Body
Here is a very recent practical application of the process.
https://patents.google.com/patent/US7440780B2/en
On 9/16/2018 8:25 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>
> http://www.tfcbooks.com/articles/tws5.htm
>
>
> *REGENERATION REVISITED
> The Tesla Connection
> by Gary Peterson*
>
> *P*ick up nearly any book on the principles of radio, turn to the
> chapter on receivers and you will see it—the primary objectives to be
> achieved in detector design are sensitivity, selectivity and
> stability. Historically, some of the very first detectors consisted
> simply of a tuned circuit into which was incorporated a sensitive
> device known as a coherer. With the introduction of two and three
> element vacuum-tube circuits as a replacement for the earlier coherer
> based designs further important steps were taken towards the advanced
> receivers of today. One of the first improvements in the triode, or
> Audion, based circuit was dubbed the Regenerative Detector. In this
> configuration, conceived of by Edwin H. Armstrong in 1912, a portion
> of the signal from the plate circuit was coupled as positive feedback
> to the tuned antenna tank circuit. The result was greatly increased
> receiver sensitivity.
>
> Focusing on receiver sensitivity or the ability to pick up weak
> signals, it is important to understand the antenna design concept of
> "effective area." This refers to the fact that a tuned antenna may
> have an effective area that is larger than its geometric area. The
> phenomenon was first explained by Reinhold Rudenberg in 1908 [1] and
> the description has been expanded upon over the years by many other
> writers. In the words of Dr. John F. Sutton from his recent active
> antenna patent, "Rudenberg teaches that the antenna interacts with the
> incoming field, which may be approximately a plane wave, causing a
> current to flow in the antenna by induction. The [antenna] current, in
> turn, produces a field in the vicinity of the antenna, which field, in
> turn, interacts with the incoming field in such a way that the
> incoming field lines are bent. The field lines are bent in such a way
> that the energy is caused to flow from a relatively large portion of
> the incoming wave front, having the effect of absorbing energy from
> the wave front into the antenna from a wave front which is much larger
> than the geometrical area of the antenna." One of the factors that
> limits antenna current is the ohmic resistance of the tuned detector
> tank circuit and the antenna wire itself. Regeneration is a means of
> increasing antenna current by counteracting the resistance of the
> entire antenna circuit. By the introduction of what might be called
> negative resistance through the addition of a feedback loop,
> antenna-field interaction is increased and energy is absorbed from a
> greater area of the incoming wave front.
>
> How does Nikola Tesla fit into this picture? In a New York American
> article of Sept. 3, 1911 while speaking of his receiver design he said
> that it "concentrates the energy transmitted over a wide area into the
> device." This statement was made about one year prior to Armstrong's
> discovery related to RF feedback to the grid-antenna circuit. In
> fact, we can see that Tesla recognized the utility of the feedback
> technique to introduce negative resistance into antenna circuitry and
> had incorporated it in his designs as early as 1899. On August 3 of
> that year he recorded a number of receiver circuit arrangements in
> which RF currents were fed back from the secondary side of a resonant
> transformer to a coherer located on the transformer's primary side.
> In this form of receiver, which Tesla had described as using a
> "self-exciting process," the coherer was made significantly more
> sensitive to incoming signals. In his own words, "This method has
> been found excellent and will have besides telegraphy many valuable
> uses since by its means effects, too feeble to be recorded in other
> ways, may be rendered sufficiently strong to cause the operation of
> any suitable device." So it may be said that Tesla anticipated the
> technique of regenerative feedback to increase detector sensitivity.
>
>
> *Figure 1. "In Diagram 3. the form of connections is illustrated
> which was found most convenient for experimentation. An independent
> sensitive relay is used and adjustable dead resistances r and r' in
> primary and secondary circuits. The inductance L is also made
> adjustable and so is also break device d though this is not indicated
> in the diagram."*
>
> The basic regenerative circuit is not often used in present day
> receiver front ends for a number of reasons, the most significant of
> these being an inherent form of instability. Maximum sensitivity is
> achieved at a point just before the detector breaks into oscillation
> and in the original configuration this could be initiated by something
> as simple as wind shifting the antenna. As the appearance of
> oscillating regenerative front ends on the broadcast bands became a
> more and more regular occurrence a decision was made to phase the
> regenerative detector out of general service. A related difficulty is
> the need to reset the degree of regeneration as the detector is
> tuned. In spite of these problems the increases in sensitivity to be
> gained through the incorporation of this powerful technique have not
> been totally lost on the minds of the engineering community. Goaded on
> by this understanding, a few years ago Dr. Sutton set out to develop a
> positive feedback antenna circuit configuration that would be very
> sensitive to low level fields while at the same time being resistant
> to the influence of stray capacitive and inductive reactances. Figure
> 1 is a schematic diagram of a circuit that was developed which
> satisfies these requirements.
>
> Typical values for the components shown are: R1=10k, R2=100k, R3=10 S,
> R4, R5, R6, R7=10k, R8=30k, and C1=1000 :fd. Amplifiers A1, A2 and A3
> may be Precision Monolithics OP-27
> <http://www.analog.com/en/prod/0,2877,OP27,00.html>s. Electrostatic
> shielding is provided to reduce capacitive coupling between the two
> windings.
>
> tws5a4.gif (9068 bytes)
>
> *Figure 1. U.S. Patent No. 5,296,866*
>
> As the specific design problem was development of an optimized
> broadband ELF magnetic field sensor, an active antenna with a wide
> frequency response was also a criterion. This posed a design challenge
> as in a typical tuned antenna circuit significant antenna current, and
> thus maximum sensitivity, is only present with conditions of
> resonance. Under normal circumstances, peak resonance occurs at some
> very specific frequency where inductive reactance is canceled out by
> capacitive reactance. The innovative solution was to add a second
> feedback loop to the circuit which introduces negative inductive
> reactance that works in place of circuit capacitance to tune out
> inductive reactance. This results in an antenna circuit with a
> resonance that, under ideal conditions, would have an infinite bandwidth.
>
> All in all, the same conditions which exist in a passive narrow band
> tuned antenna, vis-—-vis resonance, antenna current and effective
> area, are electronically created in the antenna coil. Furthermore, the
> active resonant antenna has a bandwidth which is in the order of four
> decades wider. The net result is a unique active antenna circuit that
> can be reliably adjusted in which total antenna circuit impedance is
> much smaller than appears to have been obtained with any other
> configuration to date.
>
> A detailed description of how the negative resistance, negative
> inductance circuit works, including a differential form of the active
> antenna circuit and other pertinent information, can be found in U.S.
> Patent No. 5,296,866, Mar. 22, 1994, Active Antenna, GSC-13449
> <http://www.tfcbooks.com/patents/5296866.htm>. For data look at "An
> Active Antenna for ELF Magnetic Fields
> <http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/symposia.htm#1990>," J.F. Sutton and C.
> Spaniol, Proceedings of the 1990 International Tesla Symposium; and
> "Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative Detectors
> <http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/corum.htm#REGEN>," K.L. Corum, J.F.
> Corum, Ph.D. and A.H. Aidinejad, Ph.D. Another useful reference is
> the Colorado Springs Notes -- 1899-1900
> <http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/347csn.htm>, by Nikola Tesla.
>
> [1] Rudenberg, Reinhold, "Der Empfang Elektrischer Wellen in der
> Drahtlosen Telegraphie" ("The Receipt of Electric Waves in the
> Wireless Telegraphy") Annalen der Physik IV, 25, 1908, p. 446-466.
>
> See also Causality, EM Induction and Gravitation
> <http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/596cemi.htm>, Oleg Jefimenko)
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> On 9/16/2018 8:11 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>
>> I saw the presentation of the Black Hole Antennae at the Tesla
>> Symposium back in early 90s.
>>
>> Negative impedance.
>>
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>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>> Here are the items that We've found related to Sutton & Spaniol
>> et.al.'s "Black Hole" Antenna. Any one know of others?:
>>
>> U.S. Patent #, 5,296,866 "Active Antenna", NASA GSC-13449
>> <http://l2.espacenet.com/espacenet/viewer?PN=US5296866&CY=ep&LG=en&DB=EPD>.
>>
>> "A Broadband Active Antenna for ELF Magnetic Fields" by John F.
>> Sutton and G. Craig Spaniol" in Physics Essays March 1993, Vol 6, #1,
>> 1993.
>>
>> Abstract: "A unique broadband ULF-ELF-magnetic antenna is described.
>> Active circuitry is employed to introduce a negative impedance that
>> combines with the wire resistance, the distributed winding
>> capacitance, and the inductance of a physically small search coil to
>> produce an antenna with a very small impedance. The result is
>> increased search coil current and a enhanced dipole-plane wave field
>> interaction, which greatly increases the effective area of the
>> antenna, independent of frequency - a 'black hole' antenna."
>>
>> The conclusion of the paper reads:
>>
>> "We began our work with the known plane-wave electromagnetic
>> field-resonant dipole electromagnetic field interaction which can
>> explain equally well the enhanced effective areas of photon-atom,
>> photo-particle, and radio wave-tuned dipole interactions. We have
>> extended this principle by showing theoretically and demonstrating
>> experimentally that active circuitry can be used to introduce
>> negative impedances into an antenna circuit to reduce this same
>> interaction over a broad band of frequencies. The interaction has
>> been applied to enhance the sensitivity of physically small untuned
>> search coils, used in the study of the ionosphere via the
>> Earth-ionosphere cavity resonances, nominally in the 1 Hz - 100 Hz
>> range. The active antenna frequency response has been measured and
>> confirmed to be free for resonances and uniform, +/- 2dB, over a
>> nearly four decade range of frequencies from 3.5 Hz to 25 kHz.
>>
>> They site "C.F.Bohren and D.R.Huffman, "Absorption and Scattering of
>> Light by Small Particles" (Wiley, 1983) saying it show Poynting
>> vector field diagrams of the field interactions. Ref #22 of the paper.
>>
>> Sir A. Fleming "On Atoms of Action, Electricity, and Light" in "The
>> London, Edinburgh, and Bublin Phiosophical Magazine and Journal of
>> Science" October 1932. Phil.Mag.S.7.Vo..14.No.92.Oct 1932
>>
>> It shows "diagram representing the nature of the electromagnetic
>> field near a receiving aerial in wireless telegraphy". Sucking like
>> distortion field.
>>
>> "Light absorption by a dipole" H. Paul and R. Fischer.
>> Sov.Phys.Usp.26(10), Oct. 1983. American Institute of Physics.
>>
>> Abstract: "In semiclassical radiation theory, the electric dipole
>> moment induced on an atom by a strong incident field, absorbs much
>> more energy, per sec, than is flowing through its geometrical cross
>> section. This means, the atom has the capability to 'suck up' [that
>> is what it says here, I'm not make it up] electromagnetic energy from
>> a spatial region that is by far larger than its own volume. An
>> intuitive understanding of the effect is provided by studying, in the
>> framework of classical electrodynamics, the energy flow in the total
>> field made up by superposition of the incident wave and the field
>> that is generated by the dipole also in the absorptive case."
>>
>> Some one wrote a note on the cover pages that reads "The German
>> explanation is that it 'sucks'".
>>
>> Related work by Sutton et.al. "Improved Analog Synchronous
>> Demodulator: Output ripple is suppressed without an output filter"
>> GSC-13179, NASA Tech Briefs, March 1992. Uses dual op-amp and 4053
>> CMOS switches.
>>
>> "Digital Synchronous Demodulator: The digital version offers greater
>> speed, precision, and reliability." GSC-13273.
>>
>> "Broadband Active-Antenna: The effective area of a search coil is
>> increased." GSC-13309. Single op-amp, search coil and a few passive
>> components. This paper appears to be the patent application before
>> the lawyers screwed it all up.
>>
>> I don't have a copy of this one, but it seems to have great weight in
>> GSC-13309 "How Can a Particle Absorb More Than the Light Incidence on
>> It?" by Craig F. Bohren, Am. J. Phys. 51, No. 4, P.323, April 1983.
>>
>> From GSC-13309: "With a tuned antenna there is always a tuned circuit
>> including the antenna, where a capacitive reactancs is effectively
>> cancelled by an inductive reactance which leads, in turn, to a large
>> circulating current in the resonant circuit, which results in the
>> production of a field. This field, in turn, interacts with the
>> incoming field."
>>
>> A lot of these are related to the Howland Voltage to Current
>> converter to do regeneration.
>>
>> Related by but not by Sutton et.al. is "Compact Electric and
>> Magnetic-Field Sensor: A search coil and an electric-field dipole are
>> collocated" NPO-19034. by D.Winterhalter and E.Smith. NASA Tech
>> Brief Vol. 18, No. 10, Item #124 October 1994.
>>
>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>> [Dr. Sutton came across this page, which resulted in these
>> comments from him.]
>>
>> Re: ACTIVE ANTENNA
>> From: John and Helen
>> Date: 10/02/05 10:54 pm
>>
>> Hi Bob,
>>
>> The synchronous detectors were used in temperature monitors and
>> temperature controllers designed to control temperatures on
>> spacecraft at 60 milliKelvin +/- a few ucroKelvin. The
>> preamplifier had to have a gain of 10E5 after which the
>> demodulated signal had to be converted by a 16 bit ADC, with +/-
>> 1LSB allowable error.... so of course, you can see that we were
>> working with extremely small signals buried in the noise, and we
>> had to go all out in an effort to beat down the noise. That's why
>> we had to use a new improved synchronous demodulator. This
>> project was as close to being impossible as you can get! I still
>> have trouble believing that we actually made it work.
>>
>> The active ("Black Hole") antenna was developed in another
>> project, where we didn't want to transport a two meter long
>> antenna that weighed 200 pounds.....so we miniaturized the
>> hardware while simultaneously expanding the antenna field cross
>> section. We wanted to receive the entire ELF-VLF bands all at
>> once, so we had to have an extremely broadband antenna....like
>> four decades of bandwidth or more. You wouldn't believe the
>> arguments I had with the reviewer at Physics Essays. He just
>> couldn't believe that one could do what we did....and if it was
>> indeed true, then why hadn't someone done it years ago?.., "and
>> what makes you so smart", .so, of course, "this must be nonsense,
>> etc....." Progress in physics is so bloody difficult because most
>> physicists think that everything worthwhile has already been
>> discovered....so they expect nothing new. This is negative
>> feedback which, of course, makes the system stable, I suppose.
>>
>> The one text book that includes diagrams of the antenna-external
>> field interaction is listed as one of the references in the
>> Physics Essays paper. Sorry, I can't remember the name of the
>> autheor or the title.
>>
>> John Sutton, Ph.D.
>>
>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>> AH> I think Baurov's device is much more interesting than this nonsense
>> AH> (sorry..) about an energysucking antenna.
>>
>> BillB Wrote ---
>>
>> Um... I think you'd better read the Bohren and the Paul/Fischer papers
>> listed in the references. This stuff is totally conventional (it is
>> classical EM applied to light absorbtion by small particles, the
>> particles
>> not necessarily being atoms.) If the small particle has a resonance at
>> the frequency of the EM radiation incident upon it, then the particle
>> absorbs far more energy than its size would allow. Essentially, the
>> strong AC fields produced by the EM energy stored in the particle act
>> like
>> a dipole antenna. If the particle diameter is around 1/2 wavelength of
>> the EM radiation in question, then nothing odd will occur. However, if
>> the particle diameter is far smaller than 1/2 wavelength, then the AC
>> fields make it behave as if it were a large dipole antenna (it
>> electrically behaves far larger than its physical diameter.)
>>
>> > Baurov is supposed to have a theory which does make at least some
>> sense,
>> > and a working device....
>> >
>> > Also, I think Baurov's theory is related to Shipov's torsion theory. I
>> > cannot say that about these energysucking fantasies. (sorry...)
>>
>> Strong words. Better make sure they are based on knowledge, not upon
>> emotion.
>>
>> Portable AM radios efficiently receive signals even though they lack a
>> long-wire antenna. I had always thought that this was explained by the
>> fact that the input stage of the radio has fairly high gain, and that the
>> "loopstick" antenna coil was simply behaving as an inductive pickup coil.
>> Now I'm not so certain. The same applies to "crystal radios". Is the
>> coil and capacitor on the input acting as a filter? Or is it acting as an
>> active "resonance antenna"?
>>
>> Since the ferrite coil in an AM radio or crystal radio is tuned to
>> resonate with the radio station being received, then the capacitor/coil
>> will generate an AC dipolar magnetic field. When superposed on the
>> incoming EM plane waves, this dipolar magnetic field distorts the plane
>> waves, and they bend inwards and deliver far more energy to the coil than
>> we'd expect. And, if we plot the shape of the Poynting vector field
>> surrounding the antenna, we find a strange kind of "funnel" effect where
>> the antenna gathers a fairly large area of energy flux by bending the
>> energy flux inwards so it is absorbed by the antenna.
>>
>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
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>> On 9/15/2018 1:18 AM, Mick [email protected] [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>
>>> Warren,
>>>
>>> Glad to see someone is paying attention, I was waiting for someone
>>> to pick up on that. People think of the Smith device as an
>>> transformer but it is actually an antenna. This is also what Hector
>>> talks about with his RV, RF energy modulating the phases to usable
>>> electricity through transformation.
>>>
>>> Most of the Smith schematics are wrong, including Zilano's which is
>>> probably a good thing or there would be many dead experimenters.
>>>
>>> Smith:
>>>
>>> HV Dc + modulated antenna = energy pump
>>>
>>> Don't forget to remember to remove the ions or nature creates
>>> another equilibrium, in other words the more one loads it the better
>>> the device works up to it's own engineering limitations. Also
>>> design based on which ions one desires to work with the earth ones
>>> or air. Of course the real extreme multiplication factor comes from
>>> utilizing the return strike or neutral spike.
>>>
>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanescent_field
>>>
>>> "Electromagnetic evanescent waves have been used to exert
>>> opticalradiation pressure
>>> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_pressure>on small particles
>>> to trap them for experimentation, or tocool
>>> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration>them to very low
>>> temperatures,"
>>>
>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetically_induced_transparency
>>>
>>> "The quantum interference in EIT can be exploited tolaser cool
>>> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_cooling>atomic particles, even
>>> down to the quantum mechanical ground state of motion.^[2]
>>> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetically_induced_transparency#cite_note-2>
>>> This has recently been used to directly image individual atoms
>>> trapped in anoptical lattice
>>> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_lattice>.^[3]"
>>> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetically_induced_transparency#cite_note-3>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> Warren,
>>>
>>> Did you procure the buzzer that Norm gave the link for?
>>>
>>>
>>> On 9/14/2018 8:20 AM, Warren Keillor [email protected]
>>> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>
>>>> .Mick
>>>>
>>>> That is most impressive for a SSB antenna.
>>>> I sure could have used such a nice tool on my schooner while cruising.
>>>> Do you notice how similar it is to some Don Smith, and Tesla coils?
>>>> Zilano gives detailed building instructions, as well, for a very
>>>> similar coil.
>>>> There seems to be a whole school of study regarding this type of
>>>> magnetic field transducer, or antenna, that we are not so familiar
>>>> with.
>>>> I am feeling like a chimpanzee contemplating a diode.
>>>> We have a lot of work to do.
>>>> Another wide band device/(antenna) might be Tesla's spiral pancake
>>>> coil.
>>>> I had good luck with my little experiments, using the induction
>>>> stove top and a 3 hp treadmill motor, with a lamp cord pancake
>>>> coil. The induction stove software sucked, but the basic concept
>>>> was good of driving with induction/pancake.
>>>> The current amplification seemed substantial, if the motor speed,
>>>> and performance, was any indication.
>>>> This other coil looks interesting,now, too.
>>>> Cheers Warren
>>>> Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
>>>> <https://go.onelink.me/107872968?pid=InProduct&c=Global_Internal_YGrowth_AndroidEmailSig__AndroidUsers&af_wl=ym&af_sub1=Internal&af_sub2=Global_YGrowth&af_sub3=EmailSignature>
>>>>
>>>> On Thu, 13 Sep 2018 at 5:27 PM, Mick [email protected] [EVGRAY]
>>>> <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>
>>>> Norm,
>>>>
>>>> Yes the Black Hole looks super cool for energy harvesting.
>>>>
>>>> What is kind of interesting is that this antenna has been
>>>> around since at least 03 and there is very little information
>>>> on how to build it. Then of course all the engineers poo
>>>> pooing it claiming it's just a dummy load and the coax is doing
>>>> all the work because they cannot possibly relate to the
>>>> additional vector claim. The reviews of people using it claim
>>>> it works very well in practice, lots of contacts but not all
>>>> that well with theoretical testing ie with radiated output
>>>> power etc. To me it looks like a 90 degree phase modulated
>>>> diskone where one disk would be in counterphase to the other
>>>> creating the longitudinal field aspect same as my wireless
>>>> charging of HVAC caps. Would be interesting to see the
>>>> current/voltage phase plot.
>>>>
>>>> Lights a florescent pretty well at 4 watts
>>>>
>>>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWR5d7t0WAw
>>>> http://www.ehant.qrz.ru/eh_phase.pdf
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> On 9/13/2018 6:51 AM, Norman Wootan [email protected]
>>>> <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> Thanks! Mick, reminds me of the Sutton Black Hole Antennae
>>>>> that was presented at the Tesla Symposium.
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> On 9/12/2018 4:49 PM, Mick [email protected]
>>>>> <mailto:[email protected]> [EVGRAY] wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Here is a magnetic antenna that functions similar to Tesla's
>>>>>> wireless
>>>>>>
>>>>>> http://www.eh-antenna.com/EH_HZ.pdf
>>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>
>>>
>>
>>
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