. This “hole”
 can be anything from a mere depression which
 does not extend the full depth of the vortex
 movement, to a very fine line which centers the
 motion. The diameter of the hole or vortex core
 is hard to measure because it is constantly
 wobbling about the vertical axis and expanding
 and contracting. However, a black hole centers
 every vortex movement.
 Among the varied phenomena observed
 connected to the hole are disorientation of
 polarized instruments such as compasses, the
 inability of electrical equipment to operate as
 reported around the Bermuda Triangle vortex
 and the Polar vortex and around hurricanes. A
 tremendous overwhelming suction pull has
 been experienced close to the vortex hole
 which draws in boats, planes, animals and men
 in the vicinity. Spouts, sprays, fountains of
 water and even burning particles have been
 observed shooting out of the center hole. The
 hole produces a sub vacuum of infinite proportions
 which causes water to “evaporate” at
 room temperature and cavitating gas bubbles to
 implode with thousands of atmospheres of subpressure.
 A phenomena attributed to the center
 eye of hurricanes is the dissolving and redepositing
 of matter like a pole or stick found
 inserted inside of a tree with no shear force to
 deposit it there, just like it grew there.
 Each of these phenomena I will take up in
 future articles. Each has an explanation and
 each can be copied for very useful purposes
 when the Engineering of machines are based
 upon the mechanics of the vortex. For now, a
 basic understanding of those mechanics is vital.
 MOVEMENTS AND FLOWS IN A VORTEX
 Within a vortex we know the inward, toward
 the center, movement is centripetal and the outward,
 toward the periphery movement is centrifugal.
 Each is spiral; they cannot travel in a
 straight course because of resistance. We
 know there are different density layers separated
 by boundary walls with overlapping eddies
 along the edges. We know there is rotation in
 every layer and in every atom of a medium. We
 know there is a balance to the rotation in revolution
 for every layer and particle, just like our
 planetary system.
 In our planetary system the planets close to
 the center of our sun’s vortex are preponderantly
 centripetally influenced. They are colder,
 their layers are packed more densely, their
 shape is more elongated on the vertical axis,
 they rotate slowly but move in orbit swiftly as
 they revolve in their lane of potential in the center
 of the vortex. Whereas, we can observe the
 planets in the outer layers of the suns vortex
 are preponderantly centrifugally influenced by
 observing their flattened, oblated shape, their
 fast rotation and slow orbit, and their thrown-off
 debris radiating as rings in a centrifugal plane.
 A vortex is a smaller replica of our planetary
 system. Each particle or atom flowing in the
 layers in a vortex can be related to the planets,
 each particle finds its own lane of equal potential
 according to its attributes of density, temperature,
 volume, rotation and revolution, discharge
 or valence, etc.
 So, how do vortexes move, conduct and diffuse
 physical quantities like mass of varying
 densities, momentum and energy through
 them? All transport of mass, heat, vorticity,
 velocity etc. occurs across the boundary layers
 and have interaction and exchange in the tiny
 boundary layer eddies which occur along the
 skin of each layer and act as lenses.
 Depending upon the nature of predominance of
 centripetal or centrifugal motion in each eddy
 acting as a lens, the mass, the temperature of it
 , the rotational vorticity is selected and deposited
 into the next layer or thrown outward to the
 adjacent layer equal to its potential. A selection
 process goes on just as a selection process for
 the proper potential in nutrients goes on at a
 cellular membrane boundary wall where similar
 eddies act as “pores” to allow the passage or
 rejection of chemicals, atoms and molecules.
 The small eddies which occur by shear
 forces along the rotating rings or layers, grab
 and mix the edges. According to their distance
 from the center of a vortex their motion is more
 centripetal on the inside layers and more centrifugal
 on the outer layers. Each type of motion
 influences the character of atoms, molecules
 and particles by influencing such things as density,
 volume, tempertaure and many other
 dimensions of matter. If the action is centripetal
 upon an atom the volume is decreased, temperature
 lowered and the density increased by
 packing the layers closer together. This prepares
 the atom for injection into the inside adjacent
 layer closer to the core of the vortex. If the
 action on an atom is centrifugal the atom’s volume
 is increased, its temperature is raised and
 its density is rarified, thus preparing it to be
 more suitable for the outside adjacent.
 The laminar layers of a vortex have different
 temperatures, densities, specific weights and
 speeds. Let us look at the simple factors of
 temperature and volume and show an example
 of how these factors, when changed can influence
 flow between the layers in a vortex of
 water.
 Water flowing in a natural underground channel
 will cool itself to 4 degrees C at the central
 layer of its spiral movement. We will call this
 layer “one”. Of course this layer in the earth,
 depending on the geological lay of the earth
 may not be horizontal at all, but slanted in varying
 degrees.
 The water that has adapted to this layer (4
 degrees by temp.) has now the specific density
 of 1. Above and below (surrounding) layer 1 the
 water is less dense, because it has a higher
 temperature and an expanded volume.
 This means the denser layer 1 is enclosed
 by layers of different densities. These less
 dense layers have an increased volume, exerting
 pressure on layer 1 in the direction of the
 longitudinal flow.
 The layer in layer 1 now flows depending on
 the underground terrain toward its lowest level,
 while pressure from the upper water layer and
 the water layer from below persists. No single
 water layer exerts the same pressure onto layer
 1 and the one which exerts more pressure onto
 the layer 1 takes on its temperature and mixes
 with vortexian action in the minute boundary
 layer zone to become one with it. In this way
 more water volume is produced in layer 1 which
 then runs off. In this way it is possible that
 water can exit as a spring close to the top of
 high mountains. Springs at high altitudes, on
 the earth’s surface always show temperatures
 close to 4 degrees C and for that reason one
 may assume that the movement of the spring
 water originates from layer 1. Water at 4
 degrees C has reached its maximum density
 and can not be more compressed. It would,
 under additional pressure rather give way to the
 surface of the earth as a spring or its temperature
 increases according to the pressure.
 Enormous masses of water are pushed or
 pressed upwards to the surface of the earth
 from far below by the temperature differences
 of the layers, which constantly disturb the equilibrium
 to make water move.
 Similarly, a vortex moves and conducts mass
 from layer to layer and produces a longitudinal
 flow.
 It may be asked at this point why the outside
 layers of water running in a straight pipe do not
 perform the same function of shooting the
 inside layers forward with momentum.
 Remember, every particle of water is bound to
 move with a certain speed, depending on its
 specific weight, and its specific weight is either
 decreased by warmer temperatures, or
 increased by cooler temperatures. Straight forward
 running water in a conventional pipe
 increases its friction and decreases the specific
 weight, and enlarges the volume of every water
 atom, making it more difficult for an increased
 volume or speed of water to flow. The profile of
 the pipe does not allow for an inward curvature
 of the next inside layer and the correspondingly
 changing tiny eddies between layers; which
 can alter the physical characteristics of the
 atoms themselves and prepare them for the
 next inside layer. Here is another instance
 where engineering after Nature’s vortex proves
 its advantage.
 VORTEX CONTROL ON MATTER
 All matter is packed energy. A vortex accumulates,
 controls and disperses energy and
 mass. Mass is an accumulation of energy into
 higher potential and contracted motion. Matter
 is literally twisted together just as strands of a
 rope are twisted together to form strength and
 solidity. The vortex is the unseen field action
 which controls creation, appearance and decreation
 and disappearance. In the field of
 Quantum Mechanics matter is classified as
 positive, negative or neutral and it is known that
 neutrons can become protons and protons
 become neutrons millions of times a second. It
 is recognized that mass can be changed
 between two opposites. A proton is positive at
 one instant and is negative at the next instant
 and at the next positive and so on. Two forces
 and conditions are recognized and known to
 fluctuate. But in a proton the positive force is
 dominant and in a fluctuating electron the negative
 force is dominant so they are defined by
 their dominance. Similarly it is known that the
 elements can be totally different in their characteristics
 such as the example of carbon, which
 can be hard and as a diamond at some conditions
 and soft like graphite in other conditions.
 What is not known is that the changing of those
 conditions is directly controlled by the action of
 the vortex. Change the vortex and you change
 whatever is impressed upon the field of the
 mass within.
 When a vortex is centripetally preponderant
 it literally squeezes the matter, increases its
 density, reduces its volume, elongates its vertical
 axis, steps up its orbit, increases its electrical
 charge, reduces its temperature, changes
 its alkalinity, increases its cohesion capacity,
 increases its surface tension, simplifies its crystallization,
 reduces its ionization, and several
 other attributes of its character, which are all
 results of the type of motion in its field.
 If the vortex is more centrifugal in action, that
 which is within it is influenced by separating,
 expanding its volume, decreasing its density,
 shortening its vertical axis and widening its horizontal
 axis, its rotation and discharge of potential
 is increased, its temperature is increased, it
 becomes more acid, its cohesion is decreased,
 its crystallization is complicated, etc. Just the
 opposite.
 When a vortex motion body is subjected to
 an outside increase of centrifugal force like the
 solid disk rotating on a shaft of the fluid in a
 cylinder stirred from the fast rotation by a center
 rod, each ring layer along with the local
 eddies are subjected to an increase of centrifugal
 force and will lose some of their centripetal
 force. Thus the whole vortex body and all the
 mass of the medium is affected toward the dissipation
 and breaking apart which occurs along
 the horizontal axis. This dissipation, expansion
 and slow explosion is harmful to many elements
 of Nature, for instance water and air.
 The above dissolution and expansion can be
 reversed by centripetal motion, along with all
 the results upon the atom subjected to it. This
 choice of creation or de-creation can be
 demonstrated in the lab by a simple experiment.
 On a slowly rotating fluid (stirred by a
 central rod) a square is made with powder. The
 shear forces of the layers rotating act in such a
 way that the square is deformed to a parallelopiped
 until it is completely pulled apart and no
 longer recognizable. If the flow direction is
 reversed, the original square is reformed exactly
 as if a movie were reversed.
 The control of matter, form and energy can
 be accomplished controlling the vortex. A study
 of Vortex Mechanics will lead to the understanding
 of the vortex and how to engineer with
 it. A very important aspect of the engineering is
 the way in which a vortex is generated, for this
 determines which force is predominant. We
 know a straight pipe or channel will only generate
 vortexes in the form of turbulence in order
 to brake the speed of straight line, laminar
 motion. The fluid will not create a vortex spiral
 as a whole body and will only be subject to centrifugal
 influence, friction, etc. We know that a
 fluid stirred in a cylinder from a central rotating
 rod will only have centrifugal influence. Even
 though characteristics of greater vorticity or
 velocity being at the center is copied here, the
 shock waves and rings are radiating along the
 horizontal plane and will not increase in velocity
 but instead decrease, the vortex will never
 create a center hole where vacuum suction can
 occur. So the question becomes how can we
 Engineer a proper channel with the proper profile
 to imitate a natural vortex with a centripetal
 force predominant?
 *****
 
 
 
                     What is Heat #3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
For about 10 years I have been studying the effects of
 
heating and cooling associated with the phase change of
 
liquids with the hope of building a simple generator of
 
electrical power around the phenomenon.  The reason for this
 
interest is based on the theory that energy can be extracted
 
from the ambient background via thermal differentials.  My
 
line of thinking really took off back when I experimented
 
with the all too familiar Peltier junction devices found in
 
electronic cooling devices.  Would you believe that most
 
people do not understand how these devices move thermal
 
energy through a current flow across a semiconductor
 
junction.  Historically we find that German physicist,
 
Thomas Seebeck back in 1820 observed that when heat was
 
applied to a junction of copper and steel wire that
 
electrical energy resulted.  Later in 1834 Jean Peltier
 
discovered that when a direct current was applied to two
 
Dissimilar metals the junction got hot or cold.  It was not
 
Until 1838 that Emil Lenz clearly showed the importance of
 
Both Seebeck and Peltier s discoveries by placing a drop of
 
Water on the junction of dissimilar metals which froze then
 
Melted when the polarity of the direct current was
 
Reversed.  These discoveries remained dormant for over 100
 
Years because of the unavailability of semiconductor
 
Materials which could provide the wide temperature
 
Differentials.  In the 1930 s semiconductor materials became
 
Available which revived the electric cooling principles.  In
 
The 1960 s many companies began building spot cooling
 
Devices and refrigerators based on these effects using a
 
Junction material of bismuth-telluride. Today more advanced
 
Materials are used with the basic parameters of being a pore
 
Thermal conductor but being an excellent electrical
 
Conductor. The dissimilar materials must provide a high
 
Coefficient of voltage temperature relationship.  The first
 
Peltier devices that I experimented with back about 10 years
 
ago were built by Marlow Industries here in Dallas.   With a
 
small temperature differential across the device a weak
 
current with an attendant voltage was developed.  Increasing
 
the differential provided a proportional increase in current
 
and voltage.  About 6 years ago I posted a chart of the
 
wattage generated from two different size Peltier chips on
 
the Keely Net BBS.   My curiosity was based on the puzzle of
 
how electron flow could move thermal energy across the
 
junctions and how electrical energy was produced by moving
 
thermal energy across the junction.  This is a directly
 
reversible situation based on polarity.
 
Now let us look at a very familiar parallel process used in
 
refrigeration, cooling and heating devices employing phase
 
change material such as water and refrigerants.  We have
 
always been led to believe that evaporating water provided
 
cooling effects which is a mechanical process. By the same
 
mechanical process we are provided heating effects by the
 
condensation of a gas back to a liquid phase change.  Would
 
you believe that any material that undergoes a phase change
 
provides an attendant electrical effect.   Back in 1840
 
Armstrong invented an electrostatic generator based on
 
escaping steam through insulated nozzles which provided one
 
of the most powerful devices of this type ever built.
 
Popular belief was that this was a frictional process with
 
the electrical output resulting from the steam friction
 
passing through the nozzles.   After reading an old (1920 s)
 
Thermodynamics in Chemistry text book I realized that the
 
phase change of materials was an electrical phenomenon and
 
not purely mechanical.  The atoms of the material lose or
 
gain electrons in the process which accounts for the
 
discrepancy in the energy equation when a material
 
transitions between phases.  More energy is present after
 
the phase change back to the lower form or atomic state. The
 
text book stated that this phenomenon could not be
 
explained.  When Jerry and I attended a Conference hosted by
 
Hal Puthoff down in Austin back about 6 years ago a
 
Physicist from Austria presented a paper on the phase change
 
of water and the attendant electrical phenomenon which is
 
totally not understood by modern science.  Now my suspicions
 
were confirmed that phase changes of materials are an
 
electrostatic phenomenon, which leads us to the fundamental
 
question of,  What is heat?    We were told in the  school 
 
that heat is the presence of energy and cool is the absence
 
of energy.  What is the form of this energy?  Let us look at
 
a very simple example of heating which may explain this
 
process.  When sunlight strikes an absorbing surface it is
 
heated because electrons in the material are converted to
 
photons which are emitted in the infrared band of light
 
leaving the material in a net positive state or hot.  The
 
more electrons a material loses the hotter it becomes.  Now
 
the inverse situation is explored by evaporating some water
 
from the surface of a material which leaves the surface in a
 
net negative state or cold.  Heat or cold is based on the
 
ion relationship in the material.  When we apply a flame
 
(ionizing) to a material we cause the emission of photons
 
which is basically stripping away electrons from the atomic
 
structure causing a gross net positive situation to occur.
 
Now we are getting a picture as to how an electric current
 
across the Peltier junction can transport thermal energy
 
(ions).  Since the energy is in the form of presence or
 
absence of electrons then it is a simple explanation as to
 
how the process works.  All phase change processes work the
 
same way basically via ion transport and are not mechanical
 
processes which we were taught.  Everything  in chemistry is
 
an electrical or electrostatic process at the atomic level
 
based on the ionized state of the atoms involved.
 
At a Vanguard Science Roundtable discussion several years ago
 
we talked about the ion wind method of fire fighting in
 
which ionized air will extinguish a flame because of the
 
cooling effects.  Now we see Patents issued based on
 
negative ion spraying of a surface causing it to rapidly
 
cool because it becomes net negative charged.  This is a
 
very efficient method of air-conditioning because an ion
 
generator operates at very high voltages with very little
 
current involved.   It is possible to develop this ion
 
transport (thermal energy) to provide direct electrical
 
output from very subtle temperature differentials.  Remember
 
that this is a direct reversible process where a thermal
 
differential will cause a development of current and voltage
 
as in the Peltier device.   I hope that this dialog will
 
provide some food for thought out there on the Keely Net.
 
Please provide some feedback on this very interesting line
 
of experimentation.   Norm
 
 
 
 
 On 12/11/2018 9:21 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
  
    
 
 
 
 
| 
  |  
( 1 of 1 )
  |

    
|  
United States Patent 
  |  
6,386,751
  |
|  
Wootan ,   et al. 
  |  
May 14, 2002 
  |

    
Diffuser/emulsifier 
 
Abstract
 
A diffuser for incorporating one or more infusion materials into a host material. The diffuser includes a rotor 12 and stator 30 rotating relative to one another. The infusion materials are drawn through openings in the rotor and stator. During movement of the rotor, the openings cause cavitation of the host material in the channel 32 resulting in diffusion of the infusion materials through the openings and into the host material. The opening patterns in the rotor and stator can be designed to operate at a single frequency or a multiple frequencies. The frequencies of operation may affect bonding between the infusion materials and the host material and may also be effective in breakdown of complex molecular structures. 
    
|  
Inventors: 
  |  
Wootan; Norman L. (Dallas, TX), Wood; Anthony B. (Dallas, TX) 
  |
|  
Assignee:
  |  
Diffusion Dynamics, Inc. (
  |
|  
Appl. No.: 
  |  
08/957,530
  |
|  
Filed: 
  |  
October 24, 1997
  |

    
|  
Current U.S. Class:
  |  
366/170.3 ; 366/171.1; 366/172.1; 366/181.7; 366/305
  |
|  
Current International Class: 
  |  
B01F 7/00 (20060101); B01F 3/08 (20060101); B01F 3/04 (20060101)
  |
|  
Field of Search: 
  |  
366/169.1,168.1,170.3,171.1,172.1,176.1,181.4,181.7,305,348,174.1 
  |

    
References Cited [Referenced By]
    
U.S. Patent Documents
 
| 
  | 
  | 
  | 
  | 
  | 
  |
| 
  |  
1650561
  | 
  |  
November 1927
  | 
  |  
Deniston
  |
| 
  |  
3333771
  | 
  |  
August 1967
  | 
  |  
Graham
  |
| 
  |  
3791349
  | 
  |  
February 1974
  | 
  |  
Schaefer
  |
| 
  |  
4004553
  | 
  |  
January 1977
  | 
  |  
Stenson
  |
| 
  |  
4128342
  | 
  |  
December 1978
  | 
  |  
Renk
  |
| 
  |  
4136971
  | 
  |  
January 1979
  | 
  |  
Varlamov et al.
  |
| 
  |  
4143639
  | 
  |  
March 1979
  | 
  |  
Frenette
  |
| 
  |  
4361414
  | 
  |  
November 1982
  | 
  |  
Nemes et al.
  |
| 
  |  
4424797
  | 
  |  
January 1984
  | 
  |  
Perkins
  |
| 
  |  
4778336
  | 
  |  
October 1988
  | 
  |  
Husain
  |
| 
  |  
5188090
  | 
  |  
February 1993
  | 
  |  
Griggs
  |
| 
  |  
5263774
  | 
  |  
November 1993
  | 
  |  
Delcourt
  |
| 
  |  
5419306
  | 
  |  
May 1995
  | 
  |  
Huffman
  |
| 
  |  
5590961
  | 
  |  
January 1997
  | 
  |  
Rasmussen
  |
| 
  |  
5782556
  | 
  |  
July 1998
  | 
  |  
Chu
  |
| 
  |  
5810052
  | 
  |  
September 1998
  | 
  |  
Kozyuk
  |
| 
  | 
  | 
  | 
  | 
  | 
  |

 
 
 
Other References
 
|  

 Faul, C. Sonochemistry-General Overview [online], Jan. 1997 [retrieved on Sep. 26, 1997]. Retrieved from the Internet: <http://www.und.ac.za/prg/sonochem/ultragen.html>.* .
 Sonochemistry, General Overview, Internet site--http://www.und.ac.za/prg/sonochem/ultragen.html.. 
  |

 

 Primary Examiner: Drodge; Joseph W. 
 Assistant Examiner: Cecil; Terry K. 
 Attorney, Agent or Firm: Howison, Chauza, Thoma, Handley & Arnott, L.L.P. 
 
 
    
Claims
    

 
 What is claimed is:
 
 1. A diffuser comprising: 
 
 a first member having a surface incorporating surface disturbances; 
 
 a second member having a first side positioned relative to said surface of said first member to form a channel therebetween through which a first material provided from a first inlet into said channel flows and into which a second material provided from a second inlet through a second side of said second member is introduced, said diffuser configured such that a substantially continuous flow path is provided from said first inlet to said channel throughout operation thereof; and 
 
 means for moving said first material through said channel relative to said surface disturbances to create cavitation in said first material within said channel to diffuse said second material into said first material. 
 
 2. The diffuser of claim 1 wherein said second member also has a surface incorporating surface disturbances. 
 
 3. The diffuser of claim 1 wherein one or more of said surface disturbances comprise impressions. 
 
 4. The diffuser of claim 3 wherein said impressions comprise boreholes. 
 
 5. The diffuser of claim 4 wherein said impressions comprise grooves. 
 
 6. The diffuser of claim 1 wherein said surface disturbances comprise protrusions. 
 
 7. The diffuser of claim 6 wherein said protrusions comprise bumps. 
 
 8. The diffuser of claim 7 wherein said protrusions comprise ridges. 
 
 9. The diffuser of claim 1 wherein either or both of said first member and said second member has one or more orifices formed therein to pass said second material into said channel prior to mixing with said first material. 
 
 10. The diffuser of claim 9 wherein orifices are formed in both said first member and said second member for passing two different materials to said channel prior to mixing with each other. 
 
 11. The diffuser of claim 1 and further comprising a pump for drawing said first and second materials through said channel. 
 
 12. The diffuser of claim 1 and further comprising a pump for driving said first and second materials through said channel. 
 
 13. The diffuser of claim 1 wherein said first member has a cylindrical shape. 
 
 14. The diffuser of claim 1 wherein said first member has a disk shape. 
 
 15. The diffuser of claim 1 wherein said first member has a conical shape. 
 
 16. The diffuser of claim 1 wherein said first member has a spherical shape. 
 
 17. The diffuser of claim 1 wherein said first member has a hemispherical shape. 
 
 18. The diffuser of claim 1 wherein movement of said first material against said surface disturbances generates shock waves at one or more discrete frequencies. 
 
 19. A method of diffusing a first material with a second material, comprising the steps of: 
 
 inputting said first material from a first inlet into a channel formed between a first member and a first side of a second member, wherein a substantially continuous flow path is provided from said first inlet to said channel throughout said method of diffusing; 
 
 inputting said second material through a second side of said second member into said channel, wherein at least one of said first and second members include surface disturbances facing said channel; and 
 
 moving said first material relative to said surface disturbances to cause said first and second materials to be compressed and decompressed resulting in cavitation of said first material within said channel to diffuse said second material into said first material. 
 
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein both of said first and second members include surface disturbances facing said channel. 
 
 21. The method of claim 19 wherein at least one of said first and second members includes a surface with impressions formed therein. 
 
 22. The method of claim 19 wherein at least one of said first and second members includes a surface with boreholes formed therein. 
 
 23. The method of claim 19 wherein at least one of said first and second members includes a surface with said surface disturbances positioned in an array to compress and decompress said first material at a known frequency. 
 
 24. The method of claim 19 wherein at least one of said first and second members includes a surface with surface disturbances positioned in a plurality of arrays to compress and decompress said first material at respective discrete frequencies. 
 
 25. A diffuser comprising: 
 
 a first member having a surface incorporating surface disturbances; 
 
 a second member having a first surface incorporating surface disturbances positioned relative to said first member to form a channel thorough which a first material flows between said respective member surfaces, said second member further having orifices; 
 
 a first inlet means to introduce said first material into said channel, said diffuser configured such that a substantially continuous flow path is provided from said first inlet to said channel throughout operation thereof; 
 
 a second inlet means to introduce a second material into a second surface of said second member such that said second material is input through said orifices into said channel to mix with said first material; and 
 
 a motor to move one of said first and second members relative to the other to create cavitation in said first material while said first material is within the channel to diffuse said second material into said first material. 
 
 26. The method of claim 19 wherein said first material is a liquid and said second material is a gas.
    
Description
    

 
 CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
 
 Not Applicable 
 
 STATEMENT OF FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
 
 Not Applicable 
 
 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
 
 1. Technical Field 
 
 This invention relates in general to diffusers and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for diffusing or emulsifying a gas or liquid into a material. 
 
 2. Description of the Related Art 
 
 In many applications, it is necessary to diffuse or emulsify one material--gas or liquid--within a second material. Emulsification is a subset of the process of diffusion wherein small globules of one liquid are suspended in a second liquid with which the first will not mix, such as oil into vinegar. One important application of the diffusion process is in wastewater treatment. Many municipalities aerate their wastewater as part of the treatment process in order to stimulate biological degradation of organic matter. The rate of biological digestion of organic matter is very dependent upon the amount of oxygen in the wastewater, since the oxygen is necessary to sustain the life of the microorganisms which consume the organic matter. Additionally, oxygen is able to remove some compounds, such as iron, magnesium and carbon dioxide. 
 
 There are several methods of oxygenating water. First, turbine aeration systems release air near the rotating blades of an impeller which mixes the air or oxygen with the water. Second, water can be sprayed into the air to increase its oxygen content. Third, a system produced by AQUATEX injects air or oxygen into the water and subjects the water/gas to a large scale vortex. Tests on the AQUATEX device have shown an improvement to 200% dissolved oxygen (approximately 20 ppm (parts per million)) under ideal conditions. Naturally occurring levels of oxygen in water are approximately 10 ppm maximum, which is considered to be a level of 100% dissolved oxygen. Thus, the AQUATEX device doubles the oxygen content of the water. The increased oxygenation levels last only minutes prior to reverting back to 100% dissolved oxygen levels. 
 
 Greater oxygenation levels, and longer persistence of the increased oxygen levels, could provide significant benefits in treating wastewater. Importantly, the efficiency of the organic digestion would be increased and the amount of time need for biological remediation would decrease, improving on the capacity of wastewater treatment facilities. 
 
 Accordingly, a need has arisen for a diffusing mechanism capable of diffusing high levels of one or more materials into another material. 
 
 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
 
 In the present invention, a diffuser comprises a first member having a surface incorporating surface disturbances and a second member positioned relative to the first diffusing member to form a channel through which a first material and a second material may flow. The first material is driven relative to the surface disturbances to create cavitation in the first material in order to diffuse the second material into the first material. 
 
 The present invention provides significant advantages over the prior art. First, the micro-cavitations generated by the device allow diffusion to occur at a molecular level, increasing the amount of infusion material which will be held by the host material and the persistence of the diffusion. Second, the micro-cavitations and shock waves can be produced by a relatively simple mechanical device. Third, the frequency or frequencies of the shock wave produced by the device can be used in many applications, either to break down complex structures or to aid in combining structures. Fourth, the cavitations and shock waves can be produced uniformly throughout a material for consistent diffusion. 
 
 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
 
 For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
 
 FIGS. 1 and 1a illustrate a partially cross sectional, partially block diagram of a first embodiment of a diffuser; 
 
 FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c illustrate the diffusion process internal to the diffuser; 
 
 FIG. 3 illustrates an exploded view of the rotor and stator of the diffuser; 
 
 FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the stator; 
 
 FIG. 5a illustrates a cross-section view of the rotor-stator assembly in a second embodiment of the invention; 
 
 FIG. 5b illustrates a top view of the rotor in the second embodiment of the invention; 
 
 FIG. 6 illustrates a cut-away view of a third embodiment of the invention; 
 
 FIGS. 7a through 7h illustrate alternative embodiments for generating the diffusion; and 
 
 FIGS. 8a and 8b illustrate another alternative embodiment of the invention. 
 
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
 
 The present invention is best understood in relation to FIGS. 1-8 of the drawings, like numerals being used for like elements of the various drawings. 
 
 FIGS. 1 and 1a illustrate a partially block diagram, partially cross-sectional view first embodiment of a device 10 capable of diffusing or emulsifying one or two gaseous or liquid materials (hereinafter the "infusion materials") into another gaseous or liquid material (hereinafter the "host material"). The host material may be a normally solid material which is heated or otherwise processed to be in a liquid or gaseous state during the diffusion/emulsification process. 
 
 A rotor 12 comprises a hollow cylinder, generally closed at both ends. Shaft 14 and inlet 16 are coupled to the ends of the rotor 12. A first infusion material can pass through inlet 16 into the interior of rotor 12. Shaft 14 is coupled to a motor 18, which rotates the rotor at a desired speed. The rotor 12 has a plurality of openings 22 formed therethrough, shown in greater detail in FIG. 1a. In the preferred embodiment, the openings 22 each have a narrow orifice 24 and a larger borehole 26. The sidewalls 28 of the boreholes 26 can assume various shapes including straight (as shown in FIG. 4), angled (as shown in FIG. 1) or curved. 
 
 A stator 30 encompasses the rotor 12, leaving a channel 32 between the rotor and the stator through which the host material may flow. The stator 30 also has openings 22 formed about its circumference. A housing 34 surrounds the stator 30 and inlet 36 passes a second infusion material to an area 35 between the stator 30 and the housing 34. The host material passes through inlet 37 into the channel 32. Seals 38 are formed between the shafts 14 and 16 and the housing 34. An outlet 40 passes the host material from the channel 32 to a pump 42, where it exits via pump outlet 44. The pump may also be driven by motor 18 or by an auxiliary source. 
 
 In operation, the diffusion device receives the host material through inlet 37. In the preferred embodiment, pump 42 draws the host material on the pump's suction side in order to allow the host material to pass through the channel at low pressures. The first and second infusion materials are introduced to the host material through openings 22. The infusion materials may be pressurized at their source to prevent the host material from passing through openings 22. 
 
 The embodiment shown in FIG. 1 has separate inlets for 16 and 36 for the diffusion materials. This arrangement allows two different infusion materials to be introduced to the host material. Alternatively, a single infusion material could be introduced into both inlets. 
 
 In tests, the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 has demonstrated high levels of diffusion of the infusion material(s) into the host material. Tests using oxygen as the infusion material and water as the host material have resulted in levels of 400% dissolved oxygen in the water, with the increased oxygen levels lasting for days. 
 
 The reason for the high efficiency and persistence of the diffusion is believed to be the result of micro-cavitation, which is described in connection with FIGS. 2a-c. Whenever a material flows over a smooth surface, a rather laminar flow is established with a thin boundary layer that is stationary or moving very slowly because of the surface tension between the moving fluid and the stationary surface. The openings 22, however, disrupt the laminar flow and can cause compression and decompression of the material. If the pressure during the decompression  cycle is low enough, voids (cavitation bubbles) will form in the material. The cavitation bubbles generate a rotary flow pattern 46, like a tornado, because the localized area of low pressure draws the host material and the infusion material, as shown in FIG. 2a. When the cavitation bubbles implode, extremely high pressures result. As two aligned openings pass one another, a succusion (shock wave) occurs, generating significant energy. The energy associated with cavitation and succussion mixes the infusion material and the host material to an extremely high degree, perhaps at the molecular level. 
 
 The tangential velocity of the rotor 12 and the number of openings that pass each other per rotation dictate the frequency at which the device operates. It has been found that operation in the ultrasonic frequency can be beneficial in many applications. It is believed that operating the device in the ultrasonic region of frequencies provides the maximum succussion shock energy to shift the bonding angle of the fluid molecule, which enables it to transport additional infusion materials which it would not normally be able to retain. The frequency at which the diffuser operates appears to affect the degree of diffusion, leading to much longer persistence of the infusion material in the host material. 
 
 In some applications, a particular frequency or frequencies may be desired to break down certain complex molecules, such as in the case of water purification. In this application, multiple frequencies of succussion can be used to break complex structures, such as VOCs (volatile organic compounds), into smaller sub-structures. Ozone can be used as one of the infusion materials to oxidize the sub-structures at a high efficiency. 
 
 Other sonochemistry applications can be performed with the device 10. In general, sonochemistry uses ultrasound to assist chemical reactions. Typically, the ultrasound is generated using a piezoelectric or other electro-acoustical device. A problem associated with electro-acoustical transducers is that the sound waves do not provide uniform sound waves throughout the material; rather, the desired cavitation is localized around the device itself. The present invention allows the ultrasonic waves to be produced throughout a material using a simple mechanical device. 
 
 FIG. 3 illustrates an exploded view of an embodiment of the rotor 12 and stator 30 where multiple frequencies may be obtained at a single rotational velocity. In FIG. 3, three circular arrays of openings 50 (shown individually as arrays 50a, 50b, and 50c) of openings 22 are disposed circumferentially about the rotor 12. Each ring has a different number of openings evenly spaced about its circumference. In similar fashion, the stator 30 would have three circular arrays of openings 52 (shown individually as arrays 52a, 52b, and 52c). To ensure that only one pair of openings between corresponding arrays will be coincident at any one time, the number of openings 22 in a given array 52 on the stator 30 can be one more (or less) than the number of openings 22 in the corresponding array 50 of the rotor 12. Thus, for example, if array 50a had twenty openings evenly spaced around the circumference of rotor 12, array 52 could have 21 openings spaced evenly around the circumference of stator 30. 
 
 As the rotor 12 of FIG. 3 rotates relative to stator 30, each array will create succussions at a different frequency. By properly choosing different frequencies, a sum and difference interference pattern will result, creating a wide spectrum of frequencies. This spectrum  of frequencies can be beneficial in many applications where unknown impurities in a host liquid need to be broken down and oxidized. 
 
 FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional side view of an embodiment of a stator 30. For smaller diameter stators, it may be difficult to form the borehole 26 on the inside of stator 30. The embodiment of FIG. 4 uses an inner sleeve 54 and an outer sleeve 56. The boreholes 26 can be drilled, from the outside, of the inner sleeve 54. For each borehole 26 on the inner sleeve 54, a corresponding aligned orifice 24 is drilled on the outer sleeve 56. The inner sleeve 54 is then placed in, and secured to, the outer sleeve 56 to form the stator 30. Other methods, such as casting, could also be used to form the stator 30. 
 
 FIGS. 5a-b and 6 illustrate alternative embodiments of the diffuser 10. Where appropriate, reference numerals from FIG. 1 are repeated in these figures. 
 
 FIG. 5a illustrates an cross-sectional side view of an embodiment where the rotor 12 and stator 30 are disk shaped. FIG. 5b illustrates a top view of the disk shaped rotor 12. The stator 30 is formed above and below the rotor 12. Both the stator 12 and rotor 30 have a plurality of openings of the type described in connection with FIG. 1, which pass by each other as the rotor 12 is driven by the motor. As before, for each array 52, the stator 30 may have one opening more or less than the corresponding array 50 in rotor 12 in order to prevent simultaneous succussion at two openings within an array, The openings 22 can be of the same shape as shown in FIG. 1. A hollow shaft serves as the inlet 16 to the interior of the disk shaped rotor for the first infusion material. Similarly, an area 35 between the stator 30 and the housing 34 receives the second infusion material. As the host material flows in the channel 32 between the rotor 12 and the stator 30, it is subjected to the vortex generation at the openings 22, thereby causing a diffusion of the first and second materials with the host material. The infused host material passes to outlets 40. 
 
 FIG. 5b illustrates a top view of the rotor 12. As can be seen, a plurality of openings forms concentric arrays of openings on the rotor 12. Each array can, if desired, generate secussions at different frequencies. In the preferred embodiment, openings 22 would be formed on the top and bottom of the rotor 12. Corresponding openings would be formed above and below these openings on the stator 30. 
 
 FIG. 6 illustrates a cut away view of an embodiment of the invention where the rotor 12 has a conical shape. Both the stator 12 and rotor 30 have a plurality of openings of the type described in connection with FIG. 1, which pass by each other as the rotor 12 is driven by the motor. In addition to the openings around the circumference of the rotor 12, there could also be openings at the bottom of the conical shape, with corresponding openings in the portion of the stator 30 at the bottom. As before, for each array, the stator 30 may have one opening more or less than the rotor 12 in order to prevent simultaneous succussion at two openings 22 on the same array. A hollow shaft serves as the inlet 16 to the interior of the disk shaped rotor for the first infusion material. Similarly, an area 35 between the stator 30 and the housing 34  receives the second infusion material. As the host material flows between the rotor 12 and the stator 30, it is subjected to the vortex generation at the openings 22, thereby causing a diffusion of the first and second materials with the host material. The infused host material passes to outlets 40. 
 
 In the embodiments of FIGS. 5a-b and 6, because the arrays of openings 22 can be formed at increasing diameters, generation of multiple frequencies may be facilitated. It should be noted that any number of shapes could be used, including hemispherical and spherical shapes to realize the rotor 12 and stator 30. 
 
 The diffuser described herein can be used in a number of applications. Optimal opening size (for both the orifice 24 and borehole 26), width of channel 32, rotational speed and rotor/stator diameters may be dependent upon the application of the device. 
 
 As described above, the diffuser 10 may be used for water aeration. In this embodiment air or oxygen is used as both the first and second infusion materials. The air/oxygen is diffused into the wastewater (or other water needing aeration) as described in connection with FIG. 1. It has been found that the diffuser can increase the oxygenation to approximately 400% dissolved oxygen, with greater concentrations expected as parameters are optimized for this application. In tests which circulated approximately twenty five gallons of municipal water at ambient temperatures (initially having a reading of 84.4% dissolved oxygen) through the device for five minutes to achieve 390% dissolved oxygen content, the enhanced concentration of oxygen levels remained above 300% dissolved oxygen for a period of four hours and above 200% dissolved oxygen for over 19 hours. After three days, the dissolved oxygen content remained above 134%. In these tests, frequencies of 169 kHz were used. The sizes of the openings were 0.030 inches for the orifice 24 and 0.25 inches for the borehole (with the boreholes 26 on the rotor having sloped sides). Cooler temperatures could significantly increase the oxygenation levels and the persistence. 
 
 Also for the treatment of wastewater, or for bio-remediation of other toxic materials, oxygen could be used as one of the infusion materials and ozone could be used as the other infusion material. In this case, the ozone would be used to oxidize hazardous structures in the host material, such as VOCs and dangerous microorganism. Further, as described above, a set of frequencies (as determined by the arrays of openings in the rotor 12 and stator 30) could be used to provide an destructive interference pattern which would break down many of the complex structures into smaller substructures. Alternatively, if the treatment was directed towards oxidation of a single known hazardous substance, it would be possible to use a single frequency which was known to successfully break down the structure. Conversely, a set of frequencies  which result in a constructive interference pattern could be used to combine two or more compounds into a more complex and highly structured substance. 
 
 For producing potable water, ozone could be used as the first and second infusion material to break down and oxidize contaminants. 
 
 While the operation of the diffuser 10 has been discussed in connection with large applications, such as municipal wastewater remediation, it could also be used in household applications, such as drinking water purifiers, swimming pools and aquariums. 
 
 The diffuser could also be used for other applications where diffusion of a gas or liquid into another liquid changes the characteristics of the host material. Examples of such applications would include the homogenization of milk or the hydrogenation of oils. Other applications could include higher efficiencies in mixing fuel and gases/liquids resulting in higher fuel economy. 
 
 FIGS. 7a-b illustrate alternative embodiments for the rotor 12 and stator 30. In FIG. 7a, the "stator" 30 also rotates; in this case, the frequency of the successions will be dependent upon the relative rotational speed between the rotor 12 and stator 30. In FIG. 7b, one of either the rotor 12 or stator 30 does not pass an infusion material through the component (in FIG. 7b only the rotor passes an infusion material); the component which does not pass an infusion material has its openings 22 replaced by cavities 58 to produce the turbulence. The cavities 58 could be shaped similarly to the boreholes 26 without the accompanying orifices 24. 
 
 In FIG. 7c, the orifice 24 through which the infusion material is passed through the rotor 12 or stator 30 is positioned next to the borehole 26, rather than in the borehole 26 as in previous embodiments. It should be noted that the primary purpose of the borehole 26 is to disrupt the laminar flow of the host material along the surface of the rotor 12 and stator 30. The compression and rarefaction (decompression) of the host material causes the micro-cavitation, which provides the high degree of diffusion produced by the device. During decompression, voids (cavitation bubbles) are produced in the host material. The cavitation bubbles grow and contract (or implode) subject to the stresses induced by the frequencies of the succussions. Implosions of cavitation bubbles produce the energy which contribute to the high degree of diffusion of the infusion materials into the host material as it passes through the channel 32. Thus, so long as the infusion materials and the host material are mixed at the point where the cavitation and resultant shock waves are occurring, the diffusion described above will result. 
 
 FIG. 7d illustrates an embodiment where the initial mixing of the host material and one or more infusion materials is performed outside of channel 32. In this embodiment a Venturi diffuser 60 (or other device) is used to perform the initial mixing of the infusion material(s) and the host material. The mixture is input into the channel 32 between the rotor 12 and stator 30, wherein undergoes the compression/rarefaction cycles discussed above, which cause cavitation in the mixture, and is subjected to the frequency of the shock waves. 
 
 Further, the generation of the cavitation and shock waves could be performed using structures which differ from the boreholes 26 shown in the embodiments above. As stated above, the boreholes 26 are surface disturbances which impede the laminar flow of the host material along the sidewalls of the channel 32. In FIG. 7e, a protrusion, such as bump 62 could be used as a surface disturbance in place of or in conjunction with the boreholes 26. Shapes other than rounded shapes could also be used. As shown in FIG. 7f, grooves (or ridges) 64 could be formed in the rotor 12 and/or stator 30 to generate the cavitation and shock waves. 
 
 As stated above, not all applications require, or benefit from, the generation of shock waves at a particular frequency. Therefore, the rotor 12 or stator 30 could have the boreholes 26 (or other surface disturbances) arranged such that a white noise was produced, rather than a particular frequency. The structures used to create the cavitation need not be uniform; a sufficiently rough surface be formed on the rotor 12 or stator 30 will cause the cavitation. Additionally, as shown in FIG. 7g, it may not be necessary for both the surface of the rotor 12 and the surface of the stator 30 to create the cavitation; however, in most cases, operation of the device 10 will be more efficient if both surfaces are used. 
 
 FIG. 7h illustrates a embodiment where the movement which causes the cavitation is provided by the host material (optionally with entrained infused material) rather than by relative motion of the rotor 12 and stator 30. In the embodiment of FIG. 7h, the channel 32 is formed between two walls 66 which are static relative to one another, one or both of which have surface disturbances facing the channel 32. The host material is driven through the channel at high speed using a pump or other device for creating a high speed flow. One or more infusion materials are input into the channel, either through orifices 24 or by mixing the host material with the infusion materials external to the channel. The high speed of the host material relative to the walls 66 causes the micro-cavitation and succussions described above. 
 
 As an example, one or more of the walls 66 could be a fine mesh, through which the infusion material(s) flows to mix with the host material in the channel 32. The surface disturbances in the mesh would cause micro-cavitations and succussions as the host material flows over the mesh at high speed. The frequency of the succussions would depend upon the resolution of the mesh and the speed of the host material. Once again, the infusion materials would diffuse into the host material at the molecular level at the micro-cavitation sites. 
 
 FIGS. 8a and 8b illustrate another embodiment, where a rotating member 70 is disposed within a conduit 72 and rotated by motor 73. The host material and infusion material(s) are mixed in the conduit 72 upstream from the rotating member 70 using a Venturi diffuser 74 or other device. The rotating member could be, for example, propeller or auger shaped. On the surface of the rotating member 70 has one or more surface disturbances 76, such that the rotation of the rotating member 70 creates the microcavitation discussed above, thereby causing a high degree of diffusion between the materials. The shape of the propeller blades and pattern of the surface disturbances 76 thereon could create the cavitation and succussion at a desired frequency for purposes described above. Further, the shape of the rotating device could draw the materials through the conduit. 
 
 The present invention provides significant advantages over the prior art. First, the micro-cavitations generated by the device allow diffusion to occur at a molecular level, increasing the amount of infusion material which will be held by the host material and the persistence of the diffusion. Second, the micro-cavitations and shock waves can be produced by a relatively simple mechanical device. Third, the frequency or frequencies of the shock wave produced by the device can be used in many applications, either to break down complex structures or to aid in combining structures. Fourth, the cavitations and shock waves can be produced uniformly throughout a material for consistent diffusion. 
 
 Although the Detailed Description of the invention has been directed to certain exemplary embodiments, various modifications of these embodiments, as well as alternative embodiments, will be suggested to those skilled in the art. The invention encompasses any modifications or alternative embodiments that fall within the scope of the Claims. 
 On 12/11/2018 9:15 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
  
    
 
 
Hector, here is a shinning example of how folks will rip you off and take credit for your hard work.  Tony Wood (RIP, passed away in 2012) after telling Revalesio Corp that he was brains behind the Sonodiffusor Patent.
 
 
 
“Sonodiffuser”
 
By:  Norman Langston Wootan
 
9/24/2012
 
The purpose of this document is to present the Honest to “GOD” truth behind the research, conception, development and disposition of the “Sonodiffuser” aka, shown on the below Patent as “Diffuser/emulsifier”. I being a Master Mason 32nd degree, a decorated 30 year military veteran and a Research Scientist that is widely known as a “no bullshit” sort of guy, do hereby give the following account of the above subject.  Please note on the Patent shown below, the Inventor!
 
 
 
 
 
               
  
|  
     
 
  |
|  
 
 
  |
|  
  
 
  |
|  
 
 
  |

  
 
 
|  
 
  |  
( 1 of 1 )
  |

    
|  
United States Patent 
  |  
6,386,751
  |
|  
Wootan ,   et al. 
  |  
May 14, 2002 
  |

    
Diffuser/emulsifier 
 
Abstract
 
A diffuser for incorporating one or more infusion materials into a host material. The diffuser includes a rotor 12 and stator 30 rotating relative to one another. The infusion materials are drawn through openings in the rotor and stator. During movement of the rotor, the openings cause cavitation of the host material in the channel 32 resulting in diffusion of the infusion materials through the openings and into the host material. The opening patterns in the rotor and stator can be designed to operate at a single frequency or a multiple frequencies. The frequencies of operation may affect bonding between the infusion materials and the host material and may also be effective in breakdown of complex molecular structures. 
    
|  
Inventors: 
  |  
Wootan; Norman L. (Dallas, TX), Wood; Anthony B. (Dallas, TX) 
  |
|  
Assignee:
  |  
Diffusion Dynamics, Inc. (
  |
|  
Appl. No.: 
  |  
08/957,530
  |
|  
Filed: 
  |  
October 24, 1997
  |

    
|  
Current U.S. Class:
  |  
366/170.3 ; 366/171.1; 366/172.1; 366/181.7; 366/305
  |
|  
Current International Class: 
  |  
B01F 7/00 (20060101); B01F 3/08 (20060101); B01F 3/04 (20060101)
  |
|  
Field of Search: 
  |  
366/169.1,168.1,170.3,171.1,172.1,176.1,181.4,181.7,305,348,174.1 
  |

    
 
 
Back in 1979, I was employed as Director of Research and Development for a large domestic energy company. My job was to find new and exciting energy technologies that could be developed and employed in the average home in order to improve efficiency and lower cost of maintaining the living environment at the desired comfort level. It was during this exhaustive search that I happened to find the domestic oil heating system Patented by Frenette, Patent #4143639 . This device “tweaked” my interest for the heat output showed an “anomaly” as to Btu output vs. energy input! After studying this Patent, I began a search of all patents that used shearing or succusion to produce heating action.  My first find was the Perkins Rotor, Patent #4424797.  Next came the Schaefer Patent#3791349, which used the water hammer effect of succession to achieve the ability to produce instant steam from a rotary device. Now I was on a “hot” trail of devices that did indeed produce an anomalous output.  My next find was very interesting for it has shown that a former employer for Schaefer, James Griggs patented a competitive device as the hydro sonic pump, Patent #5188090. This device, with help from several Energy Publications eventually was tested by NASA Engineers and was definitely shown as an over unity device,ie. Outputting more energy in the form of Btu’s than the input energy in kWh electrical. A court fight ensued between Perkins and Griggs because of the similarities between the two devices and eventually Perkins won out at the Patent  Office due to “prior art”.
 
After moving to Dallas, in 1994, I built my version of the Perkins Rotor and was determined to discover how such a device could possibly violate the “Law of Conservation of Energy”.  My prototype (still have it) is very unique in that the outer cylindrical section housing the rotor is made of clear silica glass so as to be able to see what type of action is taking place between the rotating rotor and the glass cylinder. With water flowing through the operating device, I bathed the frothy looking water (what you see in your blender when set on puree) with coherent light LASER, HeNe and at the same time used a high speed strobe tach to “stop action” the rotor which was turning at 3000 RPM. To my amazement I saw literally millions of micro tornadoes arranged in pairs with the open end of one attached to the rotor and the other open end connected to the fixed glass with the vortex cones joined at the center. Just as if you put two ice cream cones together at the tips.  Ok! Now I knew that the anomalous effects are now caused by micro cavitation the same as seen on boat propellers in water. This cavitation is highly destructive to metals if allowed to persist.  A micro cavitation is a vortex that “implodes” with pressures approaching infinity at the tip of the cone.  This is proven by the fact that the pressure is so extreme that water is split into atomic oxygen and atomic hydrogen and a combustion process occurs at a very tiny level so as to emit photons in the UV and blue light spectrum.  The attendant heat produced at this micro level is the cause of rapid metal erosion and collectively causes the entire device to exhibit over unity operational characteristics as found by NASA investigation.
 
I was doing some experimental work in a local water plant in which oxygen was being added to water so as to bring it up to 100% saturation which is beneficial to human consumption. Their method was to use an eductor type of diffuser in the water flow to infuse oxygen into the water.  I experimented with my version of the Perkins Rotor and found that when I drilled the proper patterns of vortex generating holes in the rotor and stator housings that indeed higher level of oxygen was being infused into the water. 
 
At this time several employees of Texas Instruments, including Anthony Wood had been visiting the water plant for they used the oxygenated water daily.  When Tony Wood saw the experiment he was immediately intrigued by the possibilities of this technology. Before Tony Woods saw my device running, he had no clue about “sonochemistry”.  He was retiring (forced by staff reduction) and wanted to invest some of his retirement funds into something of promise.  Thus he wanted to fund the machining cost of a whole new rotary device, larger but with same design features.  I designed all the parts and gave the shop drawings to a machinist in the immediate neighborhood.  About a week later everything was finished at a cost of $6,800 and I proceeded to assemble the new prototype.  On our first runs of the new prototype we saw very high levels of infused oxygen which was very persistent for it remained combined in the water for days. We are talking about 200% oxygen levels.  Immediately Tony Wood wanted to organize a new LLC Corp. and bring in several investors to provide the needed funds to develop this technology into a viable product.  Ann Wilson joined our new company which became “Life Affirming Technologies”.  An attorney was brought on board from Austin who drew up the legal documents while Tony and I were setting up a lab to do the necessary documentation and begin the technical description and drawings needed for Patent application. When I had completed all the drawings and did the complete technical explanation as to how the device actually worked with the various embodiments needed by the Patent attorney, the process was initiated.
 
At a morning coffee, business meeting at Law and Coffee, a local establishment, we were over heard by a customer by the name of Bobby Burris as I told Tony Wood about the Robert Golka, Leadville Tesla Coil which was owned by Ken Hawkins down in San Antonia.  Bobby Burris said he knew all about Tesla and his famous coils and was interested in buying the big Leadville Coil.  Tony Wood and Ann Wilson brought Bobby Burris on board the new corp with an investment of $80,000.  When the Corp. Structure was set up, Tony wood had a 25% share interest, Ann Wilson had a 26% share interest and Bobby Burris had a 25% share interest.  I had no money so my intellectual property and developmental work comprised my 24% share interest.  I still have the original Corp documents with shares in “Life Affirming Technologies”. All necessary shareholder meetings and other legal requirements were met on a monthly basis.
 
I had been told by a “back door” source to watch Tony Wood when it came to Patent work for he had “weaseled” his way into numerous TI Patents by being on the “team “to develop new technology.  When the Patent attorney delivered the final draft of the Patent application, Tony Wood had pulled the “sleight of hand” that I suspected. When more than one inventor is shown on a patent, alphabet order comes into play. Since Wood comes before Wootan alphabetically, he was shown as first inventor.  “No way” was I going to allow that!  Ann Wilson was witness to the fact that I buried the head of a ball peened hammer into a lab table top and told Tony Woods that would be his “head” if he did not immediately change the order of the inventors. All of this technology was mine from the very start and Tony Wood was the facilitator of the funding and the instigator of the Corp. Structure.
 
During the numerous test and demonstrations we achieved oxygen levels as high as 600%.  We set up a hydroponic experiment to show places like Epcott Center, Disney World that plants can be grown hydroponically without having to drain them down for root exposure to oxygen.  Our plants being fed oxygenated water showed remarkable vitality and growth when compared to a control identical plant set.
 
We oxygenated hot tub water (105 degree) with high levels of oxygen to be used by sport therapy.  When you sat in the hot tub of diffused oxygenated water it felt like you were in alkseltser water for it “tingled “as the pores opened and the oxygen was absorbed into the skin.
 
We built several units to be used at sewage lift stations so as to eliminate the odor of an aerobic to an anaerobic condition.  We proved that high levels of oxygen could accelerate the digestion rate and colony growth in municipal waste treatment facilities.  We experimented successfully with ground water remediation in contaminated wells.  We also demonstrated the ability to break complex molecular structures (VOC) by the diffusion of ozone into water vs. oxygen.  We demonstrated the sonodiffuser as a”sparger” by diffusing nitrogen into the water which stripped out all oxygen. This process is valuable in the growth of algae for oxygen is an algae killer. Algae grows in the presence of light, water and CO2. Which makes it an aerobic process.
 
 
 
http://www.patentbuddy.com/Inventor/Wood-Anthony-B/7170971
 
http://www.google.com/patents/US20110075507
 
http://www.google.td/patents/US8349191
 
After I sold my “Intellectual Property” right to Revalesio Corp, Tony Wood went “nuts” filling other patents based on my original ideas.
 
Revalesio Corp, “left on the table” my latest version of a “Super Diffusor” which Jim Warren & I were going to Patent for use in our CO2 sequestration system as a “sparger for harmful oxygen by use of nitrogen.
 On 12/11/2018 8:59 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
  
 
Our need for super high temp ceramic for the IVR hydrogen reactor led to the working relationship with Southern Illinois university. (SIUC)
 
 
 
 
Composite Innovations Corporation (CIC), Woodland Hills, California, and the Center for Advanced Friction Studies (CAFS) at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC), are pleased to announce the expansion of the scope of their current collaboration to develop 3600oF Leading Edge Materials for DARPA’s FALCON Hypersonic Vehicle Program.  Consistent with the goals and focus of this unique interdisciplinary effort, CIC/CAFS/SIUC have entered into a Strategic Alliance Agreement to collaborate in the development, application and commercialization, through licensing, of application specific, architectural combinations of design, construction, materials, fabrication, and process variables to meet identified operational component needs using proprietary CIC/CAFS/SIUC Hybrid Composite Systems technology, know-how and intellectual property. 
 
 
 
Initially, four product areas will be pursued; 1) Zero to Low Erosion Materials for Propulsion Systems, 2) High Purity Composite Components for Semiconductor Hot Zone Applications, 3) the development of a Hybrid Composite Reactor for Hydrogen Production and, 4) the Commercialization of a New, “Hybrid Metal-Ceramic-Carbon (HMCC)” Composite Friction Material that has demonstrated break through performance improvements.
 
 
 
CAFS/SIUC has evaluated its new proprietary HMCC compared to commercially available Carbon-Carbon (C-C) friction materials which has been the high performance standard for aircraft, formula 1 and other high energy friction applications for more  than thirty (30) years.  HMCC performance improvements over C-C are summarized below.
 
 
 
·        Wet Friction Coefficient -  > 50% Higher
 
o   Reduction of Average Landing vs. Taxi Friction Coefficient by approx. 30%.  Differences Between Taxi and Landing Operations were Practically Eliminated
 
·      Wear – Average Landing vs. Taxi Wear Reduction of 30% - 35% for All Energy Loading Conditions
 
·      Oxidation – Microstructural Analyses Reveal negligible Measurable Loss of the Carbon Fiber / Matrix Structural Core of the Hybrid HMCC System
 
 
 
Recognizing the importance of this new composite material system CAFS/SIUC and CIC will facilitate the commercialization of HMCC friction materials through the development partnering relationships with recognized friction material manufacturers  to facilitate; introduction of Product(s) with technical and economic benefits.  As the commercial and industrial markets are large and varied, the need exists to tailor each end-use considering specific application operational, manufacturing, economic, etc. requirements.
 
 
 
As such, CIC/CAFS/SIUC will work with individual Teaming Partners to optimize a three phase commercialization program as exemplified by :
 
 
 
1.    Phase 1 - Engineering Prototype  (15” Dia), Material Property and Dynamometer Testing Confirmation  (6 – 9 Mo)
 
2.    Phase 2 – Application Specific Product Optimization to Meet Partner Identified Operational Production Needs (9– 12 Mo)
 
3.    Phase 3 – Manufacturing Scale-Up and Production (12 - 18 Mo).  Depending on individual partner product optimization requirements, market goals and desired timing, Phase 3 timing can be overlapped with Phase 2 or at any time thereafter.
 
 
 
In addition, CIC/CAFS/SIUC will provide partner desired support for each application specific component (Product) development
 
 
 
·      Focused Computational System Analysis vs. ASTM Standards with Sub-Scale System Component Validation and System Optimization to Meet Application Specific Operational Needs.
 
·      Fail-Safe, Automated Semiconductor (LPCVD) Type Process Control, complete with Real-Time Off-Gas Mass Spectrometer Analysis with Feed-Back Control to Assure Deposition Product Stoichiometry and Microstructural Control.  Typical Product Yield > 95%.  Operator Interface to Provide On/Off, Load / Un-Load, Maintenance and Cleaning  Support Only!
 
·      Reduced Fabrication, Process and Machining Time – Current Production Lot Manufacturing Cycle Forecast < Five (5) Days
 
 
 
For additional information regarding the CIC/CAFS/SIUC Hybrid Composite Systems Technology capabilities for the above described, or other applications, please contact either: Jim Warren, President, Composite Innovations Corporation; (818)  884-0144; e-mail: [email protected] or Dr. Peter Filip, Director CAFS; (618) 453-7932; e-mail: [email protected]. 
 
 
 On 12/11/2018 8:33 AM, Norman Wootan wrote:
  
 
 
 
When Looking back into the 20 plus years of files, documentation, e-mail and Keely Net BBS dialog files,it would be a crying shame for all of this valuable and informative data to be lost.  I have decided to post, incrementally a lot of information onto this group site for your research use if you choose.  In retrospect, I have realized that many folks out there have stolen ideas, Patents etc. from those of us that have given information freely as did Tesla and even Hector.  I have always tried to share knowledge for the benefit of all.
 
 

 
 
Norman L. Wootan
 
13723 Lynndale Loop
 
 
Abbeville, LA 70510
 
 
[email protected]
 
(214)907-0010
 
 
 
Time line development of Technologies related to “VES” Green Energy Systems
 
The “Implosion Vortex Reactor” (IVR) was the starting block of technology for the VES program.
 
Due to my visit with Jim, in his home in CA. in the  summer of 2001 searching for an “ultra high temp.” ceramic material, his intense interest was “tweaked” in this technology!
 
I digress here:  In 1980, I was developing the methodology for making hydrogen gas from basic carbon and water in a unique type of reactor vessel. In 1994, I machined and assembled the first prototype 304 stainless “Implosion Vortex Reactor”.  Was not able to arouse any interest in the technology here in the US.   An Investor Group in Berlin GE invited Me in 2001 to fly to Berlin and do a formal presentation of the technology at which time the Patent process was begun and funding for the project was set up. I went to Carson City NV. And set up the  necessary Wells Fargo account and Incorporation for the funding to proceed.  A 5200 sq. ft. Research lab was constructed on my 52 acre farm at Hubbard, TX for the purpose of prototype development.  I was in weekly contact with Jim due to his interest in the Project.  In 2005, the Project was funded ($1.5 million) by GAZPROM, Russia being represented by Her Deitsmar.  My prototype development was funded at the $250,000 level. While I was machining out the two prototypes (one from 6061 aluminum to develop the CAD specs and drawings, and the second working, “proof of concept reactor” from 310 stainless steel) Jim asked me to assist him in the construction of a Vapor Infusion Furnace at Carbondale, IL so that he could produce a needed densified ceramic reactor unit!  I have provided you in previous documentation the background info on this Program at SICU. In which we had a working agreement with the University. In the spring of 2006, at the “Proof of concept” test of stainless IVR attended by 6 Engineers and Investor representatives from Europe it was learned that John MacAllen Funding and Project coordinator has misappropriated $1.2 million of the Project funds. He had moved to the US from Berlin, GE and purchased a home and yacht in Florida of which we had a satellite photo of home and boat in the slip.  GAZPROM, Russia took legal action against MacAllen and took possession of both prototypes and Patent Rights.  See: both Euro and U.S. Patents.  In the spring of 2006, Jim and I agreed to pursue the IVR technology using the JEP Patent Process to Patent around my basic patents. Jim had the technology to produce the required densified ceramics so as to operate the IVR at the optimum thermal environment. It was our intention to build out our version of the “Implosion Vortex Reactor” at the envisioned Victorville, CA Lab Complex when the project was adequately funded. To that end, Jim was working his heart out!  Since I designed the IVR and wrote the Patents, I left a lot of the “technology” undisclosed so as to have the latitude for the JEP Patent Process which Jim wanted to do with our Patent Attorney.  Jim gave me the big “atta boy” for having the forsight and thinking ahead!  I have a complete historical book of the whole Project with all the Contact Letters with both US Government and Industrial Investors.  I hand delivered a complete set of these documents to the George Bush Western Whitehouse at Crawford, TX for our President to review.  The same docs were provided to DOE, Newt Gingrich and Senator Byrd of WVA.  This will give you a great deal of insight into the IVR portion of our “VES” Program!
 
 
 
Next!  The “Implosion Vortex Turbine” our “Prime Mover”(my vastly improved Tesla Turbine)
 
To be continued in next message:
 
 
 
Time line development of Technologies related to “VES” Green Energy Systems
 
This is the second Technology for the “VES” Project:  The Implosion Vortex Turbine.
 
Since back in the early 70’s I have been an “avid” Researcher in the Technology of Nikola Tesla.  I have everything that has ever been written by or about this “genius”.  Of very special interest was his Boundary Layer Turbine which he patented in 1913.   After doing extensive research into this very efficient turbine unit I quickly came to the conclusion that all that were writing about or researching this device did not fully understand just how it worked for Tesla was very “shrewd” in writing his patents and never divulged all of the technology!  I went to the very “top” internet sites and publications regarding the subject turbine and found that no one had a “clue’ as to how it really was intended to work at the “super high thermal conversion” figures.  Bendix Corp. tested a 500HP version of this turbine being operated on steam and was astounded with the results. This turbine was abandoned early due to the lack of the proper metallurgy needed in the runners (disk) which had the needed stress  modulus.  Due to my background and Degree in the Aeronautical Discipline I fully understood just how the Boundary Layer Effect was utilized by Tesla to achieve the phenomenal thermal efficiency. In 1994, same shop that I machined the IVR unit; I built a museum quality  Tesla Turbine to demonstrate the technology.  I filed with the US Patent office the Patent Disclosure of a new very unique new hub design that eliminated all the labyrinth seal design of Tesla and booster the operational efficiency and simplified the construction of said turbine.  At the International Tesla Conference, Colorado Springs, 1995, I donated this Tesla Turbine along with the Patent Disclosure to the museum and it went on display and was demonstrated to all museum visitors.
 
After Jim and I addressed the IVR under “VES” his next question was “Norm, how are we going to utilize the thermal output of the IVR for power generation”?  My answer, Tesla Boundary Layer Turbine, to which Jim said, “Please educate me for I have not heard of this before”.  I sent to Jim all the documentation and drawings along with stress analytical formulas for the high speed disk utilized in the turbine.  Since this turbine operates at such high speeds, Jim quickly showed me the stress calculations for runners (disk) that he would produce in carbon/carbon composite that would successfully operate in the required environment and would be impervious to erosion and could be surface finished at the micron level.  I laid out in “Flow block” diagrams, the operation of the Boundary layer Turbine utilizing a high density refrigerant that had the operational characteristics we needed for a low pressure, low temperature very efficient turbine.  To achieve the “off the charts” thermal efficiency, advanced Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) Industrial Heat pumping technology will be incorporated into the System. We are able to achieve a very conservative COP of 20:1 Energy in vs. thermal output.  This is totally achievable in the modern Heat pump Technology!  (MVR) Heat Pump technology will be address in next segment. Our system is a huge shift from the current steam turbines which all operate at very high pressures and very high temperatures so as to maximize the extraction or conversion of thermal  energy into mechanical energy to drive the generators (really alternators).  “Carnot’ cycle” or method of calculating system thermal efficiency. Our System operates at relatively low pressures and temperatures vastly simplifying design, fabrication and operation and practically eliminates most maintenance requirements. Both Jim and I have all the documentation of this System in our files!   This is a unique System approach to be prototyped and Patent Apply for at the Victorville Facility.
 
No one has put together the “blocks” for such a System that has such very high performance and efficiency.
 
 
 
Next segment: MVR
 
 
 
This segment will address (MVR) Mechanical Vapor Recompression utilized in Advanced Industrial Heat Pumping Technology.  Back in 1980 I was employed as Director of Research & Development for a very large Corp. at Ashville.NC with prime interest in domestic heat utilization and heat re-claim technology.  I explored all facets of heating and cooling technology including the various thermal storage systems like the Zeolite Modular System which BTW has the absolute highest storage density of all known Systems.  Home heating systems such as Frenetti System that used cavitation in oil to produce COPs greater than  1:1.  This phenomenon was later verified by NASA and Perkins (Roswell, GA) was recognized by the US Parent Office as Inventor of such an over unity device.  It was previously thought that a COP of greater than 1:1 was impossible!  NASA was right for I built a device based on the Perkins Rotor and found the secret behind the high COP which is micro cavitation which disassociates the water molecule at the microscopic level in the billions of shear vortices after which there is a re-combination (micro implosion) which emits heat and a near UV blue wave length light photon emission.  Attached is my Patent of this technology known as the “Sono Diffuser”.  Jim was excited to learn of this device or technology for we need it later in the Photo Bioreactor system to act as a sparger of oxygen from the growth media for algae production. Oxygen is a “killer’ of algae since we have to maintain septic or  anaerobic condition.
 
When high efficiency scroll compressors came on the scene I jumped into the design of MVR heat re-claim Systems that I started prototyping on my farm for a “stand alone” home power system that also produced “pure water’ all from the “ambient”.  The total System utilized the Vortex turbine (prime mover) for power generation and used the heat pumped refrigerant as the operating media. (Same block flow diagram that I gave Jim for our “VES” System). Heat scavenging was from my advanced  solar panels (to be Patented) no one has anything like this for its principles of operation are unknown by others.  Gray water and “heat of condensation” during the production of water from the air rounded out the heat sought in the process. All of these things work like a “charm” but are not currently being utilized.  What a shame.  When Jim told me that the state of CA had passed legislation that would end the vast cooling tower thermal and vapor emissions, I proposed that we apply the advanced heat pumping capability of our System to produce pure water for recycle back into the power plants plus scavenge the heat of condensation and sensible heat to go back into the process and drive our Implosion Vortex turbine (advanced Tesla turbine) as a prime mover driving an alternator to augment the power production of the central plant or provide power for auxiliary plant loads. The overall efficiency of the power plant system would be increased by an additional 50 % by capturing the energy being “blown off” to the atmosphere in outdated cooling towers.  There is also an environmental concern due to hot water discharge into streams etc.  All of this we can fix!      You will find all of this information in Jim’s files for as he incorporated it into the “VES” System he would e-mail all the docs for my review and comment or additions. Jim and I were “totally” on the same page of music!   Diffuser patent attached!
 
Next: we address the Photo Bioreactor Modular System
 
 
 
This segment #4 will pertain to the Photo Bioreactor Modular System incorporated into the “VES”for carbon remediation.
 
Back in early 2005, Both Jim and I started addressing the remediation of the CO2 output from the “Implosion Vortex Reactor” whose sole output product is CO2 and H2 gas.  There were several options regarding the CO2 output including deep underground storage in high pressure wells.  Just what the Andreas Fault line needs in CA.   Jim contacted several University Researchers and obtained lots of information regarding their solar fences and systems.  I told Jim about my idea of using LED light panels, powered by low voltage DC which do not heat the growth media and can be run 24 hours a day vs. the solar fence units that are limited to sun light availability. Now we get into an interesting area regarding bio growth.  Mid 90’s I became a “fan” of Philip S. Callahan, Ph.D. who wrote several fantastic books about this very subject.  Careful study revealed several factors that University Researchers do not know or understand.  Ever wonder why most plant foliage appears green to the human eye? You say it is the chlorophyll, the chemical media for photosynthesis where sun light energy combines the H2O and Carbon to make the hydrocarbon molecules for cell growth!  Now consider, after careful study you will find that the “green wavelength” in the solar spectrum (500nm) that is most absorbed and used in the photo process.  Now if the leaves are absorbing the “green” wavelength, why do the leaves appear green to our eyes?  Most algae species are green, in fresh water, salt water algae is red, “red bloom” or “red tide” as you have seen when the water is depleted of oxygen and anaerobic condition occurs.  Now with this in mind I told Jim that we would gather empirical data regarding the optimum light wavelength needed for a particular algae species. To maximize growth rate and reduce power input in the light panels.  Optimize everything!  With the algae species selected based on our desired output (lipid % vs. protein).  The higher lipid output, the more biodiesel you get per ton of CO2 remediated!  Now we can order the LEDs from China sources customized to go in our Lucite panel arrays.  Jim designed these modules around the Sea land Container like Module and has a clever and practical layout of the footprint.  I built several of these laminated clear Lucite panels and did several LED patterns that would bathe the passing fluid media containing the algae with the optimum lumens per sq. cm and fluid path depth.  Jim did all the power calculations and flow rates to optimize the algae growth over a 24 hour period. He was calculating the time needed for algae species growth doubling in density based on flow rates, channel depths, light input and nutrient feed  (CO2 and other minerals).  Now if Elaine wondered what Jim did, I would say he was a busy fellow!  In the algae growth cycle there is an accumulation of “poisonous oxygen” for when the CO2 is broken down in the growth process oxygen is a byproduct.  If allowed to build up you inter into a condition of losing your anaerobic state and growth stops.  Now enter my Sono Diffuser Patent that Jim just loved for it is very useful in sparging out oxygen using nitrogen.  Now I have to digress again to tell you how the Sono Diffuser came into existence.
 
In 1980, as stated before, I was looking at unusual heating technology and stumbled over several cavitation based Systems.  My curiosity as to how these units achieved such high COP values caused me to build (1994) a Perkins Rotor of special design for the outer cylindrical section was clear glass so I could observe the fluid as it flowed over the spinning rotor and found the microscopic vortices in the billions! When viewed in regular light the water was almost white like froth.  When bathed in HeNe laser light (coherent light) the picture changed and when illuminated with a very high speed strobe light I could “stop action” and see the fantastic number of micro tornadoes in the water. In darkness the water would glow blue/ UV because of the almost infinite overpressures in the vortex which broke the hydrogen/oxygen bond momentarily with a re-combination detonation which yielded the blue light photon and resulting heat.  Thus I found the secret behind the COP yield of cavitation Systems which is greater than 1:1.  On the Perkins Rotor, NASA was documenting a COP of 1.3:1 which made them think that the definition of a “calorie “was wrong!  I built several Diffusers and found that I could “imprint” oxygen into water at the 600% level and it was persistent! Did not come out of solution!  I did all kinds of research with highly oxygenated water to include ground water remediation (contaminated wells), destroying VOX, accelerating plant growth And doing hydroponic growing and not have to drain down the root structure so it would be exposed  to air for oxygen absorption.  The water contained super high levels of oxygen.  This phenomenon is well known in very cold running water falls where fish will die from what is known as “bleeding gill” disease because the high oxygen levels in cold water will go over 125% and the oxygen partial pressure ruptures the capillaries in the fish gill.  After Investors and numerous Corp. Reorganizations etc. I sold my rights to the Diffuser or Sono Diffuser.  When I sold my Patent I asked if they would be interested in the next better “mouse trap” but they declined to buy!  Now Jim and I had the “Super Sono Diffuser” which is so radically different it will not infringe on the original Patent.  I call that “thinking outside of the box” LOL I still have the technical drawings and Jim looked forward to incorporating it into our System.  I am an accomplished machinist along with all other technical disciplines for I have spent a full life in the very highest levels of technology.  You are kind of exposed to such things when you have a Military Research and Development background at the DOD, Level.  Day to day I interfaced with: BRL (Ballistics Research Labs), LWL (Land Warfare Labs), Chemical Coatings Labs, Laser Research labs, FLIR, (Forward Looking Infrared Imaging) Labs  “night vision” was a fixed wing and helicopter Aviator and did Flight Standardization for the Army Material Command.  What fun I had and am happy to be “retired”. When I retired to Dallas I have spent the last 32 years working as an Electrical and Electronics Contractor and had my Research farm down in Hubbard, TX  “Battle Creek Farms”.
 
You asked about technologies that Jim and I discussed and he deferred till we had the “VES” technology off the ground so to speak!  There are several things that Jim was aware of that I want to develop in the future or put to Patent before I get too old.  Rather “interesting”!   James Warren passed 2012!  (RIP)      Literally hundreds of very interesting files to be posted.    Norm
 
 
 
  
  
 
  #yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900 -- #yiv2819208900ygrp-mkp {border:1px solid #d8d8d8;font-family:Arial;margin:10px 0;padding:0 10px;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-mkp hr {border:1px solid #d8d8d8;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-mkp #yiv2819208900hd {color:#628c2a;font-size:85%;font-weight:700;line-height:122%;margin:10px 0;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-mkp #yiv2819208900ads {margin-bottom:10px;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-mkp .yiv2819208900ad {padding:0 0;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-mkp .yiv2819208900ad p {margin:0;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-mkp .yiv2819208900ad a {color:#0000ff;text-decoration:none;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-sponsor #yiv2819208900ygrp-lc {font-family:Arial;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-sponsor #yiv2819208900ygrp-lc #yiv2819208900hd {margin:10px 0px;font-weight:700;font-size:78%;line-height:122%;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-sponsor #yiv2819208900ygrp-lc .yiv2819208900ad {margin-bottom:10px;padding:0 0;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900actions {font-family:Verdana;font-size:11px;padding:10px 0;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900activity {background-color:#e0ecee;float:left;font-family:Verdana;font-size:10px;padding:10px;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900activity span {font-weight:700;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900activity span:first-child {text-transform:uppercase;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900activity span a {color:#5085b6;text-decoration:none;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900activity span span {color:#ff7900;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900activity span .yiv2819208900underline {text-decoration:underline;}#yiv2819208900 .yiv2819208900attach {clear:both;display:table;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;padding:10px 0;width:400px;}#yiv2819208900 .yiv2819208900attach div a {text-decoration:none;}#yiv2819208900 .yiv2819208900attach img {border:none;padding-right:5px;}#yiv2819208900 .yiv2819208900attach label {display:block;margin-bottom:5px;}#yiv2819208900 .yiv2819208900attach label a {text-decoration:none;}#yiv2819208900 blockquote {margin:0 0 0 4px;}#yiv2819208900 .yiv2819208900bold {font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;}#yiv2819208900 .yiv2819208900bold a {text-decoration:none;}#yiv2819208900 dd.yiv2819208900last p a {font-family:Verdana;font-weight:700;}#yiv2819208900 dd.yiv2819208900last p span {margin-right:10px;font-family:Verdana;font-weight:700;}#yiv2819208900 dd.yiv2819208900last p span.yiv2819208900yshortcuts {margin-right:0;}#yiv2819208900 div.yiv2819208900attach-table div div a {text-decoration:none;}#yiv2819208900 div.yiv2819208900attach-table {width:400px;}#yiv2819208900 div.yiv2819208900file-title a, #yiv2819208900 div.yiv2819208900file-title a:active, #yiv2819208900 div.yiv2819208900file-title a:hover, #yiv2819208900 div.yiv2819208900file-title a:visited {text-decoration:none;}#yiv2819208900 div.yiv2819208900photo-title a, #yiv2819208900 div.yiv2819208900photo-title a:active, #yiv2819208900 div.yiv2819208900photo-title a:hover, #yiv2819208900 div.yiv2819208900photo-title a:visited {text-decoration:none;}#yiv2819208900 div#yiv2819208900ygrp-mlmsg #yiv2819208900ygrp-msg p a span.yiv2819208900yshortcuts {font-family:Verdana;font-size:10px;font-weight:normal;}#yiv2819208900 .yiv2819208900green {color:#628c2a;}#yiv2819208900 .yiv2819208900MsoNormal {margin:0 0 0 0;}#yiv2819208900 o {font-size:0;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900photos div {float:left;width:72px;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900photos div div {border:1px solid #666666;min-height:62px;overflow:hidden;width:62px;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900photos div label {color:#666666;font-size:10px;overflow:hidden;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;width:64px;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900reco-category {font-size:77%;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900reco-desc {font-size:77%;}#yiv2819208900 .yiv2819208900replbq {margin:4px;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-actbar div a:first-child {margin-right:2px;padding-right:5px;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-mlmsg {font-size:13px;font-family:Arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-mlmsg table {font-size:inherit;font:100%;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-mlmsg select, #yiv2819208900 input, #yiv2819208900 textarea {font:99% Arial, Helvetica, clean, sans-serif;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-mlmsg pre, #yiv2819208900 code {font:115% monospace;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-mlmsg * {line-height:1.22em;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-mlmsg #yiv2819208900logo {padding-bottom:10px;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-msg p a {font-family:Verdana;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-msg p#yiv2819208900attach-count span {color:#1E66AE;font-weight:700;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-reco #yiv2819208900reco-head {color:#ff7900;font-weight:700;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-reco {margin-bottom:20px;padding:0px;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-sponsor #yiv2819208900ov li a {font-size:130%;text-decoration:none;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-sponsor #yiv2819208900ov li {font-size:77%;list-style-type:square;padding:6px 0;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-sponsor #yiv2819208900ov ul {margin:0;padding:0 0 0 8px;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-text {font-family:Georgia;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-text p {margin:0 0 1em 0;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-text tt {font-size:120%;}#yiv2819208900 #yiv2819208900ygrp-vital ul li:last-child {border-right:none !important;}#yiv2819208900